Lead Opinion
OPINION
for the Court.
The applicant, Pedro Reyes (Reyes or applicant), appeals from the denial of his postconviction-relief application.
I
Facts and Travel
In October 1993, the Attorney General’s Narcotics Strike Force (strike force) was conducting an investigation into heroin trafficking in an area near Central Falls High School. On October 5, 1993, Investigator Carl Barovier (Barovier), a member of the strike force, approached Jose Romero (Romero) to purchase heroin.
Reyes was represented with respect to these charges by- privately retained counsel (trial counsel). Eventually, the state dismissed count 2 in accordance with Rule 48(a) of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure in exchange for Reyes’s plea of nolo contendere on count 1 to an amended charge of maintaining a narcotics nuisance. The Superior Court file contains two plea forms executed by Reyes, one in English and the other in Spanish. At the change-of-plea hearing on October 4, 1994, no Spanish interpreter was present, but the record does not indicate that either trial counsel or Reyes requested the assistance of ah interpreter. During-the plea colloquy, Reyes was able to respond, in English, to the trial justice’s questions.
Time marched on, and Reyes did not reform his behavior. He subsequently was adjudged to be a probation violator and served a period of incarceration as a result. Additionally, in 2002, he was convicted of second-degree murder, discharging a firearm during the commission of a crime of violence that resulted in death, and’ carrying a pistol without a licénse. See State v. Reyes,
In September 2(312, Reyes filed a pro se application, in which he sought to vacate his 1994 nolo contendere plea.
' Iii accordance with § 10-9.1-5, the hearing justice first referred the matter to the Office of the Public Defender. Because a conflict of interest precluded a member of that office from representing Reyes, an attorney (postconviction counsel) was appointed to represent Reyes in connection with his application. In connection with his investigation, postconviction counsel met with Reyes on four occasions; he did‘not, however, speak with trial counsel. Postconviction counsel also searched for transcripts or recordings of the allegedly exculpatory bail-hearing testimony" that Reyes claimed was given by his codefendants. Postconviction counsel’s search revealed that the bail hearing was continued twice with no testimony; the records for the third and final day of the bail hearing revealed that,, once again, no witnesses'¡testified and that the defendants had admitted- that the :state had satisfied its burden of showing‘that bail was not appropriate. This search led postconviction counsel to conclude that the allegedly exculpatory bail-hearing testimony did not exist. Because postconviction counsel’s investigation -of Reyes’s claims led him to the conclusion that-Reyes’s postconviction claims lacked merit, he moved to withdraw and filed .an accompanying forty-two-page no-merit memorandum- explaining the reasons behind that conclusion, in accordance with the procedure outlined by this Court in Shatney v. State,
The hearing justice granted the motion to withdraw and explained to Reyes that he could still proceed pro se on his application or retain another attorney at his own expense. Additionally, she gave Reyes approximately six weeks to submit a memorandum outlining why he was entitled to postconviction relief. She also notified
At the next hearing, Reyes provided a witness statement from Cepeda (Cepeda statement), one of his codefendants in the 1994 case.
At the hearing justice’s behest, the state filed a motion for summary dismissal. At the hearing on the motion for summary dismissal, the hearing justice gave Reyes an opportunity to be heard. Reyes responded as follows: “I don’t have anything to say right now. Everything that I wanted to say, I put in the memorandum.” This memorandum mentioned only two documents in support - of it: the Cepeda statement and a notice of the state’s intent to pursue a habitual offender sentence. The hearing justice determined that there were no genuine issues of material fact as to any of the claims raised in the application and granted the state’s motion. First, with respect to the allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel, the hearing justice reasoned that, because Reyes ultimately received a “less-than-jail sentence on an amended charge” and was not presented as a probation violator as a result of the plea agreement, Reyes was unable to satisfy the prejudice prong of the ineffectiveness inquiry. In addition to noting this favorable plea disposition, she observed that the Cepeda statement was neither an original document nor executed by Cepeda under the penalty of perjury and that, in any event, it was directed at the offenses with which Reyes was originally charged. The hearing justice therefore concluded that the statement “ha[d] no bearing on the amended charge to which [Reyes] pled.”
With .respect to Reyes’s challenge to the adequacy of the 1994 plea colloquy, the hearing justice, while acknowledging the presence of the Spanish plea form, found no fault in the trial justice’s colloquy. She noted that there was no evidence in the plea-colloquy transcript that indicated that Reyes had difficulty understanding the trial justice’s questions; there was no indication that Reyes needed to speak with trial counsel during the colloquy; no request for an interpreter was made; and Reyes responded in the affirmative on numerous, occasions when asked by the trial justice whether he understood á particular consequence of his guilty plea. The hearing justice rejected Reyes’s argument that either the trial justice or trial counsel was required to inform Reyes about any collateral consequence that might arise from his plea or that it might form the basis of a habitual-offender sentencing enhancement in the event that Reyes continued down the criminal path. Ultimately, the hearing justice concluded that Reyes understood the nature and consequences of his plea and that the plea was voluntary. Accordingly, the ■ hearing justice granted the
II
Standard of Review for Summary Dismissal
Before turning to the merits of Reyes’s arguments on appeal, we first set forth the parameters under which an application can be summarily dismissed under § 10-9.1-6 — the procedure utilized by the hearing justice in this case. Section 10-9.1-6 provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
“(b) When a court is satisfied, on the basis of the application, the answer or motion, and the record, that the applicant is not entitled to post conviction relief and no purpose would be served by any further proceedings, it may indicate to the parties its intention to dismiss the application and its reasons for so doing. The applicant shall be given an opportunity to reply to the proposed dismissal. In light of the reply, or on default thereof, the court may order the application dismissed or grant leave to file an amended application or direct that the proceedings otherwise continue. Disposition on the pleadings and record is not proper if there exists a genuine issue of material fact.
“(c) The court may grant a motion by either party for summary disposition of the application when it appears from the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions and agreements of fact, together with any affidavits submitted, that there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Dismissal under § 10-9.1-6(b) is akin to a dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure and is subject to the same standard. Palmigiano v. State,
Ill
Analysis
A
Sufficiency of Rule 11 Inquiry
Reyes first contends that his 1994 nolo contendere plea should be vacated because it did not conform to Rule 11 of the- Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure and was not a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary plea. He argues that the trial justice’s brief colloquy at the change-of-plea hearing was insufficient to ensure that he understood the nature of the charge and consequences of his plea and that the trial justice should have exercised his discretion to appoint an interpreter. At oral argument before this Court, Reyes took his contention one step further, arguing that, whenever a Spanish language plea form is utilized, a trial justice must appoint an interpreter even when one is not requested. Neither Rule 11 nor this Court’s jurisprudence supports such an absolute rule.
Rule 11 provides' in pertinent part:
“The court * * * shall not accept [a plea of guilty] or a plea of nolo contendere without first addressing the' defendant personally and determining that the plea is made voluntarily with understanding of the nature of the charge and the consequences of the plea. * * * The court shall not enter a judgment upon a plea of guilty or nolo contendere unless it is satisfied that there is a factual basis for the plea.”
Rule 11 thus sets forth two prerequisites that must be' satisfied at the plea colloquy before a plea of nolo contendere can be accepted: (1) a determination “that the plea is made voluntarily with understanding of the nature of the charge and thé consequences of the plea”; and (2) a finding “that there is a factual basis for the plea.” Id, Notably, neither prerequisite imposes the bright-line rule that Reyes champions before this Court. •
Similarly, this Court has never declared that a trial justice must appoint an interpreter in every case in which a non-English plea form is utilized. To the contrary, we have held that the trial justice has discretionary authority to appoint an interpreter, see State v. Ibrahim,
In this case, “it is not readily apparent [from our review of the transcript of Reyes’s change-of-plea hearing] that [Reyes] did not have a basic, functional understanding of English.” Ibrahim,
We are also convinced that the change-of-plea colloquy otherwise satisfied Rule 11 and that Reyes’s plea was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. The trial justice explained to Reyes that he was forfeiting several constitutional rights by entering a plea of nolo contendere, and he ensured that Reyes had no questions about those rights and understood the consequences of his plea. Additionally, the state recited the facts supporting the amended charge, Reyes acknowledged that those facts were true, and the trial justice found that there was a factual basis for the plea. See Rodrigues v. State,
B
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Reyes next contends that the hearing justice improperly dismissed his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel because a genuine issue of material fact existed that precluded summary dismissal. Before addressing the propriety of the summary dismissal of his claims, however, we first briefly clarify the legal framework under which such a claim must be decided.
It is well established that, in this jurisdiction, ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims are assessed under the familiar two-pronged test announced by the United States Supreme Court in Strickland v. Washington,
The second prong of the Strickland standard requires an applicant to “show that he [or she] was prejudiced by this deficient performance.” Bido,
In the years since our adoption of Strickland’s performance and prejudice prongs, however, a handful of our cases have somewhat amplified that standard. In State v. Dunn,
“We note also that rarely, if ever, following conviction has any federal or state court permitted a defendant who has been represented by private counsel to later question, in post-conviction proceedings, the ineffectiveness or inefficiency of the trial counsel that the defendant chose and selected to represent him or her at trial. The ‘incompetency (or one of its many synonyms) of private counsel for the defendant in a criminal prosecution is neither a denial of due process under the Fourteenth Amendment, nor an infringement of the right to be represented by counsel under either the federal or state constitution, unless the attorney’s representation is so lacking that the trial has become a farce and a mockery of justice, in which case the judgment, violating either the Fifth, Sixth, or Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution, or a provision of a state constitution, is void.’ ” Id. at 1146 n. 4 (quoting Annotation, Incompetency of Counsel,74 A.L.R.2d 1390 , 1397 (I960)) (emphasis added).
Although by no means 'a constant feature of our ineffective-assistance-of-counsel jurisprudence, this farce-and-mockery language has reappeared on several occasions, both in cases where defense counsel evidently was privately retained
We take this opportunity to abandon any distinction in our ineffective-assistance-of-counsel jurisprudence between privately retained defense counsel and court-appointed defense counsel. In Evitts v. Lucey,
“A proper respect for the Sixth Amendment disarms petitioner’s contention that .defendants who retain their own lawyers are entitled to less protection than defendants for whom the State appoints counsel. * * * Since the State’s conduct of a criminal trial itself implicates the State in the defendant’s conviction, we see no basis for drawing a distinction between retained and appointed counsel that would deny equal justice to defendants who must choose their own lawyers.”
Additionally, we are of the opinion that the farce-and-mockery language contained in Dunn and its progeny is a relic of a bygone era that has no place in assessing claims of ineffective assistance of counsel after Strickland. The farce-and-mockery standard evidently was first announced in Diggs v. Welch,
Here, the Cepeda statement would not stand the slightest chance of being admissible. First, the witness statement is not presented in the form of an affidavit or other type of sworn testimony, as is made obvious based upon the method of delivery (via telephone). Furthermore, the .statement was somehow “notarized” by one Nicholas Cardarelli, with, in place of the witnesses’s 1 signature, the words “RECORDED' OVER TELEPHONE.”
C
Postconviction Counsel’s Compliance with § 10-9.1-5 and Sfyatney
Finally, Reyes contends that the efforts of his postconviction counsel were inadequate. Specifically, he faults post-conviction counsel for “simply responding]” to Reyes’s postconviction claims instead of “mak[ing] an effort to narrow [the] issues, re[ ]frame[,] or supplement them,” not speaking with trial counsel or reviewing his files, and failing to hire an investigator. We reject these contentions.
“[T]he right to counsel in a postconviction-relief proceeding is a matter of legislative grace, not constitutional right.”
Of course, relations between attorney and client do not always remain harmonious. In some cases, postconviction applicants insist on pressing claims that are frivolous or mendacious, notwithstanding the risk of sanctions for violating Rule 11 of ,the Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure.
Within this framework, Reyes’s assignments of error regarding postconviction counsel are unpersuasive. Our decision in Campbell involved the paradigm example of noncompliance with § 10-9.1-5. In that case, despite the applicant’s repeated requests for counsel, the hearing justice appointed an attorney to conduct an “independent examination” .of whether the applicant’s claims were meritorious. Campbell,
This case is nothing like Campbell.' The record is clear that postconviction counsel functioned as Reyes’s attorney;
Finally, it is significant that, pursuant to Shatney, 755 A.2d at 135, postconviction counsel filed a comprehensive memorandum in which he — as Reyes acknowledged at the hearing on the motion to withdraw — correctly identified each of the many claims asserted in Reyes’s application and thoroughly explained the reasons why, in counsel’s professional opinion, they lacked merit. On appeal, Reyes complains that postconviction counsel failed to narrow or reframe the claims contained in his application, but appellate counsel similarly makes no effort to articulate how those claims could have been reworked, and an attorney will not always be able to salvage a meritless application from the scrap heap. Cf. Campbell,
For these reasons, we conclude that postconviction counsel . functioned as Reyes’s attorney and, because he deemed Reyes’s application to be meritless based on the record that existed at that time, he complied with the procedure outlined in Shatney. See Shatney, 755 A.2d at 135. Similarly, the hearing justice complied with our directive in Shatney that a hearing be held at which Reyes was able to respond to the no-merit memorandum, and, at the conclusion of the hearing, she appropriately granted the motion to withdraw.
IV
Conclusion
For the reasons articulated above, we affirm the judgment summarily dismissing Reyes’s application. The papers may be remanded to the Superior Court.
Notes
.The record is unclear as to Reyes’s Ml name. Reyes signed his application with the name Pedro Reyes, but the caption of that document identifies him as Pedro Muriel Reyes. Additionally, during a change-of-plea hearing in 1994, Reyes indicated that his name was "Pedro Jaun [sic] Reyes Muriel.” We simply shall refer to applicant as Reyes.
. The facts giving rise to the pertinent offenses with which Reyes was charged have been gleaned from the criminal-information package.
. The record is also unclear as to the precise spelling of Cepeda’s last name; in some documents it is spelled "Cepeda,” and, in others, "Cepada.”
. To distinguish between the different Superi- or Court justices involved in the relevant proceedings, we refer to the justice who presided over Reyes’s 1994 change-of-plea hearing as "the trial justice” and the justice who presided over the hearings on his application as "the hearing justice.”
. The facts underlying these convictions are set forth in detail in our opinion affirming his conviction, State v. Reyes,
. Despite the lag time between the 1994 plea and the filing of the application, the state opted not to argue below that the application should be dismissed as untimely under the doctrine of laches.
. "In Shatney [v. State,
"[U]pon notice to the applicant, counsel for an applicant may request permission from the court to withdraw, based upon an assessment that the application has no arguable merit. To do so, however,'[postconviction] counsel must file with the court and serve upon the applicant a motion to withdraw accompanied by a ‘no-merit’ memorandum that details the nature and extent of his or her review of the case, lists each issue the applicant wished to raise, and explains why in counsel’s professional opinion those issues and any others that he or she may have investigated lacked merit. The court then must conduct a hearing with the applicant present. If, based upon its review of counsel’s assessment of the potential grounds for seeking post-conviction relief and of any other issues that the applicant wishes to raise, the court agrees that those grounds appear to lack any arguable merit, then it shall permit counsel to withdraw and advise the applicant that he -or she shall be required to proceed pro se, if he or she chooses to pursue the application.” Shatney, 755 A.2d at 135 .
. Postconviction counsel identified twelve claims, many of which overlapped one another, that Reyes raised in his application: (1) ineffective assistance of counsel in failing to adequately prepare for representation of Reyes; (2) ineffective assistance of counsel in failing to research and interview the important state witnesses; (3) ineffective assistance of counsel in trial counsel’s failure to meet with Reyes and to communicate with him through an interpreter; (4) ineffective assistance of counsel in failing to file appropriate pretrial motions; (5) Reyes’s plea was "tainted and coerced” by the illegal and improper actions of the strike force; (6) ineffective assistance of counsel in allowing Reyes to plead nolo contendere without the assistance of an interpreter; (7) ineffective assistance of counsel in trial counsel’s failure to discuss the law governing the crimes with which Reyes was charged; (8) ineffective assistance of counsel in failing to advise Reyes as to the legal consequences of a plea of nolo contendere; (9) ineffective assistance of counsel in allowing Reyes to enter his plea when trial counsel knew, or reasonably should have known, that exculpatory evidence existed that, at the veiy least, cast reasonable doubt on Reyes’s guilt; (10) the photo identification in which Reyes was identified as the driver of the automobile was unconstitutional; (11) the trial justice should not have accepted his plea in 1994 because it was unclear whether Reyes understood the consequences of entering into the plea; and (12) the trial justice failed to review the case to determine whether Reyes was guilty of the charged offenses.
. See Appendix A.
. After Reyes appealed but before oral argument in this case, the General Assembly amended § 10-9.1-9 to require a party aggrieved by a final judgment entered in a post-conviction-relief proceeding to seek review by filing a petition for writ of certiorari with this Court. See P.L. 2015, ch. 91, § 1; P.L. 2015, ch. 92, § 1.
. In past cases involving summary dismissal of an application, we have remarked that we defer to the factual findings of a hearing justice in the postconviction-relief context. See,
. General Laws 1956 chapter 19 of title 8 is not implicated in this case because Reyes entered his plea before the effective date of that chapter.
. In State v. Dunn,
. See, e.g., Brown v. State,
.See, e.g., Pelletier v. State,
. We also mote that the annotation from which we quoted the farce-and-mockery language in Dunn,
. We do not imply that the difference in phraseology between the performance and prejudice prongs of Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S, 668,
. Although we are not in a position to opine as to whether any of the Standards of Conduct for Notary Publics were .violated, we are troubled by the fact that Cardarelli affixed his signature and notary, seal to a statement that was not given in person by Cepeda, nor was it signed by Cepeda. ’
. The dissent downplays the defective and untrustworthy nature of the Cepeda statement and suggests that the notary public’s "mis
. In concluding that the production of the Cepeda statement should have precluded summary disposition, the dissent suggests that we turn both our existing postconviction relief case law and § 10 — 9.1—6(c) on its head. When a hearing justice grants a motion to withdraw pursuant to Shatney, the applicant has the option of proceeding pro se on his application or retaining another attorney at his own expense. See Shatney,
. Although Reyes cites Martinez v. Ryan, — U.S. -,
. Rule 11 of the Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure, which applies in the postcon-viction context, see Campbell,
. Indeed, when Reyes expressed some confusion about whether postconviction counsel represented him of the state, the hearing justice promptly reassured him that postconviction counsel was his attorney.
, The dissent states that it is “compelled to express [its] belief that the time has come to abrogate Shatney, at least as it relates to first-time applicants.” As the dissent recognizes, however, "Shatney’s life expectancy was .not addressed by the parties in this case[,]” and, thus, is not before this Court. We agree that this issue is not before us, and decline to address it further. The hearing justice and postconviction counsel properly followed the Shatney procedure, which was the law at the time of the hearings below and the time the appeal was taken, and which continues to be the law today:
. We reiterate that an attorney’s , reluctance or refusal to accept an-appointment "is not embraced by the dictates of Shatney * * ⅜, and the fact that counsel may decline the appointment should not result in the summary dismissal of an applicant's claims ab.sent compliance with § 10-9.1-5.” Campbell,
. Notwithstanding the state’s failure to raise the doctrine of laches before the hearing justice, the state argued in its papers to this Court that review of that issue "is not necessarily foreclosed.” At oral argument, however, the state conceded that, because this affirmative defense was not raised below, it has been waived. This concession is well-taken. See Andrukiewicz v. Andrukiewicz,
Concurrence Opinion
with whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE joins, concurring in part and dissenting in part. '
I join the majority’s well-written opinion clarifying this Court’s standard of review of a hearing justice’s summary dismissal of an applicant’s postconviction-relief (PCR) application and its affirmance of the hearing justice’s summary dismissal of Reyes’s claim that his 1994 nolo contendere plea violated Rule 11 of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure and was not knowing, intelligent, and voluntary.
I part company with my colleagues, however, on the issue of whether the hearing justice’s summary dismissal of Reyes’s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel was proper. These claims alleged violations of a fundamental constitutional right. This first PCR application was Reyes’s one and only chance to assert these claims. The attorney who was appointed to represent Reyes concluded — without conferring with Reyes’s trial counsel — that these claims lacked merit. This determination was premature. Reyes was then forced to represent himself and was instructed by the hearing justice to come forward with “something of great significance.” He did so. Reyes presented the hearing justice with the Cepeda statement before the state filed its motion for summary dismissal under G.L.1956 § 10-9.1-6(c). Although the majority claims that the Cepe-da statement is “riddled with maladies,” all of the supposed “maladies” stem from one aspect of the statement: The registered notary public took the statement over the telephone and notarized it, rather than having Ismael Cepeda (Cepeda) swear to its contents in his presence.
In concluding that the hearing justice was “barred” from considering the Cepeda statement, the majority overlooks four critical facts. First, Reyes was forced to proceed pro se after postconviction counsel, who was statutorily required to represent him zealously, jumped ship long before Rule 11 of the Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure required such a drastic course of action. Second, the Cepeda statement — which the majority analyzes as if it were a document submitted in opposition to a summary-judgment motion — was submitted before the state moved for summary dismissal under § 10-9.1-6(c). Third, the state did not coherently raise any argument that the hearing justice was barred from considering this document at the summary-dismissal stage, nor did the hearing justice hold that she was so constrained. Fourth, the “maladies” of which the majority complains were caused by the actions of the notary and not by Reyes, who remained in prison, stripped of counsel and forced to proceed pro se. In my opinion, summary dismissal of these claims was improper; an evidentiary hearing, at which Reyes would have been accorded his right to counsel, was required. Therefore, I respectfully dissent and express my concern about the posture the majority has taken in this appeal.
Timing and Nature of Claims of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
In this jurisdiction, a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel ordinarily cannot be addressed by this Court on direct appeal; instead, such claims must be asserted in a PCR application.
“All grounds for relief available to an applicant at the time he or she commences a proceeding under this chapter must be raised in his or her original, or a supplemental or amended, application. Any ground finally adjudicated or not so raised, or knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently waived in the proceeding that resulted in the conviction or sentence or in any other proceeding the applicant has taken to secure relief, may not be the basis for a subsequent application, unless the court finds that in the interest of justice the applicant should be permitted to assert such a ground for relief.”
The upshot is that, in this jurisdiction, a criminal defendant has one and only one opportunity to assert a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel, and that opportunity almost always must occur in the PCR context. See Martinez v. Ryan, — U.S. -,
Compounding matters, a claim alleging ineffective assistance of counsel is of paramount importance. As the United States Supreme Court has explained, “[t]he right to the effective assistance of counsel at trial is a bedrock principle in our justice system” and “the foundation for our adversary system.” Martinez,
“Without the help of an adequate attorney, a prisoner will have * * * difficulties vindicating a substantial ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim. Claims of ineffective assistance at trial often require investigative work and an understanding of trial strategy. When the issue cannot be raised on direct review, moreover, a prisoner asserting an ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim in an initial-review collateral proceeding cannot rely on a court opinion or the prior work of an attorney addressing that claim. * * * To present a claim of ineffective assistance at trial in accordance with the [s]tate’s procedures, then, a prisoner likely needs an effective attorney.” Id.
The majority concludes — correctly, in my opinion — that this ease does not present the question of whether the United States Constitution requires that a PCR applicant asserting a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel be afforded effective assistance of counsel in the PCR context. See id. at 1315 (noting this open question). However, Martinez instructs that a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel cannot be given short shrift merely because it is asserted for the first time in the PCR context and not on direct appeal. To the contrary, the claim must receive serious consideration.
The General Assembly has mandated that:
“An applicant who is indigent shall be entitled to be represented by the public defender. If the public defender is excused from representing the applicant because of a conflict of interest or is otherwise unable to provide representation, the court shall assign counsel to represent the applicant.”. Section 10-9.1-5.
This unambiguous statutory text contains no exception: A PCR applicant has the unqualified statutory right to . appointed counsel who “represent^] the applicant.” Id.
This Court, however, has qualified and cabined a PCR applicant’s right to counsel. In Shatney v. State, 755 A.2d 130, 135 (R.I.2000), this Court “established a procedure by which an attorney * * * who has been appointed to represent an applicant for postconviction relief may later seek to withdraw from that representation under specific and limited circumstances.” Campbell v. State,
As aptly set forth by the majority, the Shatney procedure represents nothing more than “a judicially created escape hatch” available only when continued litigation of the PCR application would violate Rule 11 of the Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure. See Campbell,
In the sixteen years since Shatney was decided, the procedures that have arisen scarcely resemble what was envisioned by the Shatney Court. A veritable cottage industry has arisen whereby court-appointed lawyers are proceeding as if charged with screening out meritless applications for the ax of summary dismissal. Along the way, Shatney has been transmuted from an interpretive effort to achieve coexistence between § 10-9.1-5 and Rule 11 into a high hurdle that PCR applicants must surmount’ in order to receive serious con
I am mindful, however, that Shatney ⅛ life expectancy was not addressed by the parties in this case. I therefore proceed to analyze postconviction counsel’s efforts under the existing regime, such as it is. In my opinion, the hearing justice erred in permitting postconviction counsel to withdraw pursuant to Shatney and in failing to reappoint counsel after the Cepeda statement was produced.
Assessment of whether an alleged ground of ineffective assistance of counsel meets the performance and prejudice prongs is a case-specific inquiry. In the past, this Court has.not hesitated to vacate the summary dismissal of an applicant’s claims of ineffectiveness where fye record did not clearly support the conclusion that one.of the prongs had not been met. See, e.g., Tassone,
In my view, postconviction counsel was overeager in labeling Reyes’s claims as meritless. Critically, Reyes’s 1994 conviction resulted from a plea of nolo contende-re in the Superior Court to an amended charge of maintaining a narcotics nuisance. Because there was no trial, a trial transcript from which an assessment of trial counsel’s efforts can be'made is not available. Cf. State v. D’Alo,
For starters, he made unfounded assumptions regarding trial counsel’s performance and overlooked the fact that it was his job — in the course of fulfilling his duty to represent Reyes zealously — to determine if a nonfrivolous argument could be asserted that trial counsel’s performance was unreasonable. “[A] fair assessment of attorney performance requires that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct and to evaluate the conduct from counsel’s perspective at the time.” Lynch v. State,
“In the absence of any evidence to the contrary, it is fair to assume that Reyes’[s] counsel complied with his responsibilities as an attorney concerning open and honest communications with his client, and that he communicated with his client in a means efficient enough so that they had meaningful discussions regarding the case.” (Emphasis added.)
Fair to whom? Certainly not to Reyes, his client, who was owed a duty of zealous advocacy. In the absence of at least a conversation with trial counsel, postconviction counsel’s conclusion that Reyes’s claims were meritless must be recognized for what it is: a premature effort to withdraw from the case.
At the hearing on the motion to withdraw, postconviction counsel explained that he “did not feel it was necessary to speak to [trial counsel]” because he concluded that Reyes entered into a knowing and voluntary plea. However, the fact that the 1994 plea may have been voluntary, knowing, and intelligent does not bar claims of ineffective assistance of counsel relating to trial counsel’s advice leading to the decision to enter the plea. See State v. Dufresne,
Postconviction counsel alluded to a second reason for not interviewing trial counsel: that, irrespective of whether Reyes could satisfy the performance prong, he was unable to satisfy the prejudice prong because of the highly favorable disposition of the charges. To be sure, this Court
The disposition in this case might have been highly favorable if the state’s evidence was strong and Reyes had little in the way of a defense. On the other hand, the negotiated plea agreement appears less favorable if the state’s evidence was weak, Cepeda is deemed a credible witness, and exculpatory evidence exists and is sufficiently persuasive to create a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been an acquittal. When compared to an acquittal, the disposition in this case — even without jail time — loses much of its luster; it operated as a felony conviction, it carried a term of probation (the violation of the terms and conditions of which landed Reyes in prison), and it served as one of the predicate offenses that qualified Reyes as a habitual offender. It is therefore .unsurprising that the assessment of the strength of the disposition in relation to the prejudice prong of Strickland is not often made at the summary-dismissal stage. . See Neufville,
In granting postconviction counsel’s motion to withdraw, the hearing justice failed to set' forth her reasons for accepting his assessment of Reyes’s claims as meritless. Indeed, the hearing justice notified Reyes
■In sum, postconviction counsel failed to appreciate his role as Reyes’s attorney, and the hearing justice erroneously granted him a free pass in permitting him to withdraw from the representation. This case is yet another example of the injustice that can accompany the Shatney procedure, which operates simultaneously as an additional court-made hurdle for PCR applicants to overcome and a mechanism for less-than-full-fledged representation of indigent applicants. Indeed, had Reyes received the counsel envisioned by § 10-9.1-5 — to which he was undeniably entitled— his counsel likely would have recognized the “maladies” of the Cepeda statement and rectified them to ensure that Reyes received full and fair consideration of his constitutional claims.
Consideration of the Cepeda Statement
The hearing justice’s error in granting postconviction counsel’s motion to withdraw, standing alone, supplies adequate and persuasive grounds to vacate the summary -dismissal of Reyes’s claims of ineffective assistance , of counsel. Nonetheless, I proceed .to note my disagreement with the majority’s incongruous decision to affirm the hearing justice’s summary dismissal of the' application on the ground that she erred in considering the Cepeda statement.
Immediately after the hearing justice granted postconviction counsel’s motion to withdraw, Reyes moved for funds to hire a private ' investigator... Reyes explained that, because “the records [of the -alleged exculpatory testimony of one of his accomplices] are. nowhere to be found,” “the investigator would only need to get the testimony from the witness.” The hearing justice denied , the motion. She then warned Reyes that, “unless there is something of great significance in your memorandum that persuades the [c]ourt that you would have gone to trial and the result would have been different, then the [c]ourt may very well be dismissing your.case.”
- Against all odds, Reyes — who remained incarcerated, indigent, and uneounseled— persuaded Nicholas Cardarelli (Cardarel-li), a private investigator and notary public in this state, to work on his behalf in an effort to come forward with “something of great significance.” He did so. Cardarelli tracked down Cepeda and took a statement from him that directly bears on the question of Reyes’s innocence. Reyes produced the Cepeda statement at' the next hearing, before the state filed — at the hearing justice’s suggestion — its motion for summary dismissal under '§ 10-9.1-6(c). Although noting certain “infirmities” of the Cepeda statement, the hearing justice explicitly, considered it: “On the basis then of the application, all of the materials that have been submitted, including, for what, it’s worth, the statement .by Mr, Cepeda, that is not a sworn statement or
First, the majority treats the Cepeda statement as if it were submitted in opposition to the state’s summary-dismissal motion. It was not. The Cepeda statement was submitted in response to the hearing justice’s notice, required by statute, of her intention to dismiss Reyes’s application and her corresponding warning that she would dismiss the application unless Reyes came forward with “something of great significance.” See § 10 — 9.1—6(b) (“When a court is satisfied, on the basis of the application, the answer or motion, and the record, that the applicant is not entitled to post[ jconviction relief and no purpose would be served by any further proceedings, it may indicate to the parties its intention to dismiss the application and its reasons for so doing.”). At the time that Reyes produced the Cepeda statement, the state’s motion for summary dismissal under § 10-9.1-6(c) had not yet been filed. Therefore, the majority’s conclusion that the Cepeda statement could not be considered by the hearing justice because it is not the type of admissible evidence that can competently defeat a summary-dismissal motion flows from an erroneous starting premise.
Because the Cepeda statement was submitted in response to the hearing justice’s notice of proposed dismissal under § 10-9.1 — 6(b), that statutory section — and not the requirements of Rule 56(e) of the Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure and this Court’s summary-judgment case law— governs its consideration. In my opinion, the hearing justice, after reviewing the Cepeda statement (which exculpates Reyes), should have realized her mistake in allowing postconviction counsel to withdraw and directed that further proceedings occur at which — at a minimum— Reyes would be provided with an attorney willing to confer with trial counsel or with a view toward securing his testimony at an evidentiary hearing. See § 10 — 9.1—6(b) (“The applicant shall be given an opportunity to reply to the proposed dismissal. In light of the reply, or on default thereof, the court may order the application dismissed or grant leave to file an amended application or direct that the proceedings otherwise continue.” (emphases added)). Instead, the hearing justice invited the state to file a motion for summary judgment, considered the Cepeda statement, and concluded — erroneously, in my view, see infra — that it was irrelevant. The hearing justice’s authority to consider the Cepeda statement was not restricted by this Court’s summary-judgment jurisprudence because the state had not yet proceeded down that path.
Second, neither the state nor the hearing justice warned Reyes that the Cepeda statement could be rejected on the basis of the so-called maladies until, if at all, the very hearing at which his PCR application was summarily dismissed. The majority overlooks this aspect of the proceeding. When Reyes first produced the Cepeda statement, the hearing justice did not, in any way, suggest that it could be rejected on the basis of any defects; instead, she indicated that it might not be relevant. Nor did the state advocate rejection of the statement based on its defects. Instead, the state devoted a single paragraph to the Cepeda statement and proffered a merits argument:
“As to the second document, the purportedly] notarized (document does not contain a notary’s seal or Mr. Cepeda’s signature) statement of Ismael Cepeda, the [s]tate cannot speculate as to the purpose of this document. Mr. Cepeda testified at [ReyesJ’s bail hearing, well prior to the resolution of the instant case (and, in fact, before [Reyes]’s charges were amended pursuant to his attorney’s negotiations). Mr. Cepeda is not a ‘previously unknown’ witness, nor, by his own account, is Mr. Cepeda’s statement different from that which he testified to at the bail hearing. * * * Therefore, without further clarification, the [s]tate cannot adequately respond.”
Nothing in the above-quoted passage puts Reyes on notice that the state was advocating outright rejection of the Cepeda statement.
In my opinion, the lack of any notice to Reyes is important in this case because he had no counsel and was expected to develop and litigate a fact-intensive claim concerning the deprivation of a fundamental constitutional right on his own, while incarcerated. Once forced to proceed pro se, Reyes ably attempted to address the concerns raised by the hearing justice and the state. When the hearing justice told him that he had better show her “something of great significance” or else face dismissal of his PCR application, Reyes produced the Cepeda statement. When the state argued that the Cepeda statement “does not contain a notary’s seal or Mr. Cepeda’s signature,” Reyes attempted to address that concern too, correctly pointing out in a supplemental memorandum that the document does, in fact, contain Cardarelli’s notary seal. Had Reyes been warned about the issues with the Cepeda statement before his application was summarily dismissed, he at least would have had an opportunity to remedy them. The hearing justice did not afford Reyes such an opportunity because she did not reject the document. Both Reyes and his appellate counsel have been blindsided in this Court— after oral argument — by the holding of the majority: that, contrary to the understanding of all involved, the hearing justice was “barred” from considering the Cepeda statement.
Finally, the majority improperly attributes to Reyes — an indigent prisoner forced to proceed pro se — the error of a registered notary public of this state that is squarely within the notary’s expertise.
Relevancy of the Cepeda Statement
Finally, I note my disagreement with the hearing justice’s conclusion that the Cepeda statement was not relevant to the charge to which Reyes pled and her decision- that summary dismissal of 'Reyes’s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel was proper because Reyes was unable to satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland. Contrary to1 the hearing justice’s- assessment, the Cepeda statement is relevant to the prejudice prong. It specifically relates to the criminal conduct giving rise to the offense to which Reyes entered a plea of nolo contendere. The statement of facts read in support of the amended charge was as follows: “Pedro [Reyes] on or about the 5th day of October 1993 at Central Falls in the County of Providence did maintain a narcotics nuisance in violation of the Rhode Island General Laws.” It. is clear that the amended charge arose from his arrest and prosecution for the acts that gave rise to the two counts of the criminal information. Because the Cepeda statement concerns — and purports to absolve Reyes from — that conduct, it is relevant to the amended charge.
. The Cepeda statement creates a genuine issue of fact as to whether at least one of Reyes’s codefendants in the 1994 case gave exculpatory testimony — during a bail hearing or elsewhere — of which trial counsel knew or should have known. Maybe Cepeda did so testify. Maybe trial counsel discussed this circumstance with Cepeda and his client. Maybe the state amended the charges because of this circumstance. Postconviction counsel’s investigation indicated that the alleged exculpatory bail-hearing testimony did not exist. However, the Cepeda statement, although it does not specifically mention bail-hearing testimony, indicates that Cepeda gave testimony at a judicial proceeding that tended to exculpate Reyes from the charged offenses. Therefore, at the time that Reyes’s application was summarily dis
This genuine issue concerned a fact that is, at least at this early juncture, material to. the prejudice inquiry. If the exculpatory testimony exists, it bears on. the question of whether, if Reyes had proceeded to trial on the original charges, he would have been acquitted. From my review of the record, it appears that the only evidence linking Reyes to the charged offenses was Carl Barovier’s eyewitness identification of Reyes as the driver of the Datsun from which Cepeda emerged with heroin. There is no indication from the police reports that accompanied the criminal information that the driver ever exited the vehicle, nor is there information about the length of time that and the distance from which Barovier observed the driver, the lighting, his degree of certainty, or the time that elapsed before Barovier identified Reyes. Moreover, Barovier did not identify Reyes from a photo lineup; instead, when Edward Randall (Randall) provided Barovier a show-up photograph of Reyes — which Randall had selected based on Barovier’s description of the driver as having “light[-]black skin” and appearing to be “approximately 5'8" tall [and] between 19 and 23 years of age”— Barovier identified him as the man he saw driving the vehicle.
Finally, I acknowledge that, even if Cepeda’s exculpatory testimony does exist, the prejudice prong of the Strickland standard would not necessarily be resolved in Reyes’s favor. To the contrary, several additional factors would first need to be considered, including an assessment of the circumstances under which the testimony was provided, Cepeda’s credibility (or lack thereof), and the strength óf the state’s evidence against Reyes. In the end, Reyes would bear the burden of demon-
Because this record demonstrates the existence of a genuine issue of material fact about the question of exculpatory testimony and because the resolution of that question could impact the resolution of the prejudice prong, summary dismissal under § 10-9.1-6(c) on the basis that Reyes failed to establish prejudice was, under the terms of that statute, impermissible.
Conclusion
For all of these reasons, I would vacate the hearing justice’s summary dismissal of Reyes’s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. It is my opinion that the hearing justice erred in granting postconviction counsel’s motion to withdraw and that Reyes did not receive the assistance of counsel to which he was statutorily entitled. That alone warrants a remand for further proceedings. Moreover, the majority improperly concludes that the hear-mg justice was precluded from considering the Cepeda statement, which was undeniably relevant to Reyes’s claims. The upshot of the majority’s decision is that Reyes will not receive full consideration of the merits of the claimed violations of his fundamental constitutional right. Although Reyes may look to a more hospitable forum for adjudication of this claim, see Martinez,
APPENDIX
WITNESS STATEMENT
TIME: 1:00 pm
DATE: 12-9-13
PLACE: 215 Broadway Providence, RI
PHONE: 401 475-7497
I, Ismael Cepeda, voluntarily, without threats or promises, make the following statement:
Q: What is your name?
A: Ismael Cepeda
Q: What is your present address?
A: Pawtucket,
Rhode Island
Q: What is your date of birth:
A: 11-24-72
Q: What is your occupation?
Á: Un-employed
Q: Ismael, tell me what happened that day in December 1993 when suspected heroin was purchased at the corner of Illinois and Summer Streets in Central Falls, RI?
A: Basically, easy man, I got arrested, I got charged, I ended up doing time, all of a sudden they came up with this one charge that has to do with him, Pedro, so I’m like, okay, they were trying to say that I made a deal with him or something like that which is a lie, I didn’t mind going to court on it because I never dealt with Pedro. Me and Pedro was never cool like that, I was never in his car, he was never in my cars so we never had the kind of deal as far as me and him going somewhere to make a deal, so undercover were trying to say that me and Pedro went once, I think it a brick of dope and then Pedro was with me in the car, we turned around, and that he got Pedro which was a lie so basically I went to court, got on the stand, swore on the bible that I was going to say the truth and they asked me basically, it was a five minute thing. They asked me a few questions. They ■said, do you see the guy that you know, there was undercover, and right away, I actually say, if I saw him, I would know who he is after all these years later. And I pointed at him and I just said basically that he was lying, that I would never deal with, you know, I knew Pedro from around the way, that I knew him because he was from the same town where I was from and yeah, we did see each other at the clubs, and scenes like that but never, everything I admitted to, I said I did all my deals, I did them, I admit to all that, but I can’t admit to something that I didn’t do and I told them straight up I never dealt with this guy, me and this guy never hung in the car together, we never, you know, the times I sold to the undercover, I never sold with Pedro in the car with me, and basically that was it.
Q: Who was this, the AG strike force?
A: Yeah, I think so, yeah.
Q: Yeah, it was the AG strike force. So basically you had no dealings with,
A: No, never, Pedro was somebody like I said, C F is only so small, and we had our own little click, we did all the deals that we did and everything else that I already pled to and I did time for, everything did happen but as far as me and Pedro goes, we never, never, whatever they were trying to say about me being in the car, and went to see the undercover and sold to the undercover, that I got out of the car and Pedro stayed in the car, that’s a he. I don’t know how they came up about that but I never, never and I will say it to this day, I never, me and Pedro never, I don’t think me and Pedro ever got into the car together. We seen each other, yeah, he probably got out of the car once or twice in the corner where we used to hang at but it was nothing like me and him being up and down the streets and hanging, we never did that.
Q: Do you still live in Pawtucket?
A: Do I?
Q: Yeah.1
A: Yeah. I was at the medium one back them and his lawyer went up to me .and, I didn’t even know who he was but.he told me. the same thing you’re telling, me that how they were trying to put Pedro with me and I said yes, .I’m willing to go to court, I went to court and I did the fayor for. him. Right now, I wouldn’t mind doing the same thing, are .they, bringing him back to court?
Q:1 We’re trying to find out what’s going on with his case.
A:. Basically, that undercover lied. Pe- > • dro never got out of the car, we never made it there together, like I said, I know him, yeah, but because he’s from around the way. Whatever I did, I did on my own. He had nothing to do with anything I did back then.
Q: Okay, that’s about it?
A: Like I said, when I went to court, it was a five minute thing. It was quick; They just wanted to make sure that' I knew whát undercover was, who was saying all these things, I called him a bar right on the stand. I said that guy right there is lying. I pointed my finger at him, I said undercover right there, and he’s a liar. Me and this guy never did anything together.
Q: Do you .remember who the undercover was?
A: I remember the face, the name, its been too long, I don’t know. But like if I saw him at Walmart, I would know the face. He took years away from me, I 'got sentenced to two years on that, I know who he was. I met him a few times. I think I had six deliveries and all that. He was somebody that would go to the corner and, he would go there with $500 to buy one brick, like who does that, you know. We were happy to see money. That’s why he got so many people on that. He used to be one of the best customers coming over, ' undercover, you know, he was really doing the buys, paying top dollar for everything, so he got me and ten of my other friends.
Q: Okay, that’s it for now.
A: You can always reach me. I’m al- ; ways around.
Q: Okay, bye bye.
CONTINUATION WITNESS STATEMENT SHEET SIGNATURE PAGE
I SWEAR THAT THE STATEMENT I JUST GAVE WAS THE TRUTH TO THE BEST OF MY KNOWLEDGE AND GIVEN WITHOUT ANY THREATS OR PROMISES.
RECORDED OVER TELEPHONE WITNESS SIGNATURE
SUBSCRIBED AND SWORN TO BEFORE ME THIS 10th DAY OF DECEMBER, 2013.
/»/■ Nicholas Cardarelli
NOTARY PUBLIC
COMMISSION EXPIRATION EXPIRES ON 5129117
. I note that I am not convinced that the trial justice properly concluded that there was a sufficient factual basis for the plea — a requirement of Rule 11 of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure. However, Reyes’s argument on appeal focused exclusively on the trial justice’s failure to appoint an interpreter sua sponte. Apart from one sentence in his show-cause statement in which he asserted "there is neither a discussion of Mr. Reyes’[s] role in the aprended charge of maintaining a narcotics nuisance, nor of his understanding of that charge,” the entirety of his argument on appeal concerns the failure to appoint an interpreter. In my opinion, this single sentence fails to adequately develop — and, therefore, preserve for this Court’s review — any argument concerning the lack of factual basis for the plea. See McMahon v. Deutsche Bank National Trust Co.,
. Strickland v. Washington,
. A copy of the Cepeda statement is appended to this opinion. The notary seal is visible in a copy of the statement in the lower-court file,
. A narrow exception to this general rule exists where the claim is based on a "specific, reviewable ruling” by the trial justice. State
. During one of the hearings in this case, the following exchange transpired between the hearing justice and Reyes:
“[THE COURT:] * * ⅜ Now, sir, I also have to note that you are doing a life sentence for a separate offense.
“THE DEFENDANT: Yes.
"THE COURT: Why are we going through this exercise?
"THE DEFENDANT; Based on this case, I got a different sentence in the other case, habitual.
“THE COURT: But you’re still doing two life sentences.”
The length of the sentences that Reyes may have received in other, unrelated cases was, of course, utterly irrelevant to the merits of Reyes’s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. These claimed violations of Reyes’s fundamental constitutional right warranted careful consideration.
. As a member of the Shatney Court, I can state with confidence that " ‘[t]he matter does not appear to me now as it appears to have appeared to me then.' ” McGrath v. Kristensen,
. Following the majority's lead, I refer to the attorney who represented Reyes in connection with his 1994 plea of nolo contendere as "trial counsel/’ and the attorney' who purported to represent him in connection with his PCR application as "postconviction counsel.”
. These are not merely isolated passages in postconviction counsel’s no-merit memorandum. Rather, the notion that trial counsel must have rendered effective assistance of counsel is a theme that permeates the entirety of the memorandum. See, e.g„ Postconviction Counsel’s No-Merit Memorandum at 25 ("[Reyes] was represented by very competent defense counsel who obviously did not feel that the services of an interpreter were necessary in order for his client to understand the plea colloquy with the [c]ourt.” (emphasis added)); id. at 15 ("Reyes has not presented any evidence to prove that his attorney acted in anything other than a competent manner.’’); id. at 19 ("In and [of] itselff, trial counsel's failure to file a pretrial discovery motion] does not mean that counsel was anything less than diligent in his representation of [Reyes]; there are many reasons why counsel might elect not to file for discovery. In many cases, it is because counsel might not want to file an Answer to the State’s Motion for Reciprocal Discovery, thereby having to give to the [s]tate any evidence that they might not want to divulge.” (emphases added)); id. at 9 ("I should point out that the defense counsel in this case was, and is, a very experienced and respected member of the defense bar who has represented hundreds of criminal defendants in all levels of the judicial system, both [s]tate and [flederal. He enjoys a well-deserved reputation as a hard[ jworldng, top-notch criminal defense attorney who is not afraid to try a case in front of a jury.”); id. at 28 ("It is difficult to second guess the work of an attorney when there was a negotiated plea.”).
. In fact, to the extent that the state intended to make such an argument, its attempt to do so was wholly ineffectual to preserve the argument for our review. Perhaps in light of its failure to preserve the argument that the Cepeda statement could not be considered by the hearing justice, the state on appeal simply highlights in a footnote the infirmities of the Cepeda statement that were noted by the hearing justice. To its credit, the state does not attempt to revive an argument that was not clearly and distinctly made below. The majority is raising sua sponte a ground of decision that was not addressed in the Superi- or Court. In my opinion, it is not the function of this Court to launch a rescue mission to resurrect an argument that was abandoned in the proceedings below.
. The majority concedes that the Cepeda statement’s infirmities are the result "of the notary’s disregard for his duties.”
. The majority charges me with "sug-gestfing] that we turn both our existing post-conviction relief case law and [G.L.1956] § 10-9.1-6(c) on its head” and that "the system should bend over backwards for an applicant” in the circumstances of this case. In my opinion, postconviction counsel did not comply with § 10-9.1-5. Under "our existing [PCR] case law,” it was reversible error to . , enter a summary dismissal before- Reyes received the assistance of counsel to which he was statutorily entitled. See Campbell v. State,
. I also note that, even if the Cepeda statement related only to the original charges, it would still be relevant to the prejudice inquiry. In the plea context, the prejudice prong requires a defendant to " ‘demonstrate a reasonable probability that[,] but for counsel’s errors, he or she would not have pleaded guilty [or nolo contendere] and would have insisted on going to trial’ and, importantly, that the outcome of the trial would have been different.” Neufville v. State,
. Recently, this Court recognized "the problematic nature of eyewitness identification and its potential for misidentification,” State v. Davis,
. Even if Reyes were able to demonstrate prejudice under Strickland, he would still need to meet the performance prong to obtain postconviction relief. Additional questions would arise before trial counsel’s performance could be deemed, defícjent, such as whether trial counsel knew or should have known of the existence of the exculpatory testimony, cf. Neufville,