61 N.Y. 477 | NY | 1875
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *479 There are several objections raised by the defendants on this appeal.
I. It is claimed that the judge erred at the trial in refusing to grant a nonsuit, because the defendants bought the goods in controversy in the course of trade, and had sold them before any claim was made by the owners. It is insisted by the appellant that it is a prerequisite to a valid claim for conversion, in such a case, that a demand should have been made for the goods while they were in the defendants' possession, and before their sale, and that there can be no conversion, unless control over the property was exercised with knowledge of the plaintiffs' rights. This proposition is untenable. The assumed sale by the porter of the plaintiffs to Perry was wholly nugatory, and conveyed no title. (Saltus v. Everett, 20 Wend., 267;McGoldrick v. Willets,
II. Another point, and one on which the defendants laid much stress is, that the judge on the trial permitted the plaintiffs to prove, under objection, that the porter was arrested and convicted of this theft, and sent to the Clinton State prison. It is urged that this testimony was entirely immaterial and irrelevant, and calculated to prejudice the defendants' case in the opinion of the jury. The plaintiffs reply to this objection, that they introduced it to account for the absence of Mason from the trial as a witness. I think that they had a right to account for Mason's absence. It may not have been strictly necessary, and yet it was proper. The case was made up of shreds and patches of circumstantial evidence. There was enough for the jury to act upon, and yet direct evidence would have been far more satisfactory. A failure to account for Mason's absence would have been likely to have weakened, in the minds of a jury, a case that was not very distinctly proved. In this view, the plaintiffs had a right to give a complete account of Mason's absence, and to show that he was not only in Clinton prison, but there for a crime which would incapacitate him from testifying and would render a writ of habeas corpus ad testificandum useless and inoperative. It may, however, be claimed that the question should have been a general one, whether Mason was sentenced to State prison, and not whether he was there for this particular offence. The answer to this view is, that no such objection was taken at the trial. The objection by the defendants to the evidence simply was that it was not material for any purpose. If they had pointed out the particular objection above referred to, it might have been obviated. As it was, the evidence tended to place the plaintiffs in a right condition before the jury. If it incidentally affected the defendants' case, the plaintiffs are not responsible for such a casual and indirect effect, which could not by them be avoided. It *483
is true that if the plaintiffs had called out this evidence for an apparently legitimate purpose, and had used it for a different purpose, their act would have been improper. Where the avowed object is plainly merely colorable, the admission of the evidence, under such circumstances, is error. (Coleman v. ThePeople,
III. The other points in the case concern some alleged errors in the charge of the judge.
One of these is, that he refused to charge that where a witness is false as to one statement, the jury ought not to place implicit reliance upon other statements made by that witness. It is claimed that this was a denial by the judge of the soundness of a well known legal maxim, falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus.
The court had no power under this maxim to instruct the jury that they "ought" not to place reliance upon the statements of such a witness. The word "ought" would express a legal duty or obligation on their part to obey the maxim. On the other hand, the jury are clearly at liberty to believe the witness, notwithstanding that they may, if they see fit, disregard his testimony. The most that the judge can do is to caution them to weigh such testimony with care and close scrutiny. All testimony, when once admitted in the cause, is, in general, for the jury to consider, whether it be that of an accomplice in crime, or of a person discredited as to his general character, or not strictly regardful of the truth. (
The instruction asked for was not shaped in such a form as properly to be given. Moreover, the rule itself does not refer merely to cases of want of truth, but to those where there is an intentional disregard of it. (Per STORY, J., in The SantissimaTrinidad, 7 Wheat. [U.S.], 338, 339; Wilkins v. Earlesupra.) There was no evidence of a willful disregard of truth in the case at bar, so that the instruction asked for was purely upon an abstract question, and would, in one sense of the word "false," include cases of the most innocent deviation from the truth. In that case, the only criticism upon the testimony is, that there is a defect of memory. (Hall v. Houghton,
Another request to charge was, that where a defendant acts in good faith, and has not intentionally interfered with the property of the plaintiff, every presumption should be in favor of the defendant, and the jury ought to require clear and positive evidence before they can make the defendants liable. This request was refused. There was no error in this refusal. There is no rule of law that the jury must be confined in this class of cases to any particular line of evidence. The proposition is a simple one, that a purchaser from a thief gains no title. The theft and purchase may be proved by any legitimate evidence, whether direct or circumstantial. The jury are of course to be satisfied of the truth of the facts alleged, but there is no rule to the effect that their conviction must be produced by any particular form of evidence, or such as may be described as "clear and positive." The word "positive," as applied to evidence by law writers, means direct, as distinguished from circumstantial, evidence. (Bouvier's Law Dictionary defining the word positive.) The same writer in his Institutes, says: "Evidence is direct and *485 positive when the very facts in dispute are communicated by those who have the actual knowledge of them by means of their senses. * * * Circumstantial evidence is the proof of collateral facts, and differs from direct and positive proofs in that it never proves directly the fact in question." (Institutes, vol. 3, §§ 3061, 3062.) As the facts in a trial in a court of justice may be proved by circumstantial evidence, it follows that the request to charge was properly denied.
The same request was put in a somewhat different form, when the judge was asked to charge that the verdict could not be based upon mere conjecture or inference, but must rest upon direct and positive testimony; and if the evidence is not of the latter character, the plaintiffs cannot recover. This form of statement is equally objectionable, as it requires positive testimony and repudiates that which is circumstantial.
Another request to charge was, that if the plaintiffs by negligence contributed to the loss of their property, they have no legal claim against an innocent purchaser. This proposition cannot be maintained in the form in which it is presented, as applicable to this case. In the first place it is a mere abstract proposition, as there was no evidence to show any "negligence contributing to the loss." All the facts showed that this was a case of mere theft. The goods were stolen by one in whom the plaintiffs had confidence, and in respect to whom they had no grounds of suspicion. The thief was a person necessarily employed in their business. Business could scarcely be carried on without porters, or persons, having the bare charge and custody of goods or the keys of stores, with full power to open them early in the morning, in the absence of their employers, and make them ready for the occupations of the day. I can see in the conduct of the defendants no evidence of negligence. But if there were some evidence of negligence, I could not assent to the broad and unqualified proposition of the defendants. Under that, any evidence of negligence, however slight, contributing to the abstraction of the property, *486
would bar all recovery. There may, perhaps, be strong cases where the negligence of the owner would be so gross as to so invite plunder that he might be regarded as a consenting party and thus be deprived of all right of recovery. The present is not one of them. We are referred to the cases of Hills v. Snell
(6 Am.R., 216; S.C.,
In Hills v. Snell a warehouseman had on storage two lots of flour, one belonging to A., and the other and more valuable to B. A baker ordered twenty-eight barrels of flour from C., who to fill the order, bought from A. the same number of barrels of his flour and took an order for them on the warehouseman. The latter person, by mistake, delivered to C. twenty-eight barrels of B.'s flour; the baker received it from C. and consumed it, not knowing or believing that it was different from that which he ordered, and gaining no benefit from the mistake. It was held that an action for conversion could not be brought by the warehouseman against the baker. It will be observed that, in this case, the plaintiffs were the very persons who made the mistake, and who, by a positive act, led the baker to suppose that he had full right to the property. He was thus by their act led to assume a position of such a nature that he could not restore the goods. The court said: "The plaintiffs cannot take advantage of their own mistake, to convert into a tort that which has been done in good faith in pursuance of an authority given by themselves." (P. 178.) In the case at bar there was no authority of any kind to the porter to deliver the property to Perry. There was a bare custody on the part of Mason to retain the goods in the store for the use of the plaintiffs. This cannot be converted into a power to deliver to another. If the plaintiffs had, in pursuance of an order from Perry for waste paper, by mistake delivered to Mason law blanks instead of the goods ordered, with instructions to make them over to Perry, and the defendants had *487 then bought and sold without the knowledge of the mistake, there might have been grounds for invoking the rule in Hills v.Snell. The facts of the present case are not sufficiently similar to those involved in that decision to make it authority for our decision.
The same remark may be made of Strickland v. Barrett (supra). In that case a mortgagor of chattels was allowed to remain in possession by the mortgagee; the mortgagor sold the goods and aided the purchaser in clandestinely removing them from the State. B., acting in good faith, assisted the purchaser in the removal. It was held that he was not guilty of conversion, as the purchaser had the apparent power of removal. The court said that the mortgagor had the right of possession and mightlawfully direct the removal, if not done with intent to injure the mortgagee and to deprive him of his property. It was simply the case of a person, acting in good faith, aiding a person in doing what the owner of goods had apparently authorized. Neither of these cases have any application to the bare custody of a servant or porter, like Mason, even though he were sometimes sent upon errands of inquiry as to the price of waste paper. As well might it be said that a servant had an apparent authority to dispose of his master's silver spoons because he had them in custody, and because he had occasionally been sent to a junk shop to inquire as to the price of refuse tin-ware, which his master was willing to sell.
The final error complained of in the charge is, that the judge did not on request instruct the jury as follows: "If it is proved that Allen Brothers (of Sandy Hill) had bought paper materials from one Ouderkirk, and that the blanks may have come in boxes bought from him, the plaintiffs cannot recover against the defendants."
The evidence which led to this request was, that Perry had sold paper stock to Ouderkirk, of Troy, as well as to the defendants. Allen Brothers were in the habit of purchasing paper of Ouderkirk. Wait, a manufacturer of paper at Sandy Hill, had found law blanks (five or six reams in all) *488 with the plaintiff's name on them, in materials which he bought of Ouderkirk. Wait never bought of the defendants, nor did the defendant Graves ever sell stock to Ouderkirk. This request was rightly refused. There was no evidence to justify the jury in believing that the blanks in litigation came through Ouderkirk. On the other hand, it was very probable that they came from the defendants. The jury had a right to pass on the evidence as it was presented without being embarrassed as to any speculative theories as to the possibility of their being derived from other sources, as to which there was nothing, at best, to lay before them but plausible conjecture.
On the whole, no error was committed at the trial, and the judgment of the court below should be affirmed.
All concur.
Judgment affirmed.
