22 W. Va. 708 | W. Va. | 1883
Lead Opinion
The principal question involved in this case is whether the county court erred in sustaining the demurrer to the replication of the plaintiff to the plea of the defendant, that his intestate was, at the time of making the contract sued on, a
The question now is: Would the fact, that, when the contract was made, she was living separate and apart from her husband, vary the case and render such contract valid against her in a court of law? At common law her contract would in a court of law be regarded as invalid and null as against her, when made while living separate and apart from her husband, precisely as it would be if she were living with him; and the only question to be considered is whether this legal incapacity to make any contract binding on her, which the common law imposed on every married woman, has beeii removed in this State by statute-law. If it has been so removed, it must have been by section 13 of chapter 66 of the Code of West Virginia, pages 449 and 450, which is as follows: “A married woman living separate and apart from her husband may in her own name carry on any trade or business; and the stock or property used in such trade, and the issues and profits thereof, together with her .own earnings, realized from such trade or business, shall be her sole and separate property, and shall not be subject to the control of her husband nor liable for his debts.” ■
Does this .section remove the incapacity, which the common law imposed on a married womaii living separate, and
It remains then to consider, whether the expressed objects of section 13 of chapter 66 of our Code would be practical!)' defeated, unless we construed this section as impliedly removing the incapacity of a married woman living separate and apart from her husband to make contracts, which would be recognized by the conxmou law courts as valid againsther. This section expressly authorizes her in her own name, when living separate and apart from her husband, to carry on any trade or business. Can she practically do this, unless the common law courts recognize her contracts made in carrying on such trade or business as valid and binding on her? It seems to me obvious, that she can not. If, for instance, she was engaged- in the very common business of buying and selling on credit goods, wares and merchandise or live-stock or provisions or meats, could she practically carry on such a business or many other kinds of business, if the common law courts refused to recognize her contracts as valid and binding on her? Who would deal with her if in every instance, where she did not comply with a contract of purchase, a chancery suit had to be brought to enforce against her separate estate any debt she might contract in her business? If engaged in business she could make contracts every day; and if these contracts were all deemed invalid in the common law courts against her, the practical effect would be to prevent any person from dealing with her in'her business; and thus
These views are sustained by the spirit of the decisions generally in other States. Thus in Frecking v. Rolland, 53 N. Y. 422, 425, where the statute expressly authorized a married woman to carry on a trade or other business, the power to make contracts in relation to the business comes by implication from such statute. Andrews, judge, says in this cause: “ The statute of March 2, 1860, provides that a married woman may carry on any trade or business and perform any labor 'or services on her sole and separate account, and the earnings thereof shall be her sole and sepárate property. The power of a married woman to make contracts relating to her separate business is incident to the power to conduct it. It cannot be supposed, that the Legislature, while conferring the power upon a married woman to enter into trade or business on her own account, intended that her common-law disability to bind herself by contract should continue as to contracts made in carrying on the business, in which she was permitted to engage. The power to engage in business would be a barren and useless one disconnected with the right to conduct it by the means usually employed.” See also Adams v. Honness, 62 Barb. 336, in which this statute received the same construction.
In Plumer v. Lord, 5 Allen 460, under a precisely similar statute in Massachusetts it was held, that a married woman could under this statute enter into partnership in business with a third person, which would be recognized in a law-court as binding on her.
These were common law suits, in which these views were
It will be observed, that in these cases the statutes, which were being construed, authorized married women generally in their own names to carry on business, and of course were intended to be applied and in almost all cases would be applied to married women living with their husbands. And it seems, the courts reasonably construed such statutes as not 'removing the general incapacity of married women to enter into contracts, but confined it to contracts made by married women in carrying on their business. These statutes were thus confined in their operation to the few isolated cases, where married women engaged in business, but had the courts extended the meaning of these statutes and declared that they meant to remove from married women generally the disability of making legal contracts, the effect of such decisions would have been to extend to all married women the provisions of laws intended to be applied only to married women engaged in business. This it seems to me would have been an unwarrantable construction of these statutes; and the courts were forced to give to them this narrower construction, though it necessarily gave rise to controversies as to what was meant by “carrying on a business,” and what was a contract made in carrying on a business.
Our statute however, as we have seen, is not applied to married women generally. They are not authorized to carry on a trade or business by the words of the statute; but only those married women who were living separate and apart from their husbands. And no doubt our statute was passed, because the Legislature saw that a married woman, abandoned by her husband or for any reason living separate and
It seems to me, that this class of married -women having lost all the privileges and advantages, which the married state confers on women, was intended also by our statute-law to be relieved of the disabilities which the law imposed on married women. That this was the true spirit and object of section 13 of chapter 66 of our Code seems to me to be further shown by section 3 of this act p. 448, which provides, that while no married woman living with her husband can sell or convey real estate without the husband’s consent, yet the unfortunate class of -women not living with their husbands are by this third section authorized to convey their lands at their own pleasure in the same manner and with the same effect, as if they wore unmarried. Taking the third and thirteenth sections together I think, that
The next enquiry is, if we admit that a married woman living separate and apart from her husband is bound generally by her contracts and that they may be sued upon in a court ot law, will she be so bound by a simple contract to pay to a lawyer a fee in a suit, which she proposes to bring and does bring against her husband for a divorce either a vin-culo matrimonii or a mensa et thoro, and in which she succeeds. This must depend upon whether or not this is a sufficient consideration, on which to base a promise to pay the lawyer’s fee, for if it be not, her promise is a nudum pactum, by which she is not bound; for on such a promise she could not be bound, if she were a feme sole. It is true, that Lord Mansfield in the case of Lee v. Muggeridge, 5 Taun. 37, (1 Eng. C. L. 14) did use the following language: “It has been long established, that where a person is bound morally and conscientiously to pay a debt, though not legally bound, a subsequent promise to pay will give a right of action.” But it may be now regarded as well settled, that this statement of the law is to some extent loose and inaccurate. We need not trace the course of decisions, from which it may be deduced, that this exposition of the law is wanting in accuracy. The correct exposition of the law is contained in the more recent case of Eastwood v. Kenyon, 11 Ad. & E. 438. It is that a moral as distinguished from a legal obligation, where there never was anything more than a moral obligation, is never a sufficient consideration to sustain an express promise. The cases cited in the note to Wennall v. Adney, 3 Bos. & P. (N.) 249, excludes the idea that a mere moral obligation can support an express promise. The consideration is deemed by them as sufficient where there was a precedent good consideration, or one from which the law would imply a promise, which might have been or could yet be enforced but for some positive rule of law, as for instance, a debt valid and subsist
As I conceive, according to the true principle when applied in its real spirit, whenever the promisee had a right either in law or equity, which has been lost or was unavailable only by some, positive rule of law, this right, legal or equitable, which once existed or was prevented from having an existence only by some positive rule of law, would be a sufficient consideration to support a promise. In the case of Littlefield v. Shee, 2 B. & Ad. 811; (22 E. C. L. 187), the plaintiff, a butcher, supplied-the defendant, a married woman, while her husband was abroad, with meat for her own use; and after his death she made an express promise to pay the butcher’s bill. It was held, that this promise was a nudum, pactum, as she was, when the meat was obtained, under no legal obligation to pay for it, her husband being the party bound to pay for the same, and therefore her promise after his death to pay for this meat was a promise based on a mere moral obligation, and therefore a nudum pactum. But I apprehend, that the case would have been otherwise decided, if, when she purchased the meat, she had been possessed of a separate estate, out of which she had then promised to pay the bill, and if by lapse of time this could not have been enforced in equity against her separate estate, and after her husband’s death she had promised to pay it she could have been sued at law; for there would then have been a good consideration, a former equitable obligation, to support this promise.
Now a -wife though living separate and apart from her husband, as when, he has deserted her, has a legal right to necessaries on his credit; and a suit will lie against him for necessaries so furnished. (Boeten v. Prentice, 2 Stra. 1214; Etherington v. Parrot, 2 Ld. Raym. 1006 & 1 Salk. 118; Harris v. Morris, 4 Esp. 41; Rawlyns v. Vandyke, 3 Esp. 250; Rotch v. Miles, 2 Conn. 638.) What are deemed necessaries within this rule are defined in Whittingham v. Hill, Cro. Jac. 494. They are diet and apparel and, in the case of an infant, necessary learning; but the materials, whereby he is to maintain his trade, though he earns his living by his trade, are not regarded, as -necessaries; and therefore his contract for
“If she was turned out of doors, she carried along with her a credit for whatever her preservation and safety re-required. She had a right to appeal to the law for protection, and she must have the means of appealing effectually. She might therefore charge her husband with the necessary expense of the proceeding, as much as for necessary food or raiment. (Shepherd v. Mackoul, 3 Campb. 326; Turner v. Rookes, 10 Ad. & E. 47; Williams v. Fowler, McClel. & Y. 269.)”
This principle has been extended still somewhat further, and it is held, it seems to me, properly, that where a wife has employed an attorney to obtain a divorce from her husband for actual cruelty, and there is reasonable apprehension of violence, when the suit is brought, or this apprehension of violence is established by her success in such a divorce suit, she may charge her husband without of course his concurrence with her attorney’s fees in such suit, and the attorney may sue the husband therefor as the fees are, in such case regarded as necessaries to her effectual pi'otection, just as her attorney’s fees are, when her husband is bound over to keep the peace, regarded as necessaries. (Brown v. Ahroyd, 5 El. & B. 819; L. & Eq. R. vol. 36 p. 214; Rice v. Shepherd, 12 C. B. 332; Eq. C. L. & Eq. 104, 330.) But this is the full extent to which the wife can go in charging her husband as for necessaries against his consent. If she sues for a divorce a vinculo matrimonii because of his adultery, though she sue-
To- apply these principles of the common law to cases in this State as affected by our statute-law in force when the cause of action in this case, if any, arose. The grounds on which a divorce a vinculo matrimonii could be granted to a wife were: 1. Adultery of the husband; 2. Natural or incurable impotency of body existing at the time of the marriage; 3. Sentence of the husband to confinement in the penitentiary; 4. Conviction of the husband without the knowledge of the wife and prior to the marriage, of an infamous offence; 5. Willful abandonment and desertion by the husband of the wife for three years ; 6. Notorious licentiousness of the husband prior to the marriage and without the knowledge of the wife. (Code, chapter 64, section 5.) Now from what we have said it is obvious, that the obtaining of divorce by a wife from her husband for any of these reasons can not be regarded as necessary in the only sense in which this word is used, when a wife is authorized by law without' her husband’s consent or even against his protest to charge him with necessaries; and hence we conclude, that theattor-' ney for the wife in obtaining a divorce a vinculo matrimonii in this State can never sue the husband' for his fee on her employment.
It remains now to determine where in this State the attorney would have a right to sue the wife for his fees, when he was employed by her to obtain a divorce, when she was living separate and apart from her husband, as in this case I suppose she was, and where she succeeds in this suit. And first if the suit was for a divorce a vinculo matrimonii. As the husband is not liable to be sued in such a case, it is obvious,that as when living separate and apart from her husband in this State she can make any contract as a feme sole, she could contract to pay her attorney’s fees, whether she had or had not a separate estate; and if she made no express contract, she would in such case be responsible on her implied contract, as the services would have been rendered at her request and for her benefit; and her attorney could not demand compensation in such a case of her husband. It has been decided, that if she made a promise to pay her attorney’s fees in such a case, after the dissolution of the marriage she could be sued on such promise. (Wilson v. Burr, 25 Wend. 386 and Viser v. Bertrand, 14 Ark. 267.) Here a like promise in such case would bind her, if made before the dissolution of the marriage, if, when she made it, she was living separate and apart from her husband; for, as we have seen, such a promise is in this State as binding on her in a court of law, as if made while she was a feme sole, as'for instance, after the dissolution of the marriage.
The next enquiry is: Could she be sued by her attorney for his fee on a promise made by her while living separate and apart from her husband, and when he was employed by
Of course she would in such case be responsible, if she had given a written guarantee, though her husband had still been looked to in whole or in part for such fees. The services having been rendered at her instance and for her benefit would be a sufficient consideration to support her written guarantee that he would pay the fees. But such a case cannot be made on the trial of this suit, because the declaration is on a direct promise and not on a guarantee of a debt of another, and therefore such proof could not be received under this declaration. But though her husband might be re
• My conclusion therefore is, that under the declaration in this case, if Mary Marling was living separate and apart from her husband, when she employed the plaintiff to bring the suit to obtain a divorce from her husband, though no express contract be proven, the mere rendition of the services would entitle the plaintiff in this suit to recover of her whatever the services were reasonably worth, provided -the suit was brought for a divorce a vinculo matrimonii or for a divorce a mensa et thoro based on abandonment or desertion by her husband. But the plaintiff cannot recover of the defendant in this suit on such implied contract, if the suit was for a divorce a mensa et thoro based on his actual cruelty or on apprehension of bodily hurt on her part. In such case the plaintiff: must look to the husband alone for his fees in such suit. If while living separate and apart from her husband Mary Marling entered into an express contract, though verbal, to pay the plaintiff’ his fees in such divorce suit, she
I have thus far failed to notice the provision of our statute-law on divorces. In my judgment chapter 64 of the Code does not modify the law as we have stated it above. The first section of this chapter provides, that “In granting a divorce from bed and board the court may decree, that the parties be perpetually separated and protectee] in their persons and property. Such decree shall operate upon property thereafter acquired,'and upon the personal rights and legal capacities of the partios, as a divorce from the bond of matrimony, except that neither party shall marry again during the life of the other.” This provision evidently restores to a married woman, who has obtained such a divorce, a legal capacity to make contracts which shall be binding on her. And if it had been passed for the first time by the same Legislature, which passed the thirteenth section of chapter 66 of our Code, it might perhaps render it doubtful, whether the construction we have given this section was correct, as it leaves the removal of the legal incapacity of a married woman living separate and apart from her husband to be implied, while this, divorce-law removes the legal incapacity of a married woman in express terms. But this provision contained in this thirteenth section of chapter 66 of our Code in reference to married women living separate and apart from their husbands was not enacted till the passage of the Code of West Virginia of 1869; while the other provision in the divorce-law has been always the statute-law of this State, being found just as it is in the Code of Virginia of 1849 chapter 109 section 11 page 473. So that from the failure of our Legislature in. 1869 to use as express language on this subject as was used in the Virginia Code of 1849 in reference to divorced women, but little can be argued .with reference to the legislative intent. It will be observed too under our construction of this thirteenth section of chapter 66 of our Code, the position and rights of a married woman simply living separate and apart from her husband are in material
The ninth section of the chapter on divorces page 442 of our Code provides, that the court may make any order, which may be proper to compel the man to pay any sum, that may bo necessary to enable the woman to carry on the divorce-suit. It might be argued, that, as the husband could under this provision be ordered during the pendency of any divorce-suit to pay fees to the attorney of the wife, therefore he ought not in any case to be liable to a common law suit for such fees; but no such inference can be properly drawn. His common law liability in the cases, in which it exists, as we have explained, cannot be taken away ,in this indirect maimer. Of course he would be entitled to a credit in such suit for the amount, which the chancery court had compelled him to pay, which might of course destroy his whole responsibility, if the chancery court had ordered him to pay the whole amount of the fees of the wife’s attorney; but this is often not done; for the amount so ordered to be paid does not depend, as it does in a suit against him, on the value of the services only but also depends in the chancery court on the wife’s ability herself to pay her attorney his fees. It has been accordingly held, that this making of a husband pay the fees of his wife’s attorney in a divorce court does not take away the common law action against him. Thus in Rice v. Shepherd, 104 E. C. L. 332 (12 Scott N. S.), Welles, J., says: “As to the mode of making the husband pay in the divorce court, this is only one of the numerous methods of giving a remedy. The action at common law is not taken away.”
It remains only to apply these .principles of law to the case now before us. To the plea that “Mary Marling before and at the time of the making of the promises and undertakings in the declaration mentioned was, and till the time of her death continued to be, the wife of Elijah Mar-ling, sr.,” the plaintiff, as we have seen, could have replied, that “at the time of the making of the promises and undertakings in the declaration mentioned, she, the said Mary Mamng, was living separate and apart from her husband, Elijah Marling, sr.” And such replication would have been good. .It is argued, that this is substantially the replication
Again this replication unnecessarily and improperly undertakes to set out the consideration, on which the promises and undertakings in the declaration mentioned were based; and what is still worse, so sets out this consideration as to render it uncertain, whether the consideration, on which these promises were based, was a valid consideration or not. This consideration is stated in so vague a manner as to make it questionable, whether the promises and undertakings named in the declaration were or were not nudum pactum. It states that the consideration was the prosecution by the plaintiff of a suit in the circuit court of Ohio by Mary Marling against her husband 'for a divorce from him, and that she was divorced from him. But whether this divorce was á divorce a vinculo matrimonii or a mensa et thoro does not appear, nor doesitappear,if it were a divorce a mensa etthoro, whether the ground of it was the actual cruelty of her husband or apprehended bodily hurt to her, or whether it was abandonment or desertion on his part. Yet, as we have seen, the decision of the question of nudum pactum depends -not only upon the nature of the contract, whether or not it was implied or express, but also upon the character of the divorce, whether a, vinculo matrimonii or a mensa et thoro, and if a mensa et thoro upon the grounds upon which it was based.
All these questions and considerations were necessarily involved in the issue of non assumpsit which has never been tried. They wore improperly introduced into this special replication. It was a defect in pleading to state anything about the consideration in this replication. The county
It is argued however, that as the plaintiff moved the court to enter up a final judgment- in the case then, he can not complain that the court entered up this judgment, though the case was in no condition to justify the rendition of a final judgment. No authority is cited to sustain this-position; and it is untenable. It does not follow, because a party has asked a court to finally decide a case, when the, condition of the case with reference to the pleadings does not then authorize the court to render a decision, that he would be bound by it aud could not reverse it in an appellate court. It is obvious, that the other party, had the judgment been erroneous to his prejudice, could have it reversed;-and in fact, it being an entirely unauthorized act for the court to enter judgment in the case, any party prejudiced thereby can ask its reversal.
The ease of thq Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Co. v. Faulkner, 4 W. Va. 180, like the present case, was a suit brought by Faulkner to recovera fee for professional services rendered the defendant in the court below, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. The company pleaded the statute of limitations and non assumpsit. No issues were joined on
This judgment must therefore be set aside, reversed and annulled; and the plaintiff in error must recover of the defendant in error his costs in this Court expended, to be levied of the assets of his intestate in his hands to be administered ; and this cause must be remanded to the circuit court of Ohio county, with instructions to strike from the record the second plea filed by the defendant as immaterial, and to permit the plaintiff to file another replication to the defendant’s plea, if he should -desire so to do, and then to proceed
REVERSED. REMANDED.
Rehearing
ON RE-HEARING.
During the term, at which the preceding opinion was announced and a decree entered in accordance therewith, on the petition of the counsel for the defendant in error a re-hearing was granted by an order of this Court. After a careful review of the case after re-arguments the conclusions we have reached are, that the law, which governs the rights of the parties on the actual facts as set out in the pleadings in a very imperfect manner, is that which has been announced in the preceding opinion. But that there are errors in that opinion in reference to the validity in law of the replication to the second plea, and in the opinion expressed that the the court below did not err in sustaining the demurrer to this replication. Upon a careful review of the case we are of opiniou that the court did err in sustaining the demurrer to this replication; and as a consecpience thereof the judgment rendered by the circuit court as well as the judgment rendered by this Court at a former term are erroneous.
Our conclusions now are, that in this State, as at the common law, there is as a general rule a total incapacity for a married woman to make a contract, which will be regarded ■by a court of law as binding upon her; but that by virtue of sections 12 and 15 of chapter 66 of the Code of West Virginia, page 449, this incapacity of a married woman to make a contract binding on her in a court of law is entirely removed, when she makes such contract, while living separate and apart from her husband; and that when living separate and apart from her husband, she has the same capacity to make a contract, which shall be binding on her in a court of law, as she would have, if she were a feme sole; and that if work
“The section of the act of 1860 relied on, has no reference to and makes no provision for the liability of the wife in a persona] action. Its plain scope and purpose is to free her property from the control of her husband and the burden of his debts and make it her sole and separate estate. This is done with a single exception, and that is, as against debts contracted by her as agent of her husband for the support of herself and her children.” (There is in the statute-law of West Virginia no such exception.) “But she is not made personally liable for such debt, for it is not hers, but the debt of the husband. It is not her contract but his. She acts as his agent and binds him, not herself. The sole effect of the provision is, not to make her personally liable for her husband’s debt, for not a word of such given import is found in statute; but merely that the shield and protection thrown over her property against the debts of the husband shall be withdrawn, in a case where his debt has been contracted, his liability incurred, through her acting as his agent and for the purpose of providing for her own support and that of- the children.”
So in the caáe before us wé say, that in any case, where the attorney’s fees in such divorce suit are a debt of her husband, that is, where he is liable to pay them, she is not liable, though the attorney was employed by her. For in such case his employment by her would be regarded not as an employment by her .individually but only as an agent of her hus
It remains now to review our opinion, so far as we expressed our views, of the pleadings in this case and of the judgment of the Court rendered in this case. The counsel of the defendant in error on the re-argument insist, that this Court erred in its conclusion, that the plea of píeme adminis-travit tenders now an immaterial issue, and therefore such plea should not now be allowed to be filed in any case. They insist that the Act of the Legislature of Virginia, from which § 24 of ch. 85 of our Code was taken, was passed Januai’y 13, 1806 (Acts of 1806-7, oh. 21, and II. C. of Virginia of 1819, p. 384, § 37); and while it provides, that no personal representative shall be charged beyond the assets of the decedent by reason of any omission or mistake of pleading of such representative, and while before the passage of this act in an action against the personal representative for a devastavit a verdict and judgment based thereon against such personal representative on a plea of plane administravii was conclusive in a court of law against such personal representative, and the court therefore in such suit for a devastavit,it the debt had not been paid, would regard the devastavit as conclusively established by such verdict, and would not permit the representative to again contend or prove, that he had not assets in his hands to pay such debts, yet this act did not render this verdict. and judgment thereon immaterial; for while it did prevent it from being conclusive against the personal representa
The decisions referred to do sustain what the counsel contends they establish. And he is right in saying that after the passage of this act of 1807 the plea of plene administravit was not regarded as tendering an immaterial issue, and such plea was frequently filed. But as it was evident that a jury was a very unfit tribunal to settle the accounts of a personal representative, and the filing of such pleas as plene administravit compelled such “settlement by a jury, and because -of the strong probability of their finding a verdict on an issue on such plea, which verdict would be in point of fact found erroneous on a proper settlement of his accounts, and thus either he or the creditor of the estate be to some extent prejudiced, the Legislature very properly concluded, that the attempt to have such duty performed by a jury, while it' wasted the time of the court, was even worse than useless; and therefore in the Code of Virginia of 1849, ch. 177, § 20, p. 674; Edition of 1860 p. 733; Code of "West Virginia ch. 132, § 20, p. 628, it was provided that “ a judgment against a personal representative for a debt due from a decedent may without taking an account of the transactions of such representative be entered to be paid out of the personal estate of such decedent, in, or which shall come into, the hands of the
The error of the counsel is in assuming, that these decisions were rendered, while this last act, section 20 of chapter 181 of Code of "West Virginia page 628, was in force. He says, “While it was in force, all judges and text-writers have supposed, that this plea of plene administraxit was still good and proper. 2 Lom. Ex. 704; Braxton v. Wood, 4 Gratt. 32.” But Lomax said what he did and the case of Braxton v. Wood, 4 Gratt. 32, was decided prior to the Code of Virginia of 1849 and therefore before the passage of this act, which abolished the settlement of accounts of personal representatives before a jury, and permitted the court in all cases to enter up a judgment guando accidereni and in eftect abolished the.plea of plene administraoit. The counsel, I presume, has been led into this error by the. fact, that the revisors opposite this section 20 of chapter 177 referred to several acts of the Assembly previous and to 1 14. C. of 1819 p. 494 § 25 and p. 543 § 49. And, I presume, without examining these references he assumed, that this provision of the Code of 1849 and of our Code was taken from the revisal of 1819 or these acts of Assembly. But an examination of them will show, that it was a new provision.
We conclude therefore that there was no error in the conclusion we reached on the first argument of this case, that
In this case the defendant demurred to the plaintiff’s declaration and to each count thereof, in which demurrer the plaintiff'joined. The declaration consisted of two common counts correctly drawn. The demurrer was merely formal or put in for the purposes of embarrassment. The court never formally acted upon it, as it should have done; and this omission should now be corrected by this Court. The second replication was, that defendant’s intestate, Mary Marling, before and at the time of the making of said supposed promises-and undertakings in said declaration mentioned was, and till the time of her death continued to be, the wife of one Elijah Marling sr. It was in proper form and was of course a good plea. To this plea the plaintiff replied, that “The. several causes of action in his declaration mentioned accrued to him as the counsel and solicitor of said Mary Marling in her lifetime in prosecuting a suit in chancery in the circuit, court of Ohio county by the said Mary Marling against the said Elijah Marling, her husband, for a divorce from him, her-said husband; and that during all the time of said services she, the said Mary Marling, was living separate and apart from her said husband and the said suit was between her and her husband; and by the decree of said court she obtained a divorce from her said husband, and this the plaintiff is ready to verify.” The defendant demurred to this replication, the plaintiff joined therein and the county court of Ohio county, ip which this suit was then pending, sustained this demurrer, and this Court when the case was formerly argued before us approved this action of the county court of Ohio county.
According to what we have said the proper replication was that “said Mary Marling before and at the time of making the promises and undertakings in the said declaration mentioned was a married woman living separate and apart from her husband Elijah Marling, sr., and this the plaintiff is ready to verify, wheretorehe prays judgment, &c.” Was the .replication actually filed substantially equivalent to this? If it was, the demurrer to it should have been overruled ; otherwise, it was properly sustained. In the opinion expressed, when the case was first submitted to this Court, I
In considering this point it should be borne in mind, that there was no count in the declaration based on a special contract; no special count, nothing but common counts.. All that the declaration in the first count stated was, that Mary Marling was,.to-wit, on September 1, 1875, indebted to the plaintiff in the sum of three hundred dollars for work and labor, care and diligence performed and bestowed as the attorney of the said Mary Marling upon her retainer in and about prosecuting divers suits and business for her and for fees due and of right payable to the plaintiff in respect thereof, and being so indebted she the said Mary Marling in her lifetime to-wit, on September 1, 1875, undertook and promised the plaintiff’to pay him the said sum of money, when she should be thereunto afterwards requested. The second count stated that she in her lifetime accounted with the plaintiff, and upon such accounting was found indebted to the plaintiff in the further sum of three hundred dollars, and being so indebted she afterwards, to-wit, on September 1, 1875, undertook and promised the plaintiff to pay to him this last sum of money when requested. Yet she in her lifetime and her administrator since her death, though often requested, have not as yet paid the said sum or any part thereof, to plaintiff’s damage, three hundred dollars. The bill of particulars
Now according to a legal construction of this declaration Avlien were the promises named in the first count made ? It seems tome clearly, when the services of the plaintiff named were performed. For unless there is some express contract to the contrary, the moment services are performed they may be sued upon for an implied pro mise to pay for them. Of course the declaration always states an express promise though based on an “implied promise, audit would be fatally defective, if it did not; but if it states this promise in the form, in which it is stated in this first count, the law construes it as a promise to pay for the services made immediately on the performance of the work; for on just such a declaration a suit may be sustained, though it was brought immediately after the performance of the service. When therefore the replication says: “That the several causes of action in the declaration mentioned accrued to the plaintiff as the' counsel and solicitor of Mary Marling in her lifetime in prosecuting a suit in the circuit court of Ohio county in chancery by Mary Marling against Elijah Marling, her husband, for a divorce from him, and all the time of said services she was living separate and apart from her said husband,” does he not in effect say : “That when the promises in this first count in the declaration were made, she was living separate and apart from her husband.” And could this promise named in the first count of this declaration have been made, while she was living .with her husband ? It seems to nie, that it could not consistently with what is alleged in this replication; for, as we have seen, the legal meaning oí the language used in this first count is, that the promise to pay was made by her immediately on the performance of the services named in it. And this suit on this first count of the declaration could have been maintained accordingly immediately on the performance of this service. Hence I infer that this first count in its legal construction says, that the promise and understanding to pay the three hundred dollars named in it were made immediately upon the performance of the services named in it; and the replication says, when these serviees-were performed she was living-
It has been suggested, that the request or retainer may have been while Mary Marling was living with her husband, though the services were rendered as stated in the replication, when she was living separate and apart-from him; and in that case there could be no recovery, because she had no* authority or power to retain counsel or request him to perform services for her, while she was living with her husband, and that such a request would be not obligatory ou her, and the services would then be regarded as performed without her request. There seems to me to be no force in this suggestion ; for the time of the request will be implied to be the time of the services rendered, and a request itself would be implied if the act stated as the consideration cannot from its nature have been gratuitous kindness; and this implication, that it was done at her request or an express statement of a request in the declaration would be a continuing implication during the rendition of the service; and when the replication says, that during the rendition of the service she was living-separate and apart from her husband, it says in effect, that when he was retained to perform this service, she was living-separate and apart from her husband; for the law would imply, that the request stated in the declaration was a request at the time the services were rendered. Of course this legal implication, when it would arise, might be rebutted by proof, for instance, that she protested against the rendition of such services. In this case the replication states, that in said suit, in which said'services were rendered, she obtained a divorce from her said husband; and thus she got according to the statement of the replication the benefit of the plaintiff’s services, and the law would imply, that it was, when rendered by the plaintiff, rendered at her request, and therefore the request is in effect stated in the replication to have been made, -when she was living separate and apart from her husbánd; for it stated that the services were ren
I conclude, therefore, tbat so far as the promises and undertakings named in the first count of the declaration is concerned the replication does in effect state, that they were made while Mary Marling was living separate and apart from her husband.
The second count states, that Mary Marling accounted with the plaintiff' and. was found indebted to the plaintiff in the sum of three hundred dollars and thereupon undertook and promised to pay said three hundred dollars. The replication says this cause of action accrued to the plaintiff as her counsel in the prosecution of a suit for a divorce from her husband, in which she succeeded; and that all the time he was rendering these services she was living separate and apart from her husband. If by the causes of action men-tinned was meant the promises and undertakings named in the declaration, then this is an allegation that they arose in the prosecution of this suit, and during its whole pendency she was living separate and apart from her husband, and this would be the equivalent of an allegation, that when the several promises and undertakings in the declaration mentioned were made, she was living separate and apart from her husband. But by “ the several causes of action in the declaration mentioned” as stated in the replication may be meant the sources of her indebtedness to the plaintiff, which she settled and accounted with the plaintiff for, and on which she was found indebted to the plaintiff.in the sum of three hundred dollars. But if we take this to be the meaning of this language of the replication, it will not alter the meaning of the entire replication substantially. For it is expressly said, that these causes of action, we will suppose meaning sources of indebtedness, arose in prosecuting for her this divorce suit. It so, there arose immediately a promise to pay this indebtedness, and this promise to pay being thus made, •when said services were rendered, the replication in effect alleges that these promises were made, while she was living separate and apart from her husband, where it allfeges, that she was so living during all the time said services were being rendered. I infer therefore, that this replication in effect
In the opinion, which I announced at the former term of this Court, I reached a different conclusion. This arose from my not bearing in mind the character of the declaration. If there had been, for instance, a count in the declaration, which had alleged, that on, a given day, say August 15, 1875, she had promised in writing to j)ay the plaintiff three hundred dollars for services rendered in this divorce-suit, in which she had succeeded in obtaining a divorce on the first of August, 1875, it is obvious, that this replication would not have been good; for an allegation, that she was living separate and apart from her husband while the services were being rendered, that is, pending this suit, would then not have been the equivalent of an allegation, that when this promise was made, she was living separate and apart from her husband. If on the other hand the special count had said, that ponding the said suit she had promised in writing to pay him three hundred dollars for his services past and to come in this suit, and that it was ended, then of course the replication would oven more obviously than in the case as it now is, have been the equivalent of an allegation, that when this promise was made she was living separate and apart from her husband. To determine then, whether this replication was or was not good, required a special examination of the declaration; and I think I reached a false conclusion formerly from not sufficiently considering the character of the declaration. In my former opinion in this ease I said: “This replication unnecessarily and improperly undertakes to set out the consideration, on which the promises in the declaration mentioned were based; and what is still worse so sets out this consideration, as to render it uncertain whether they were valid or a nudum -pac-tum.” This is all true, but it does not vitiate the replications on a general demurrer. It institutes a departure on pleading and is surplusage. Our Code, eh. 125, § 27, p. 608, declares, that such blundering in pleading, “unless there be omitted something so essential to the action or defence, that
I have now gone over and determined every point arising in this case and the judgment we should enter is, that the judgment of the county court of Ohio county of April 10, 1880, should be reversed in so far as it sustained the demurrer to the replication to the second plea, and in so far as it overruled the demurrer to the replication to the third plea; and that the judgment of the circuit court of Ohio county rendered on June 6, 1881, should be reversed, and the plaintiff in error should recover of the defendant in error his costs in this Court expended to be levied of the assets of his intestate in his hands, or which may come hereafter into his hands, to be administered; and this Court proceeding to render such a judgment as the circuit court below ought to have rendered, should overrule the demurrer to the replication to the second plea, and as to the demurrer to the replication to the third plea it should be stricken from the record as well as the replication to this third plea and also the third plea itself; and this cause should bo remanded to the circuit court of Ohio county that an issue may be properly made up on the replication to the second plea; that this issue and the issue on the plea of non asmimpsit may be tried according to the principles laid down in this and the former opinions of this Court in this cause, and further according to law, or for such other and further proceedings to be taken as may be proper.
I might here having fully disposed of this case properly
The law with reference to costs in the Appellate Courtis found now in section If chapter 146 of Acts of 1882, p. 469 and is: “That costs shall be recovered in such court by the party substantially prevailing.” In a chancery suit it frequently happens, that though a decree is reversed, costs are rendered against the appellant, as the appellate court may plainly see, that the decree rendered by it is more to the prejudice of the appellant than the decree of the court below,
Reversed. Remanded.