OPINION
William Peckinpaugh appeals his conviction of Battery, 1 a class B misdemeanor, Criminal Confinement, 2 a class D felony, two counts of Stalking, 3 class C felonies, and Burglary, 4 а class B felony. Peckin-paugh presents the following restated issues for review:
1. Do the two convictions of stalking violate double jeopardy principles?
2. Did the trial court err in sentencing Peckinpaugh?
We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
The facts favorable to the convictions are that Peckinpaugh and Judy Fillmore were involved in a romantic relationship and lived together for approximately two years. In January or February of 1999, Fillmore ended the relationship, and Pece-kinpaugh, who did not wаnt the relationship to end, moved out a month or two later. In early August 1999, Fillmore returned home from a date with another man and discovered that Peckinpaugh had left a message on her:-answering machine. Within ten minutes after her date left, Peckinpaugh started "beating" on Fill *1240 more's front door. Record at 351. Fillmore did not open the door, but instead moved to a nearby bathroom window and spoke to him through the window. Pec-kinpaugh threatened to "kill [Fillmore] and any S8.0.B. that ever wanted to be with [her]." Record at 352. Thereafter, Fillmore sought a protective order. On September 8, the Madison County Court issued a protective order directing Peckin-paugh to "refrain from abusing, harassing, or disturbing the peace of the Petitioner by either direct or indirect contact," Record at 368, and to refrain from damaging her personal property and from entering onto the property where Fillmore's residence was located.
Late in the evening of December 5, 1999, Peckinpaugh broke into Fillmore's house. He cornered her in a bathroom and kept her there against her will through the early morning hours of December 6 while he attempted to persuade her to resume a relationship with him. According to Fillmore, Peckinpaugh screamed and yelled and was angry the whole time. Fillmore attempted to leave several times, but Peckinpaugh physically prevented her from exiting the bathroom. Eventually, when Peckinpaugh kneeled down for a moment, Fillmore jumped over him and fled from the bathroom. Peckin-paugh then left the house. Fillmore subsequently discovered that Peckinpaugh had taken the telephone receiver off of its hook in her garage in order to prevent her from placing a telephone call from inside hеr house.
On December 13, 1999, Peckinpaugh mailed a greeting card to Fillmore asking her to resume their relationship. On December 25, 1999, Peckinpaugh left a message for Fillmore on her answering machine.
On January 7, 2000, the Madison County Probation Department (the Probation Department) placed an electronic monitoring device on Peckinpaugh's ankle and a receiver in Fillmore's house. With those devices in place, the receiver would alert Fillmore if Peckinpaugh came within 800 feet of her house. Several weeks later, Peckinpaugh informed the Probation Department that he had an out-of-state job interview and, on February 8, 2000, police removed the monitor from Peckinpaugh's ankle. Officials informed Fillmore that Peckinpaugh was not wearing a monitor and advised her that she should consider staying somewhere other than her home until the monitor wаs put back in place. Heeding this advice, Fillmore went to stay at the house of a friend for several days. While alone at the friend's house on February 10, Fillmore opened the inner door to lock the storm door. When she did, she saw someone move furtively between two houses nearby." She shut the door, turned off a light, and looked outside in that direction. She saw Peckinpaugh standing beside the house next door to the one in which she was staying. When the friend returned home on February 12, he found a voice mail message on his answering machine. The message was from Peckin-paugh to Fillmore and stated, "Last night was a terrible mistake." Record at 620.
On December 16, 1999, the State filed a five-count indictment against Peckinpaugh, including the following: Count I, battery; Count II, eriminal confinement; Count III, burglary; Count IV, stalking; and Count V, invasion of privacy. On February 16, 2000, the State added a sixth count, for stalking. Counts I-III alleged aсtivities that occurred on the night of December 6, when Peckinpaugh broke into Fillmore's home. Counts IV and V alleged activities that occurred between the issuance of the original protective order, on September 8, 1999, and the break-in on December 6, 1999. Count VI alleged activities that occurred after December 6, 1999. Following a jury trial, Peckinpaugh was found guilty of all charges and convicted as set out above.
1.
Peckinpaugh contends that his multiple convictions for stalking violate constitutional double jeopardy principles.
*1241 Specifically, Peckinpaugh notes that the offense of stalking contemplates a series of acts, and contends that double jeopardy principles prevent the State from dividing a larger series of acts into multiple smaller series for the purpose of obtaining multiple convictions. He contends thаt his actions from September 8, 1999 to February 16, 2000 constitute only one violation of IC § 35-45-10-5, not two.
The parties do not direct our attention to an Indiana case addressing this issue, nor does our research reveal one. We do, however, find a case decided by the Florida Court of Appeals that addressed substantially the same issue. In
State v. Jones,
We reproduce below the Florida appellate court’s rationale for reversing the trial court and reinstating thе second stalking charge:
The issue here concerns that aspect of double jeopardy dealing with whether a particular factual circumstance constitutes one or two or more separate and distinct factual events. The defendant’s position is that because aggravated stalking is in the nature of a continuing offense and he was charged with and
acquitted of aggravated stalking in [the first case] he could not be charged with aggravated stalking in [the second case].
This argument ignores the fact that while aggravated stalking requires repeated acts, such acts could conceivably constitute separate and distinct factual events which would support multiple prosecutions and convictions. Thus, in a clear example, if an accused repeatedly follows or harasses the victim with the requisite intent he may be guilty of aggrаvated stalking. If, after prosecution for the offense, the accused again undertakes to follow or harass on a repeated basis the victim, again with the requisite intent, he has committed another aggravated stalking.
This case does not present post-prosecution conduct but rather post-arrest conduct of the defendant, ie., the defendant’s alleged harassment of the victim after his arrest in connection with [the first сase] by way of telephone calls and letters. The defendant’s apprehension and arrest in this context concluded the factual event which formed the basis for the arrest and began a separate and distinct factual event.
Id. at 1338 (citations to authority omitted).
We find the above rationale persuasive and adopt it in full. We hold that, in Indiana, a defendant may be convicted of separate counts of stalking the same victim if the respective series of incidents upon which the charges are based can be divided into distinct and separate series. In the instant case, Peckinpaugh harassed Fillmore for a period of months, culminating in the December 6 break-in. After charges were filed and Peckinpaugh was ordered to stay away from Fillmore and refrain from contacting her, he violated the terms of that order and began once again to contact Fillmorе and to violate the restrictive physical boundaries he was ordered to observe.
Having decided that a person can commit multiple stalking offenses against the
*1242 same victim, we must address another double jeopardy challenge presented by Pec-kinpaugh to the multiple stalking convie-tions. This challenge is based upon an overlap of the dates specified in the respective charging informations. In Count IV, Peckinpaugh was charged with stalking Fillmore "[bly and between September 8, 1999, and December 6, 1999." Record at 14. In Count VI, Peckinpaugh was charged with stalking Fillmore "[bly and between December 6, 1999, and February 16, 2000." Record at 48. The two informa-tions overlap to the extent that they both include the date of December 6, 1999.
Until recently, Indiana courts applied a single test to determine whether a double jeopardy violation had occurred under the Indiаna and United States Constitutions, respectively. That test was the so-called Blockburger test. See Blockburger v. United States,
In cases where, as here, a double jeopardy challenge is premised upon convictions of multiple counts of the same offense, the statutory elements test is inapplicable, because a defendant may be charged with as many counts of an offense as there are separate acts committed. See, e.g., Roberts v. State,
We proceed, then, to the second test enunciated in Richardson, which focuses upon the actual evidence presented in order to attain the convictions. Again, the potential double-jeopardy problem arises by virtue of the fact that the events alleged in the charging informations rеlating to the two stalking offenses overlap by one day-December 6, 1999. According to Richardson, in order to prevail upon this basis, "a defendant must demonstrate a reasonable possibility that the evidentiary facts used by the fact-finder to establish the essential elements of one offense may also have been used to establish the essential elements of a second challenged offense." Id. at 58. In evaluating the evidence for this purpose, we examine not only the evidence that defense counsel presented at trial, but also the jury instructions and opening and closing argument. Richardson v. State,
In opening statement, the State recounted the series of events leading up to the December 5 break-in. After reciting the events culminating in that incident, the State summarized the charges stemming from that episode as including "one count of stalking". Recоrd at 291. The State then went on to summarize the events that occurred after December 6, 1999 culminated on February 10, 2000. The evidence presented at trial was consistent with the State's opening statement in that it portrayed Peckinpaugh's stalking actions as *1243 occurring during two separate time-frames-September 8 through and including December 6, 1999; and after December 6, through and including February 10, 2000. The fact that the two stalking charges were basеd upon entirely separate factual bases was clarified again during the State's closing argument in the following remarks:
Did she feel fear? Yes, she felt fear. Did he know that he was putting fear in her mind? Did he know? Folks, he knew. He knew. His words. I didn't write those letters. He stalked. He stalked on the first count, where you're gonna be offered the lesser-included of the D and then he turned right around, as soon as he was out. On a monitor, he got off that monitor, he stalked her again.
Record at 952.
We are satisfied that, in light of the evidence presented at trial and the State's comments during opening and closing argument, there is no reasonable possibility that the two stalking convictions were based upon the same factual evidence.
2.
Peckinpaugh contends that the trial court imposed a manifestly unreasonable sentence.
The determination of an appropriate sentence is committеd to the trial court's sound discretion. Bonds v. State,
Our supreme court has stated that when reviewing the reasonableness of a sentence, we should observe to the principle that "the maximum sentence enhancement permitted by law ... should ... be reserved for the very worst offenses and offenders." Buchanan v. State,
We see nothing in the nature of the burglary offense committed by Peckin-paugh that makes that crime a particularly egregious example of the crime of burglary. Although we do not in any way intend to downplay the emotional trauma suffered by Fillmore as a result of Peckinpaugh's unauthorized entry into her home, we note that Fillmore did not suffer personal injuries, nor did Peckinpaugh attemрt to inflict injury. We note also that the entry did not cause damage to Fillmore's dwelling. For these reasons, we believe that imposition of the maximum penalty of twenty years for that offense was clearly unreasonable. We remand to the trial court with instruction to enter the presumptive sentence of ten years for the burglary conviction.
We turn now to the other sentence impacting Peckinpaugh's executed sentence, i.e., the eight-year sentence imposed for the second stalking conviction. The second stalking offense occurred after Pec-kinpaugh defied a protective order, after charges were filed against him for the December 5 break-in, and during the brief time that the monitoring device was re *1244 moved at Peckinpaugh's request. In fact, it appears that Peckinpaugh's harassment of Fillmore continued unabated for months, nоtwithstanding the aforementioned remedial efforts by the State, and despite several warnings by law enforcement personnel of the consequences of his action. In light of these circumstances, we do not view the imposition of the maximum sentence for the second stalking conviction as clearly erroneous.
With respect to the decision to impose consecutive sentences for the burglary and second stаlking convictions, the court explained the aggravating cireum-stances as follows: [This also leads to another aggravating cireumstance in this case, the unusual degree of care and planning that the defendant exhibited in the process of stalking this person. It's uncanny the way he was able to get telephone numbers, addresses of new boyfriends and find himself unexplainably in her bathroom in the middle of the night, when allegedly the doors had bеen locked. This gentlemen [sic] exhibited a lot of care and planning in pulling all this off. Almost like it ... it was an obsession. The main thing he was thinking about in his life at the time was stalking this lady. And he does need a commitment to the Department of Corrections because we have in fact tried to rehabilitate Mr. Peckinpaugh during the process of all this. When people say a protective order's now in place, this means that the person gets a chance to clean up his act and maybe get into some counseling, get in some programming so that the next thing doesn't ... the next bad thing doesn't happen. These are signals We're giving these people a chance to change their lives, but Mr. Peckinpaugh wouldn't. Police officers called him say [sic], "Stop doing this." This gives him a chance to show he's not gonna do it anymore and rehabilitate himself. He doesn't. I put him on a Jurist monitor, and what does he do? He finagles a trip ... an excuse to go to California for a job interview. In-
[ This also leads to another aggravating cireumstance in this case, the unusual degree of care and planning that the defendant exhibited in the process of stalking this person. It's uncanny the way he was able to get telephone numbers, addresses of new boyfriends and find himself unexplainably in her bathroom in the middle of the night, when allegedly the doors had been locked. This gentlemen [sic] exhibited a lot of care and planning in pulling all this off. Almost like it ... it was an obsession. The main thing he was thinking about in his life at the time was stalking this lady. And he does need a commitment to the Department of Corrections because we have in fact tried to rehabilitate Mr. Peckinpaugh during the process of all this. When people say a protective order's now in place, this means that the persоn gets a chance to clean up his act and maybe get into some counseling, get in some programming so that the next thing doesn't ... the next bad thing doesn't happen. These are signals We're giving these people a chance to change their lives, but Mr. Peckinpaugh wouldn't. Police officers called him say [sic], "Stop doing this." This gives him a chance to show he's not gonna do it anymore and rehabilitate himself. He doesn't. I put him on a Jurist monitor, and what does he do? He finagles a trip ... an excuse to go to California for a job interview. Instead of rehabilitating himself, he's trying to find a way to get around it. He's had his chance at rehabilitation.
Record at 1127-28. The court's comments reflect its finding that Peckinpaugh was in need of correctional or rehabilitative treatment that could best be provided in a penal facility. This is a proper aggravating circumstance whеn accompanied by a specific statement establishing the need for such treatment in that particular case. Price v. State,
With respect to the character of the offender, we note that Peckinpaugh was fifty-two years old at the time these offenses were committed. His criminal history up until that time consisted of several minor, routine traffic infractions and four charges of class A misdemeanor check deception, one of which was pending at the time the record of the proceedings in the instant case was filed. None of the previous three charges resulted in a conviction. For the reasons set forth above, and in view of the nature and extent of Peckin-paugh's criminal history, we find that the twenty-eight year executed sentence imposed by the trial court was manifestly unreasonable, and remand with instructions to impose an executed sentence of eighteen years, consisting of the presumptive ten-year sentence for the burglary conviction, to be served consecutively to the enhanced eight-year sentence imposed for the second stalking conviction.
Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.