Pefferling v. State

40 Tex. 486 | Tex. | 1874

Moore, Associate Justice.

Unquestionably, in trials for rape, or assaults with intent to commit rape, the character for chastity of the female alleged to have been injured may be impeached, not as evidence of justification or excuse for the offense, but for the purpose of raising the presumption that she yielded her assent, and was not in fact forced. And this presumption, it is said, will be stronger or weaker according to the degree of prostitution or degradation established by the evidence. If, therefore, the record showed that the court had ruled as alleged in the first, second, and first paragraph of the fifth assignments of errors, the judgment should, beyond doubt, be reversed. But it is by no means clear that any such ruling as complained of in these assignments was made. Certainly the instructions given to the jury are not, in this particular, justly subject to criticism or objection. The obvious import and purpose of that portion of the charge referred to in the fifth assignment of errors was to instruct the jury that the character of the female assaulted, however base or infamous, was neither a justification of the offense charged nor a bar to its prosecution. If there was any such ruling as complained of, the only evidence of it in the record is contained in appellant’s first bill of exceptions, and we must infer it, not from the ruling sustaining the objection to the question set forth in the bill, but from the new reasons given in the bill why appellant desired, to propound the particular question, to which the objection by appellee was sustained by the court. But as the question propounded in no way tends to put in issue the character of the witness, to whom it was addressed, and as unquestionably no predicate need be laid for the introduction of general testimony impeaching the character of the female charged to be injured, it is by no means clear that the ground assumed in the assignment of errors is the one upon which this ruling of the court was made, or that it was so understood by the jury.

If, however, it is admitted that the question to which objection was made was rejected by the court because intended, as stated in the bill of-exceptions, as a predicate for proof of such fact as therein indicated, it is by no means certain that it was admissible. Although it has not been unquestioned in some of the subsequent d'ecisiona, the case of Rex v. Hodgson, 1 Russ. & Ryan, 211, decided in 1812 by the twelve judges, has been generally regarded in England as having definitely settled in the negative the right of the defendant to interrogate the-female alleged to have been outraged as to whether she-had not before had connection with other persons, or with a particular person named, or even to prove by other - witnesses particular facts or acts of lewdness not connected with the matter before the court. The contrary is held by the Supreme Court of New York in case of The People v. Abbott, 19 Wend., 192, and perhaps in other cases which have not fallen under our observation. But the weight of authority seems to justify the conclusion of' Mr. Greenleaf, who says: " The character of the prosecutrix for chastity may be impeached, but this must be-done by genera) evidence of her reputation in that respect,, and not by evidence of particular instances of unchastity.. Hor can she be interrogated as to a criminal connection with any other person except as to her previous intercourse with the prisoner himself; nor is such evidence of other instances admissible.” The inquiry is for the purpose of proving character, and it would operate a surprise if an inquiry as to particular instances of immorality or intercourse with particular persons was permitted to establish the character of the witness, who, as has been said, cannot be supposed to come prepared to defend her character, except against a general attack. (Rex v. Clark, 2 Stark. Rep., 241; Baker’s case, 2 Carr. & P., 588; The State v. Jefferson, 6 Ind., 305; Camp v. The State, 3 Kelly, 417; Pleasant v. The State, 15 Ark., 624; McCombs v. The State, 8 Ohio St. R., 643; McDermott v. The State, 13 Id., 332; The State v. Fisher, 43 N. H., 89; Wilson v. The State, 16 Ind., 392; 3 Green. Ev., Sec. 214; 1 Id., Sec. 458; 1 Phill. Ev., 468; 2 Id., 419; 2 Stark. Ev., 591; Whart. Cr. Law, Sec. 1152.)

The objection to the introduction by the State as origi-nal evidence, on the examination-in-cliief, of the particulars of the statement made by the prosecutrix to her brother, was well taken and should have been .sustained. In prosecutions of this character, the proof of the offense 'depends very frequently upon the testimony of the party ¡charged to have been outraged, and in most cases, to a very great extent, upon the truth and credibility of her •evidence, and unquestionably every reasonable test should ■be applied to her integrity, for the safety of the accused. Hence, the failure to make outcry, or call for aid when it might have been readily obtained, or within reasonable dime to discover the offense after an opportunity to do so, are circumstances tending to discredit her testimony. But if the absence of these circumstances tend to raise the presumption that her testimony is false or feigned, proof of them repels the suspicion which their absence raises. It has, therefore, been universally held that recent complaint by the person injured, her state and appearance, marks of violence, and the condition of her dress, shortly after the alleged occurrence, may be proved as original, evidence, although it has been otherwise held in Ohio •and Tennessee. (McCombs v. The State, 8 Ohio, 643; Johnson v. The State, 17 Ohio, 593; Phillips v. The State, 9 Humph., 246.)

It is, we think, well established, by reason as well as ‘the great weight of authority, that proof of the particulars of the complaint, and the detailed statement of the alleged facts and circumstances connected with it, as was permitted in this case in the court below, cannot be ad- . mitted as original evidence to prove the truth of the statements testified to by the injured party, or to establish the charge made against the prisoner. Their admissibility on behalf of the State is limited to the purpose, in rebuttal, •of supporting the veracity and establishing the accuracy of the testimony of the prosecuting witness. (1 Green. Ev., Sec. 102; 3 Id., Sec. 213; 1 Russ, on Crime, 688; 1 Stark. Ev., 951; Whart. Am. Cr. Law, 245, 441, 1150; Roscoe Cr. Ev., 863; 1 Phill. Ev., 19; The Queen v. Myson, 9 Carr. & Payne, 420; Rex v. Clark, 2 Stark. Rep., 241; Stephens v. The State, 11 Ga., 225; People v. McGee, 1 Denio, 19; Wilson v. The State, 16 Ind., 392; Boggy v. Commonwealth, 10 Gratt., 722.)

In all cases of felony it is the duty of the judge,, whether it is asked or not, to deliver to the jury a written charge, in which he shall distinctly set forth the law applicable to the case. (Code Crim. Pro., Art. 594; Maria v. The State, 28 Texas, 711.) The charge given to the jury in this case does not, In o.ur opinion, fully comply with this requirement of the code. Under the indictment appellant might havé been conviqted of an aggravated assault, if the jury believed, from the evidence, that such a verdict would be more in consonance with the truth of' the ease than would the verdict for the more heinous'crime of which they found appellant guilty. (Code Crim. Pro., Art. 498.) And while we are not called upon t© do-so, and are not to be understood as intimating any opinion as to the verdict which should have been returned, we-think the facts of the case are not such as to limit the jury to a single aspect of it, as seems to us to have been, in effect, done by the instructions.

Rape, as defined by the code, “is the carnal knowledge of a woman without her consent, obtained by force,”' etc. And to constitute the crime of assault with intent to commit rape, there must be an intent, where force is-the means by which the purpose is to be accomplished,, that the carnal knowledge of the woman, without her consent, shall be accomplished by reason or means-of the-assault. Obviously there - is- a manifest distinction between an assault to commit a. rape, and an assault loitfo an intent to %ar>e an improper connection. Any such violent or indecent familiarity with the person of a female against her will, when the latter is the- extent of the pur•pose and intent of the aggressor, is an aggravated assault, and should be punished as such. But whatever may be the cause, or brutally obscene character of the assault, if it appear from the evidence that it was not the object or intent of the aggressor to accomplish his desired purpose by force, against the will and without consent, then the •more aggravated ofíense has not been committed.

The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded.

Reversed and remanded.