766 N.E.2d 228 | Ohio Ct. App. | 2001
Lead Opinion
These causes were heard upon the records in the trial court. Each error assigned has been reviewed and the following disposition is made: Appellant/Cross-Appellee James Joseph Pengov, Jr. has appealed from two separate judgments of the Lorain County Court of Common Pleas that dismissed his two complaints to remove from office Appellee/Cross-Appellant Gregory A. White, the Lorain County Prosecutor ("the Prosecutor"). The Prosecutor has cross-appealed on the basis that neither this Court nor the trial court has jurisdiction to conduct a removal hearing where a single exercise of prosecutorial discretion constitutes the sole basis for removal. This Court affirms the judgments of the trial court, and dismisses the Prosecutor's cross-appeal for lack of ripeness.
Pengov appealed the dismissal of his complaint to this Court. This Court held that the Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure do not apply to R.C.
309.05 removal proceedings, reversed the trial court's dismissal of Pengov's complaint, and remanded for a removal hearing. White v. Pengov (Sept. 13, 2000), Lorain App. No. 99CA007515, unreported, appeal not allowed (2000),90 Ohio St.3d 1495 ("Pengov I").
Following this Court's remand, the trial court scheduled the removal hearing for October 20, 2000. Thereafter, the Prosecutor sought a discretionary appeal of this Court's decision in Pengov I from the Ohio Supreme Court. In conjunction with his appeal of Pengov I, the Prosecutor was granted a stay of the removal hearing pending the Ohio Supreme Court's disposition of the appeal.
On December 20, 2000, the Ohio Supreme Court refused to hear the Prosecutor's discretionary appeal of Pengov I. On January 3, 2001, the Prosecutor filed a motion to dismiss Pengov's complaint in the trial court. The trial court granted the Prosecutor's motion to dismiss on the basis that the Prosecutor could not be removed from office during a term subsequent to that in which the alleged *405 misconduct occurred.1
The day after the trial court dismissed Pengov's first complaint, Pengov filed a second R.C.
Pengov has appealed both orders of the trial court dismissing his complaints. The Prosecutor has cross-appealed, arguing that a single exercise of prosecutorial discretion is not a constitutionally sound basis for removing a prosecutor from office. This Court consolidated Pengov's appeals.
The Trial Court lacks authority to modify, ignore, or declare moot, an Appellate Court mandate.
The Trial Court committed reversible error in dismissing [Pengov's] complaint as moot.
In his first and second assignments of error, Pengov has argued that the trial court erred in dismissing his first complaint as moot without holding a hearing after this Court had remanded the matter for a removal hearing.
The trial court dismissed Pengov's first complaint on the basis that the Prosecutor could not be removed from office during a term subsequent to the term in which the alleged misconduct occurred. In reaching this conclusion, the trial court relied on State ex rel. Stokes v. ProbateCourt of Cuyahoga Cty. (1970),
In the absence of clear legislative language making conduct in prior terms a ground for removal from office under [R.C.
In the instant case, the trial court determined that the Prosecutor's decision not to prosecute Smith made during his prior term in office could not form the basis of his removal during a subsequent term in office. The trial court therefore dismissed as moot Pengov's first complaint. Pengov has argued that the rationale of Stokes does not apply to his complaint because unlike the alleged misconduct in Stokes, which was non-continuing in nature, the Prosecutor has a continuing duty to prosecute Smith that survives throughout subsequent terms in office.
Pengov has fundamentally misstated the duty of the office of the prosecuting attorney in arguing that the Prosecutor has a duty toprosecute that is continuing in nature. The duty of the prosecuting attorney is to exercise his discretion in determining, on a case by case basis, whether to prosecute particular individuals for alleged criminal offenses. "A prosecuting attorney will not be compelled to prosecute a complaint except when the failure to prosecute constitutes an abuse of discretion. Therefore, the decision whether to prosecute is discretionary, and not generally subject to judicial review." (Citations omitted.) State ex rel. Master v. City of Cleveland (1996),
In the ordinary case, "so long as the prosecutor has probable cause to believe that the accused committed an offense defined by statute, the decision whether or not to prosecute * * * generally rests entirely in his discretion."
(Alteration added.) United States v. Armstrong (1996),
Once a prosecutor has, in the exercise of his discretion, determined that he will or will not prosecute a particular case, he has no continuing "duty" either to prosecute or to revisit his determination. Of course, the prosecutor may, in the exercise of his discretion, revisit his determination at any time until the statute of limitations expires and reverse or modify his decision. He has no duty to do so, however, either during his term in office in which the potentially criminal conduct occurred, or in any subsequent term in office. This is because "[t]he decision to prosecute * * * is discretionary[,]" and therefore there is no "clear legal duty on the part of the county prosecutor to [prosecute]." Pierce v. Court of Common Pleas (Apr. 16, 1992), Cuyahoga App. No. *407 62734, unreported, 1992 Ohio App. LEXIS 2015, at *6 (affirming the dismissal of a petition for a writ of mandamus compelling a prosecutor to prosecute an alleged crime).
Accordingly, in the present case, once the Prosecutor decided, in the exercise of his discretion, not to prosecute Smith, there was no "continuing duty" incumbent on the Prosecutor with respect to that decision. Consequently, Stokes prohibits the removal of the Prosecutor during his 2001-2005 term in office, which is subsequent to the term in which the alleged gross misconduct occurred.
As the remedy provided by the removal statute was no longer available during the Prosecutor's 2001-2005 term, the trial court properly dismissed Pengov's first complaint as moot. See Stokes,
The Trial Court applied an improper standard of review in dismissing [Pengov's] second complaint.
In his third assignment of error, Pengov has challenged each of the four procedural grounds upon which the trial court based its decision to dismiss Pengov's second complaint. Based on this Court's determination that the Prosecutor has no "continuing duty to prosecute" Smith, however, Stokes compels the conclusion that the remedy of removal of the Prosecutor from office was only available during the Prosecutor's term which expired on December 31, 2000. Because Pengov filed his second complaint after December 31, 2000, as a matter of law, his second complaint was moot:
"`The duty * * * of every * * * judicial tribunal is to decide actual controversies by a judgment which can be carried into effect, and not to give opinions upon moot questions or abstract propositions, or to declare principles or rules of law which cannot affect the matter in issue in the case before it.'"
(Alterations added.) Miner v. Witt (1910),
Because Pengov's second complaint was moot, the trial court's dismissal of it was proper. Joyce v. Gen. Motors Corp. (1990),
The exercise of prosecutorial discretion, which is not subject to judicial review, is not, as a matter of law, a constitutional basis for removing a prosecutor from office.
In his sole cross-assignment of error, the Prosecutor has argued that the judicial branch lacks the constitutional authority to review the exercise of prosecutorial discretion in a removal proceeding where a single exercise of such discretion constitutes the only alleged grounds for removal.
Pengov's complaints seeking removal of the Prosecutor from office were dismissed exclusively on procedural grounds. As the merits of Pengov's complaints were never addressed at the removal hearing prescribed by R.C.
The Court finds that there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common Pleas, County of Lorain, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(E).
Costs taxed to Appellant.
Exceptions.
BAIRD, P.J. CONCURS
Dissenting Opinion
Unlike the case in State ex rel. Stokes v. Probate Court of CuyahogaCounty (1970),
My dissent is based solely on a threshold legal question, and makes no commentary on the merits or demerits of Pengov's substantive claim. *409