84 S.W.3d 841 | Tex. App. | 2002
Brian Keith PENNYWELL, Appellant,
v.
The STATE of Texas, Appellee.
Court of Appeals of Texas, Houston (1st Dist.).
*842 Frances Northcutt, Houston, for Appellant.
Donald W. Rogers, Jr., Asst. Dist. Atty., Houston, for the State.
Panel consists of Chief Justice SCHNEIDER, and Justices TAFT and RADACK.
*843 OPINION ON MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION
TIM TAFT, Justice.
Pursuant to Rule 50 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, we have reconsidered our prior opinion upon the State's cross-petition for discretionary review. See Tex.R.App. P. 50. Our opinion and judgment of May 23, 2002 are withdrawn, and the following opinion is substituted. See id.
Appellant, Brian Keith Pennywell, pled not guilty to the offense of burglary of a habitation with intent to commit theft, enhanced by two prior felony convictions for burglary of a building and burglary of a motor vehicle. After the jury found appellant guilty, the trial court found the enhancement allegations true and assessed punishment at 35 years in prison. We address (1) whether appellant had standing to complain of the unlawful search and seizure of stolen property in his possession and (2) whether the trial court reversibly erred by assessing appellant's punishment beyond the permissible penalty range, either because the trial court never found the enhancement allegations true or because there was insufficient evidence they were true. We affirm.
Facts
Allen Foster had previously pled guilty to committing the charged burglary, along with appellant, and had been sentenced to five years in prison. Foster then testified as an accomplice witness against appellant at appellant's trial. Foster identified appellant as having suggested they "make some money" at an apartment complex. After "scoping out" a few apartments, they broke into the complainant's apartment. Foster took a black bag that contained some of the property they had stolen, while appellant took a second, brown bag containing other stolen property. Foster identified the bags at trial. Foster also testified that, prior to trial, appellant had slipped under Foster's cell door a note in which appellant asked Foster to invoke his privilege against self-incrimination and let appellant know if he needed any money while in prison.
Foster's accomplice-witness testimony was corroborated by a maintenance worker, who observed Foster and appellant on the same day as the burglary. The worker saw the two men suspiciously trying to enter a different apartment in the same complex and saw them leave as the worker approached. Foster's testimony was also corroborated by the arrest of appellant, within the complex premises, in possession of the complainant's brown bag containing other property stolen in the burglary.
Motion to Suppress
Appellant's first point of error challenges the denial of his oral motion to suppress. Appellant claims the seizure and search of the bag he was carrying were illegal under the federal and Texas Constitutions and article 38.23 of the Code of Criminal Procedure because Officer Leos lacked either probable cause to arrest appellant or reasonable suspicion sufficient to justify detaining appellant to investigate. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Tex. Const. art. I, § 9; Tex.Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23 (Vernon Supp.2002). Appellant also claims the non-consensual search was an unlawful warrantless search, prior to appellant's arrest, so that the fruits of the search should have been suppressed. The State raises a threshold issue, for the first time on motion for reconsideration, challenging appellant's standing to raise a suppression issue regarding stolen property in appellant's possession.
A. May the State Raise Standing Now?
Failure to prove standing may be raised at any time, including for the first *844 time on appeal. State v. Klima, 934 S.W.2d 109, 110-11 (Tex.Crim.App.1996). The rationale underlying this principle is that the State is not raising a new issue, but merely challenging whether a defendant has met his obligation of alleging and proving standing, which is an element of a Fourth Amendment claim. Id. at 111. We see no reason why the State may not raise the issue for the first time on motion for reconsideration, or motion for rehearing, as opposed to raising the issue in its original brief on appeal. Accordingly, we hold that the State may raise the issue in its motion for reconsideration.
B. Appellant's Standing
Standing is a question of law, which we review de novo. State v. Johnson, 896 S.W.2d 277, 285 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1995), aff'd, 939 S.W.2d 586 (Tex.Crim.App.1996). To have standing, or a reasonable expectation of privacy, a defendant must show two things: (1) that he had an actual, subjective expectation of privacy, exhibited by measures taken to protect the privacy of the property in question, and (2) that that subjective expectation of privacy is one that society is prepared to recognize as reasonable. See Jackson v. State, 745 S.W.2d 4, 7-8 (Tex.Crim.App.1988).
The State claims that a defendant has no reasonable expectation of privacy in stolen property in his possession, as a matter of law. The State relies on cases holding the defendant lacked standing to complain of the search of a stolen car because any expectation of privacy claimed was not one that society was prepared to recognize as reasonable. See, e.g., Hughes v. State, 897 S.W.2d 285, 305 (Tex.Crim.App.1994). Here, appellant was carrying the stolen property as he walked in the common area of an apartment complex. Under these circumstances, it is doubtful that appellant had taken measures giving rise to a subjective expectation of privacy. Nevertheless, we agree with the State that a thief's mere possession of stolen property does not give rise to any expectation of privacy that society is prepared to accept as reasonable. Accordingly, we hold that appellant did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the stolen bag and its contents so as to have standing to complain of the unlawfulness of any search or seizure of the property in question.
We overrule appellant's first point of error.
Punishment
Appellant's second and third points of error challenge his 35-year punishment as beyond the permissible penalty range because (1) the trial court never found the enhancement paragraphs true and (2) there was insufficient evidence that they were true. The judgment recites, however, that appellant entered pleas of true to the enhancement allegations and that the trial court found them true, and nothing in the record suggests they were false. Accordingly, the recitals control. See Childress v. State, 845 S.W.2d 377, 379 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, pet. ref'd), vacated sub nom. Childress v. Johnson, 103 F.3d 1221 (5th Cir.1997).
We overrule appellant's second point of error.
At the punishment hearing, appellant signed a stipulation of evidence, which his counsel, the prosecutor, and the trial court approved. The stipulation acknowledges appellant's prior convictions. Appellant stated he signed the stipulation; that it was true and correct; that he signed it freely and voluntarily; that he understood that, by signing the stipulation, he had waived his right to have the State *845 prove the enhancement paragraphs; and he that had no questions about the stipulation. The trial court approved the stipulation after appellant's counsel indicated he had no objection to introducing the stipulation into evidence. Before assessing appellant's punishment, the trial court admitted into evidence jail and prison records pertaining to the enhancement allegations, without objection, and specifically referred, again without objection, to appellant's four-year and six-year sentences, as well as to two misdemeanor sentences, in imposing the 35-year punishment. Appellant offered nothing when asked if he had anything to say against pronouncing punishment and did not object to the punishment assessed.
From these facts, we conclude that the trial court and the parties treated the stipulation as formally admitted into evidence.
See Killion v. State, 503 S.W.2d 765, 765-66 (Tex.Crim.App.1973); Rexford v. State, 818 S.W.2d 494, 495-96 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1991), pet. ref'd, 823 S.W.2d 296 (Tex.Crim.App.1991). Under the circumstances, the stipulation was sufficient to support appellant's 35-year punishment.
We overrule appellant's third point of error.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
