This сase involves the consolidated claims of foreign insurance companies doing business in Michigan to recover premium taxes paid under § 440 of the Insurance Code of 1956, MCL 500.100 et seq.; MSA 24.1100 et seq. Defendant appeals by leave granted from a Court of Claims denial of its motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(4) and (8), premised on sovereign immunity. This Court directed the parties to brief the following issues: (1) sovereign immunity and (2) the constitutionality of § 440 of the Insurance Code. The Supreme Court denied defendant’s bypass application for leave to appeal.
Between February 28, 1983, and March 29, 1985, fifteen foreign insurers (plaintiffs) filed fifty-nine complaints in the Court of Claims to recover premium tax payments totaling about $147,000,000 for various tax years between 1965 and 1982._
*125 Premium taxes are imposed upon the business written or renewed by the foreign insurer in this state. Payment of the tax is a condition precedent to the privilege of doing business here. Depending on the type of insurance sold, the tax amount is two рercent or three percent of gross premium collections. MCL 500.440; MSA 24.1440; MCL 500.441; MSA 24.1441.
By comparison, domestic insurers presently pay a single business tax pursuant to the Single Business Tax Act, MCL 208.1 et seq.; MSA 7.558(1) et seq. The vast majority of the tax years in dispute cover the periods subsequent to the enactment of the sbta, which became effective on Januаry 1, 1976. The single business tax is imposed on the "privilege of doing business and not upon income.” MCL 208.31(4); MSA 7.558(31)(4). The tax base of a domestic insurer is the sum of business income and certain adjustments contained in § 9 of the sbta. MCL 208.22; MSA 7.558(22) and MCL 208.9; MSA 7.558(9). The tax rate is 2.35 percent of the adjusted tax base, which is allocated or apportioned to this state. MCL 208.31(1); MSA 7.558(31)(1).
Plaintiffs alleged in their separate complaints that the effect of these two distinct tax systems was to impose a greater tax burden on foreign insurers. Relying on
Western & Southern Life Ins Co v State Bd of Equalization of California,
Defendant’s affirmative defenses to the com *126 plaints included the following three defenses: (1) even if the premium tax was unconstitutional, any judicial decision involving the tax should be applied prospectively;. (2) plaintiffs’ clаims are barred by the statute of limitations; and (3) even if the premium tax is invalid, any refunds should be reduced by the retaliatory tax imposed on foreign insurers, MCL 500.476; MSA 24.1476, or the amount of tax which plaintiffs would have been subject to had they been taxed as domestic insurers.
Plaintiffs’ fifty-nine complaints were consolidated in separate Court of Claims orders, pursuant to the parties’ stipulations. On October 8, 1985, defendant filed a motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116, contending that (1) the Court of Claims lacked subject matter jurisdiction because the defendant had not waived sovereign immunity from suit and (2) the complaints failed to state a claim because defendant had not wаived sovereign immunity from liability. In an opinion and order dated January 16, 1986, the Court of Claims found that it had jurisdiction and that plaintiffs had stated a claim by characterizing their claims as contractual in nature. Defendant’s motion for summary disposition was denied. This Court granted defendant’s application for leave to appeal. On May 28, 1986, the Court of Claims ordered that fifty-nine additional complaints filed by plaintiffs and other foreign insurers be consolidated, subject to the court’s order staying the proceedings pending this appeal.
In October 1986, the Court of Claims ordered that three additional complaints be consolidated in this action, bringing the numbеr of parties plaintiff and complaints to forty-two and 121, respectively. According to defendant’s "first amended Exhibit a,” filed November 19, 1986, with this *127 Court, forty-two plaintiffs have now filed 123 complaints, requesting premium tax refunds of $255,497,647.82, plus interest and attorney fees.
This Court sua sponte directed the parties to brief the constitutionality of the statutory premium tax. In its appellate brief the state concedes that, because of the premium tax imposed, those coming within the definition of a foreign insurer have a greater tax burden than those taxed under the sbta. The issue, then, is whether the admittedly discriminatory tax treatment of foreign insurers violates equal protection.
The presumption of a statute’s constitutionality is especially strong where tax legislation is concerned.
Kostyu v Dep’t of Treasury,
However, this [presumption] is not to say that the states are exempt from the requirements of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment when enacting taxation legislation. As stated in Allied Stores of Ohio, Inc v Bowers,358 US 522 , 527-528;79 S Ct 437 ;3 L Ed 2d 480 (1959):
"[T]here is a point bеyond which the State cannot go without violating the Equal Protection Clause. The State must proceed upon a rational basis and may not resort to a classification that is palpably arbitrary. The rule often has been stated *128 to be that the classification 'must rest upon some ground of difference having a fаir and substantial relation to the object of the legislation.’ . . . That [a] statute may discriminate in favor of a certain class does not render it arbitrary if the discrimination is founded upon a reasonable distinction, or difference in state policy.” [American Amusement Co, Inc, supra, p 577.]
The standard of reasonableness under the rational basis test is whether аny set of facts may reasonably be conceived to justify the legislative discrimination.
In re Contempt of Stone,
The premium tax applicable to foreign insurers has been described not as a "gross profits” tax, but rather as a tax on gross premiums. It is levied as a condition precedent to and in exchange for the privilege enjoyed by a foreign insurer engaging in insurance business. The tax relates directly to the exercise of that privilege in the taxing state.
Mutual Life Ins Co of New York v Ins Bureau,
By comparison, domestic insurers have been taxed under various taxing statutes. Under the Income Tax Act of 1967 (repealed by
The disputed classification scheme is the foreign/domestic distinction. A "domestic” insurer is defined as an insurer formed under the laws of this state. MCL 500.110(1); MSA 24.1110(1). A domestic insurer which does not comply with certain statutory requirements (i.e., maintaining a principal place of business in this state) is treated as a foreign insurer.
In their complaints, plaintiffs based their discrimination сlaims on
Western & Southern Life Ins Co v State Bd of Equalization of California, supra.
At issue in that case was a retaliatory tax imposed on foreign insurers. Under California’s taxing scheme, a premium tax was imposed on both foreign and domestic insurers, thus bringing into question the constitutionality of imposing an additional "retaliatory” tax on foreign insurers. The retaliatory tax was characterized as being a privilege tax. Although the United States Supreme Court acknowledged that a prior case,
Lincoln National Life Ins Co v Read,
In 1985, or two years after the first complaints were filed by plaintiffs, the United States Supreme Court entered another opinion dealing with the foreign/domestic insurer , tax classification.
Metropolitan Life Ins Co v Ward,
*131
Based on
Ward,
the Supreme Court of North Dakota held that North Dakota’s gross premium tax was uncоnstitutional. See
Metropolitan Life Ins Co v Comm’r of Dep’t of Ins,
In the instant case, the purpose advanced by the state was to establish a reliable source of insurance coverages within the state and to increase the availability of insurance in those areas where the public need is the greatest. According to the state, "but for” the availability of insurance from domestic insurers, many residents and businesses within this state would be involuntarily uninsured.
According to the state, statistical information from 1975 through 1984 shows (1) that there is a direct correlation between the degree of profits generated by a line of insurance and the willingness of the foreign insurance industry to provide insurаnce coverages for that line of insurance, (2) that foreign insurers will discontinue doing business in this state in a particular line of insurance if that line proves to be unprofitable, (3) that offering a tax exemption for a particular line of insurance will not induce foreign insurers to offer that insurance in this state if it is not profitable, and (4) domestic insurers fill the gap in insurance needs by providing coverage in less lucrative lines of insurance.
Plaintiffs contend that the actual purpose of the legislation was to (1) favor domestic companies and (2) raise revenue at the expense of foreign insurers. In respect to the test requiring it to negate *132 every conceivable basis which might support the taxing statute’s constitutionality, plaintiffs argue that the purpose advanced by the state is illegitimate under Ward because the tax accomplishes its purpose, if at all, only by discriminating against nonresident competitors.
We hold that, unlike in Ward, the purpose advanced by the state is legitimate (i.e., making insurance coverages available to residents), but the means chosen are not rationally related to promoting that purpose. The classification scheme is based on residency. Although it is not required that close distinctions be drawn in making classifications, the foreign/domestic classifiсation scheme made here affords no opportunity for a foreign insurer to share in the tax preference given to domestic insurers if it desires to offer insurance in the areas of greatest public need despite the lower profit potential. The classification scheme also permits a domestic insurer to obtain a tax preference over foreign insurers even if the line of insurance offered is in a more lucrative market. Thus the classification is both under and over inclusive and not rationally related to promoting insurers to offer insurance in the high loss ratio areas such as medical malpractiсe, farm owners multiple peril, liquor liability, municipal liability, and product liability.
If the state’s purpose is broader than just providing insurance in hard-to-insure markets and instead encompasses the general purpose of encouraging the creation of domestics, we would find the purpose was not legitimate, based on Ward. The taxing scheme does, in fact, seem more rationally related to promoting domestics than to encouraging insurance companies to provide policies in the less lucrative areas. There is no indication that taxing domestic companies more, or foreign com *133 panies less, would change the fact that foreign companies are less likely to provide insurance in high loss categories and domestics will see an open market and provide the insurance. The taxes imposed do not serve as an incentive to provide insurance in high loss categories.
We, therefore, find that the taxing sсheme presently used is unconstitutional and this holding will have prospective application only. Although the usual rule is that of retroactivity, the rule is not without exception. In
Washtenaw Co v State Tax Comm,
The benefit of flexibility in opinion application is evident. If a court were absolutely bound by the traditional rule of retroactive application, it would be severely hampered in its ability to make needed changes in the law because of the chaos that could result in regard to prior enforcement under that law.
The importance of flexibility was also pointed out in
People v Smith,
Our decision finds suрport in a decision of the North Dakota Supreme Court which held that equitable considerations favored giving a pure prospective effect to a decision declaring the state’s gross premium tax unconstitutional. Metropolitan Life Ins Co v Comm’r of Dep’t of Ins, supra.
Defendant claims that even if the gross premium tax is found unconstitutional the plaintiffs are barred from recovery by sovereign immunity. We need not discuss this issue because of the pure prospective application we have given to our holding.
Reversed.