115 So. 80 | Ala. Ct. App. | 1927
The first proposition presented is that the court below erred in overruling the demurrer to the first count of the complaint as amended. An examination of count 1 discloses that the pleader did not attempt to set out the printed circular in full. The count avers that "the said printed circular being in part as follows." This allegation is followed by several excerpts or selected paragraphs of the circular complained of. We do not think this permissible under the law applicable to libel and slander in this state. The law requires, with a few exceptions not necessary to be here noted, that the complaint set out the particular defamatory words as published, and the authorities hold that it is not sufficient to set out the publication in substance and effect.
"If a libel is contained in two or more successive letters and no one of them is complete without the other, all the letters must be set out. Likewise, the whole libelous article in a newspaper must be produced if the passages alleged to be libelous are not clear, or where the rest of the aricle would vary the meaning, though if the omitted parts would not vary the meaning, the omission is not fatal." 17 R. C. L. par. 142.
The reason for requiring the exact language or the publication as a whole to be set out is threefold: (1) To inform the defendant against what charge he must defend himself; (2) that the court may judge whether the words constitute a cause of action; (3) unless the very words are set out by which the charge is conveyed, it is almost, if not entirely impossible to plead a recovery of one action in bar of a subsequent action of the same cause. As has been well said by the Court of Civil Appeals of Texas, in the case of Henderson v. Credit Clearing House:
"A libel suit is based on language or its equivalent. The complaint should put the court in possession of the libelous matter published, the language used, with such innuendoes as are necessary to explain what was meant by the language, so as to enable the court to determine whether the words are actionable."
We find no authority upholding the practice of segregating a few passages, alleged to be libelous, in a printed circular whose length and contents do not appear, and predicating an action for libel thereon with the explanation by way of innuendo as was attempted in the first count of the complaint. It is impossible to determine by inspection of this count alone what part of the circular was omitted and what influence, if any, the omitted part exerted upon the part incorporated in the first count of the complaint. For these reasons, we are of the opinion that the demurrer to the first count of the complaint was well taken and should have been sustained.
The appellee relies upon Age-Herald Pub. Co. v. Waterman,
"The reporter will set out count 2 of the complaint, which contains the alleged libelous publication, in hæc verba; such publication being made to appear to be a part of the newspaper report of the proceedings in the bankrupt court."
In the second report of the case the newspaper article is incorporated at length in quotations, and the pleader appears to have recognized, and our Supreme Court approved, the rule announced.
Count 2 of the complaint, as amended, contains the alleged libelous circular in full. This circular, it may be said, is divided into two parts. The first part is, in part, a comment on or an explanation of the second part, and in part, an attack on appellee in the nature of an address to the people of Cullman county. The second part of the circular purports to be a literal copy of some charges filed against appellee by appellant with the mayor and official board of Cullman, and the amendment to said charges, which it is claimed resulted in appellee's dismissal from the police force of Cullman, Ala.
Under the rules of law prevailing in this state, appellant had a right to file charges with the governing body of the city of Cullman, and ask for the discharge of the appellee. This was a quasi judicial matter. The charges, when filed, became a public document. If one publishes an extract from a public document, or a public document as a whole, he is responsible if he has not correctly extracted it or if it has not been correctly copied, but a correct publication of a public document, to which everyone has a right of access, is privileged. Mengal v. Reading Eagle Co.,
"An innuendo serves merely to explain matter already expressed, or to point out where there is precedent matter. It may apply to what is already expressed, but cannot add to, enlarge, or change the sense of the words of the publication. * * * It is for the court to say whether the meaning charged by the innuendo can be legally attributed to the language used in the publication, and for the jury to ascertain whether the intent charged be true in fact. If this inquiry is decided by the court adversely to the pleader, this puts an end to it, for it is not permissible to make proof that the words employed were uttered in the sense or with the meaning imputed to them in the innuendo. That is not the subject of proof."
In passing on the sufficiency of this count, the privileged part of the circular must not be considered, because of its privileged nature. The remaining part of the circular, which for the want of a better name we have characterized as "an address to the people of Cullman county," is not susceptible ofall the construction placed upon it by the pleader.
The office of the innuendo is to connect the defamatory matter with all facts and circumstances sufficiently expressed before, for the purpose of showing the meaning and application of the charge. The inducement and colloquium must warrant the innuendo. If the publication is not actionable per se, it cannot be made so by an innuendo. Hendrix v. Mobile Register,
Measured by the rule above recognized, the pleading is bad and the demurrer to count 2 should have been sustained.
We deem it unnecessary to treat numerous other questions raised by the record, as they may not arise on a subsequent trial of this case.
Reversed and remanded.
"Both counts of the complaint exhibit, as alleged, a false and malicious charge that plaintiff had been guilty of murder, and also that he had clandestinely associated at night with a woman about town, and that he rode a traveling woman around in his motorcycle while he was in a drunken condition. The murder charge was libelous per se, because murder is a felony; and the other charges are libelous per se because they expose plaintiff to public ridicule or contempt."
And in the second paragraph of that opinion it was said:
"If the matter complained of was libelous per se, no innuendo is necessary, and, if laid, may be disregarded as surplusage."
Inasmuch as the second count of the complaint sets out the alleged libelous circular in hæc verba, under the statute which requires this court to follow the decree of the Supreme Court, we take this as a construction of the language of the circular, although the language used in the circular is susceptible of a different construction. The circular, which is the basis of the plaintiff's cause of action, appears in the reporter's statement of facts.
Aside from the matter appearing in the first paragraph of the circular, it embodied certain charges lodged by the defendant with the city council of Cullman against the defendant as a basis for his removal from office, and it appears, after the charges were lodged with the city council, plaintiff, without trial, tendered his resignation, and thereafter the circular was printed by one Wagner and distributed through various sources and by various and sundry persons.
On the trial the plaintiff, testifying as a witness in his behalf, categorically denied all of these charges, except the assault on the defendant and his subsequent conviction of the assault in the courts of Cullman county, and the fact that he intentionally shot and killed one Ed Imbush, claiming that said killing was in self-defense. On the other hand, the evidence offered by the defendant tended to show that the matters stated in the circular were true, and that the killing of Imbush by the plaintiff was without legal justification.
In view of the construction by the Supreme Court of the language of the circular as charging matters per se libelous, and on authority of Ex parte West, supra, we hold that the trial court did not err in overruling defendant's objection to the circular, as evidence.
The plaintiff's witness Mike Wagner on his direct examination testified in reference to the printing of the alleged libelous circular, "I rendered him [defendant] a bill for *238 his services and he paid it," and on cross-examination testified:
"I know it was paid, because, if it had not been, I would have been dunning him to-day, if he would not have paid it yet.That is the only reason I know it was paid."
The testimony of the witness on cross-examination shows conclusively that his testimony in reference to the payment of the bill by defendant was a mere conclusion, and it was error for the court to overrule the defendant's timely motion to exclude the statement. Labor Review Pub. Co. v. Galliher,
For like reasons the court erred in overruling the defendant's motion to exclude the direct testimony of the witness Jackson Kelly to the effect that he saw one of the circulars in the sheriff's office in 1922. On cross-examination he testified:
That "he did not read it; that he did not know whether the words were like that of the circular in evidence; that he did not know what was in the paper he saw; that no one read it to him."
The rights of parties should not be prejudiced in a court of justice by such conclusions. Davis v. Arnold, supra; Rawleigh Med. Co. v. Hooks, supra.
The court erred in sustaining plaintiff's objection to questions propounded by defendant's counsel on cross-examination of the witness Hill, eliciting evidence showing that the plaintiff, while on duty, was guilty of attending gatherings where intoxicants were consumed. This testimony tended to sustain the truth of some of the matters stated in the circular and was admissible under the defendant's special pleas. Kirkpatrick v. Journal Pub. Co.,
E. F. Scheinart testified as a witness for the defendant in respect to the assault made by West, the plaintiff, on the defendant, referred to in the alleged libelous circular, and the defendant offered a showing for the witness E. C. Kinney, tending to exculpate the defendant from mailing one of said circulars to the plaintiff's wife.
In rebuttal, the court, over timely and appropriate objection of the defendant, allowed plaintiff to testify that at some time in the past he had arrested Scheinart and Kinney, and the appellee now contends that this evidence was admissible as tending to show ill will on the part of these witnesses and affecting the credibility of their testimony. While "it is competent to prove enmity or unfriendliness of a witness to a party against whom one testifies as one method of assailing or weakening the evidence, * * * but the provable fact is the state of the witness' feelings, not the cause of it." Polk v. State,
The wisdom of the rule stated by Chief Justice Stone in the case last cited is fully demonstrated in this case by the fact that the defendant was compelled to recall the witness Scheinart and dispute the fact of his arrest, and to corroborate his testimony by Kilpatrick, the recorder, thus projecting a collateral issue for the jury's consideration. Nor can the ruling of the court be justified by the rule invoked by the appellee, where a witness on cross-examination admits ill will, which allows further cross-examination of the witness to show that the hostility is malignant. Such was the rule declared in Fincher v. State,
The plaintiff, as going to show that he had not abused his official authority in using his policeman's club on Monroe Kinney, one of defendant's witnesses, testified that Kinney at the time "had his knife out and made a dozen stabs at me." The defendant offered Monroe Kinney as a witness to disprove the facts stated by the plaintiff, and the court, on objection being made by the plaintiff, denied the defendant this right, and in this the court committed reversible error. Bentley v. State,
One of the pertinent issues submitted to the jury, and properly so under the evidence, was whether the killing of Imbush by West constituted murder, and, as heretofore stated, West admitted that he shot Imbush with the intent to kill him. The killing being intentional and accompanied by the use of a deadly weapon, unless there existed at the time an impending necessity for the use of this degree of force, it was open for the jury to find that the killing was unlawful and malicious, and, if the result of a formed design to take life, premeditated.
It is undisputed that the plaintiff, as a police officer of the city of Cullman, had arrested Carl Sutterer for disorderly conduct, at most a misdemeanor, and had agreed to accept Imbush and Clark as sureties on Sutterer's bail, and at the invitation of plaintiff Imbush and Clark had accompanied plaintiff *239 and Sutterer to plaintiff's office for the purpose of signing said bail bond. The plaintiff's contention is that, after they reached the city offices, plaintiff discovered a bottle of whisky in Sutterer's coat pocket and undertook to search Sutterer, and that Imbush came to Sutterer's aid, attacking plaintiff and pushing him backward over a table or desk, and while in a position of impending peril from losing his life or suffering grievous bodily harm he shot, with the purpose and intent of killing him to save himself from said threatened harm. On the other hand, the defendant's contention was, and the testimony of Clark and Sutterer, and other testimony offered by defendant tended to sustain such contention, that the plaintiff, West, made a murderous assault on Sutterer in attempting to search his person, by striking him on the head with a pistol, felling him to the floor, and rendering him unconscious, and while thus prostrated and unconscious attempted to further assault and beat him over the head with his pistol, and Imbush merely intervened to prevent such further assault by West, and West then intentionally shot and killed Imbush. The undisputed evidence shows that Imbush was unarmed, and there is no pretense of armed resistance or interference. Under the law and in these circumstances, unless there existed a present impending necessity, real or apparent, for West to shoot to kill to save himself from grievous bodily harm or death, he was guilty of some degree of homicide, and if the killing was unlawful and malicious he would be guilty of murder, and if the killing was premeditated he was guilty of murder in the first degree.
"When an attempted arrest is for an ordinary misdemeanor or in a civil action, life can only be taken by the officer where the person arrested resists by force, and so endangers the life or person of the officer as to make such killing necessary in self-defense." Holland v. State,
Charges 1 and 2, refused to defendant, under the principles above stated, are correct statements of the law, and should have been given. Holland v. State supra; Loveless v. Hardy,
"And if any one should assist him, should attempt to assist the person to escape, he still would have the right to use whatever force was necessary, but no more than was necessary, to keep the person whom he has under arrest from escaping,and he would not have the right to kill, unless it came to thepoint where he was in real or apparent danger himself ofsuffering bodily injury, grievous bodily injury, or death."
The second excerpt omits this qualification to defendant's right to use force, and instructed the jury:
"But would have a right to use all the force that was necessary to overcome the resistance of the person whom he had under arrest, and he could keep on using that force until hekept the person in custody, even to the taking of life."
This is not the law.
For the errors pointed out, the judgment of the lower court is reversed, and the cause remanded.
Reversed and remanded.
