Pearson v. School District Number 8 of Greenfield

| Wis. | Jan 31, 1911

Lead Opinion

The following opinion was filed January 31, 1911:

NeewiN, J.

The only question here is whether the contract alleged to have been made between the plaintiff and defendant is valid. That question turns upon whether sec. 438, Stats. (1898), requires the contract to be in writing. The contract by its terms was to be performed within one year from the time of making thereof. But it is argued by counsel for appellant that the district board is required to strictly follow the statute, and that it has no power to contract otherwise than as provided by the statute. This may be granted, and the question then arises whether the board in making the alleged contract did follow the statute. It is established with■out dispute that it did, unless it was necessary under tbe provisions of the statute that the contract be in writing in order to bind the defendant. Counsel for appellant relies on McNolty v. Board of School Directors, 102 Wis. 261" court="Wis." date_filed="1899-02-21" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/mcnolty-v-board-of-school-directors-8186189?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8186189">102 Wis. 261, 78 N. W. 439, to the point that “the powers of school district officers are limited, and can only be exercised as the statute provides, and the plaintiff is legally charged with notice of the extent of such powers and the manner in which they must be exercised.” But the case does not reach the point here. In that case it was established that the statute had not been complied with. Here it has been strictly complied with if it was not necessary that the contract be in writing, and it is not necessary unless the statute so provides. The statute reads:

“The board shall contract with qualified teachers, specify in the contract the wages per week, month or year to be paid, and when completed file the contract, with a copy of the certificate of the teacher so employed attached thereto, with the clerk. No contract with any person not holding a diploma or certificate authorizing him to teach shall be valid; and all such contracts shall terminate if the authority to teach expire by limitation and be not renewed or be revoked.” Sec. 438, Stats. (1898).

Appellant relied upon the provision, “and when completed file the contract, with a copy of the certificate of the teacher •so employed attached thereto, with the clerk,” and contends that no other conclusion can be drawn from this provision than that it means that the contract must be in writing. But the statute does not say that the contract must be in writing, and the court cannot read into the statute provisions not found there for the purpose of rendering an oral contract, otherwise unobjectionable, void because not in writing, in the absence of express statutory requirement. An oral contract by a school teacher with a municipality or school district is valid in the absence of requirement that it be in writing. Roberts v. Clay City, 102 Ky. 88" court="Ky. Ct. App." date_filed="1897-10-21" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/roberts-v-clay-city-7133666?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7133666">102 Ky. 88, 42 S. W. 909; Jackson School Tp. v. Shera, 8 Ind. App. 330" court="Ind. Ct. App." date_filed="1893-11-28" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/jackson-school-township-v-shera-7060583?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7060583">8 Ind. App. 330, 35 N. E. 842. The provision relied upon by appellant is at best only directory. 2 Lewis’s Sutherland, Stat. Constr. (2d ed.) § 611 (447); McShane v. School Dist. 70 Mo. App. 624" court="Mo. Ct. App." date_filed="1897-05-03" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/mcshane-v-school-district-number-5-township-32-range-18-6618752?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6618752">70 Mo. App. 624, 628; Bladen v. Philadelphia, 60 Pa. St. 464. It is a detail respecting the keeping of a record, and not a limitation on the power to make an oral contract. If tbe legislature intended that such a contract should be void if not in writing it would have so declared, as is obvious from other statutory provisions. Statutes in this state rendering contracts void because not in writing expressly so provide. Secs. 2302, 2304, 2307, 2308, Stats. (1898). Also we find by the terms of sec. 529, Stats. (1898), respecting township system of school government, which does not apply to the instant case, an express provision that the contract shall be in writing. Sec. 432, Stats. (1898), provides that the director, treasurer, and clerk shall constitute the district board, and further provides how meetings shall he held and that no •act authorized to be done shall be valid unless voted at its meeting. Here the board did meet and vote to hire the plaintiff, who was a qualified teacher holding a diploma or certifi•cate, and specified the wages to be paid and the term of service. The plaintiff accepted the terms and assented to the proposition of the defendant. This constituted a good contract at common law, and must he upheld unless the statute ■changes the rule of the common law. It needs no citation of authority to the point that statutes in derogation of the common law must be strictly construed. Courts cannot by judicial construction read into statutes provisions not found there for the purpose of changing the rules of the common law.

It follows, therefore, that the contract in question was valid.

By the Court. — The judgment of the court below is affirmed.

The following opinion was filed February 15,1911:

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Dissenting Opinion

Mabshall, J.

(dissenting). In my judgment the con•clusion reached in this case is clearly wrong.

At the outset it is conceded that the validity of the contract depends on whether the statute was strictly followed. That concession was unavoidable since this court, in terms or effect,, has so held, notably in McNolty v. Board of School Directors, 102 Wis. 261" court="Wis." date_filed="1899-02-21" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/mcnolty-v-board-of-school-directors-8186189?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8186189">102 Wis. 261, 78 N. W. 439. There it was held that school district officers can only make a valid contract with a teacher-by complying strictly with the statute. That was later emphasized in Manthey v. School Dist. 106 Wis. 340" court="Wis." date_filed="1900-03-20" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/manthey-v-school-district-no-6-of-commonwealth-8186603?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8186603">106 Wis. 340, 82 N. W. 132, the court adjudging a contract, so called, void for failure to so comply. We need not pursue this branch of the case. The principle is elementary. The only fault I find with the majority opinion in respect thereto is that it was not emphasized and given controlling dignity instead of being merely conceded for the occasion and as a basis for the logic indulged in.

Now as to the logic. The first infirmity is failure to appreciate that by the common law, as we speak of it ordinarily, contracts with municipalities to be valid were required to be in writing. That is so familiar I will not suggest need of' supporting it by referring to authorities. It is only in recent-times, the common law has been modified so as to enable public contracts to be made in parol. Such being the case the-rule of construction referred to by the court was improperly applied.

True, a statute in derogation of the common law, generally-speaking, is to be strictly construed against change in established conditions. But that does not suggest that every such statute is' to be construed. It means only that where, under-all the circumstances, the statute is reasonably open to two constructions, one not changing established rules of conduct is to be preferred to another equally or less reasonable which-does. Under no circumstances does it justify construing a statute which is not ambiguous for the purpose of avoiding its-obvious effect, or to such end adopting any meaning which cannot be sanctioned by reason and common sense. Above all, it obtains rather with reference to the common law of England supplemented for this country by such portions of the written law of the mother country as were, by the unwritten method, adopted here, not with reference to mere modern unwritten departures therefrom. Moreover, such dignity as the rule has, which seems to have been the chief reliance of the court, should have led to the opposite result from the one reached, since, as stated, a statute requiring such a contract as the one in question to be in writing to be valid, would be in strict harmony with the old common law.

The second infirmity with the court’s logic is in assuming that the statute in question is ambiguous. The reasoning seems to carry the idea that a statute is necessarily uncertain and so open to construction if anything material is expressed otherwise than unmistakably in the letter. That is contrary to a very familiar rule, — one many times declared and applied, and very recently. Those things which are necessarily implied in a writing are a part of the same as if clearly expressed in the letter. I will not take time to refer to authorities in support of such a familiar proposition. The logic of this opinion I aim to base on principles too familiar to warrant extending the length of it by citations.

Starting with the false premises mentioned, viz.: (a) that the common law formerly did not require a public contract to. be in writing, therefore that the statute should be strictly construed in harmony therewith; (b) that such statute is ambiguous; and we might well add (c) that if open to construction it can reasonably be read as not requiring the contract to be in writing, — it was not difficult for the court to concede for the purposes of the case, that the agreement in question is void, if the statute requires such to be in writing, and yet hold it valid.

Conceding, says the court in substance, that under McNolty v. Board of School Directors, 102 Wis. 261, 78 N. W. 439, the contract is void if the statute was not strictly complied with, the statute was so complied with here “if it was not necessary that the contract be in writing, and it is not necessary unless the statute so provides. The statute reads: ‘The board shall ■contract with qualified teachers, specify in the contract the wages per week, month or year to be paid, and when completed ■file the contract, with a copy of the certificate of the teacher so employed attached thereto, with the clerk,’ ” etc. See. 438, Stats. (1898).

How one could face that language in quoting it and yet conclude that it does not require the contract to be in writing, passes my comprehension. In this matter I mean no disrespect to my brethren who concurred in the opinion, but I must, in order to do my full duty in writing this dissent, say I cannot understand the logic. After quoting, the court proceeded : “Appellant relied upon the provision ‘and when completed file the contract, with a copy of the certificate of the teacher so employed attached thereto, with the clerk,’ and contends that no other conclusion can be drawn from this provision than that it means that the contract must be in writing. Hut the statute does not say that the contract must be in writing.” Why, pray, does the statute not say the contract must be in writing ? Does the court mean that the only way the lawmaking power could so say would be to use the word “writing?” Can it be that the court means, if a statute is so framed that it cannot by any possibility be complied with unless the thing required is done in a particular way, that it yet does not unambiguously command accordingly ? If so, what is to become of the supposed rules of logic by means of which truths are presented, as we are taught, in the aspect of demonstration ? We cannot think the language of the court at this point was used with due consideration. Why did not counsel rightly contend that no other conclusion can be drawn from this provision than that it means that the contract must be in writing ? Does not the statute which requires a chattel mortgage to be filed with the town clerk in order to be binding, except as between the parties, require it to be in writing in order to be binding on a third person? If parties contract subject to a termination of the agreement by service of a notice thereof hy mail, does not the agreement require the notice to be in writing ? The impossibility of a negative answer being correct to either question, it seems, suggests the proper one. The statute requires the contract to have “attached thereto” the teacher’s certificate. How could such a certificate be attached to a verbal contract ? It requires certain things to be “specified in the contract.” It requires the contract when completed with a copy of the certificate of the teacher to be filed. How can a verbal contract be filed in a public office ? No one of those things, particularly the first and the last, could possibly be done' without the contract being in writing. That seems as certain as that two things, each of which is equal to a third, are equal to each other.

Is that not unanswerable ? Am I not justified in my astonishment, as I view the quotation of the statute, followed by the court’s conclusion that a written contract is not required thereby ? Facing the pains the court must have taken with its logic before venturing to ground a judgment upon it, and at the same time the aspect of the statute as seen by me, dominated strongly as I am by respect for the views of my brethren, if I stood alone I might tend to fall into uncertainty as to whether the mental compass, ordinarily enabling me to comprehend common forms of expression pretty clearly, has been dependable in the particular situation.

Proceeding, the court says, reasoning from absence of the word “writing” from the statute: “The court cannot read into the statute provisions not found there for the purpose of rendering an oral contract, otherwise unobjectionable, void because not in writing, in the absence of express statutory requirement.” Here again I do not understand. Was it intended that counsel for appellant, or any one, thought of reading into the statute any provision for any purpose, much less to render a contract void ? Is the common thing of reading out of the statute the idea thought to be there by necessary inference an attempt to read into the statute anything not there ? Was the intention that a statute could not expressly require a contract to be in writing in any other way than by using the word “writing” ? But I will not pursue this further. I leave it believing that enough has been said, if anything were required other than to merely point to the plain language of the statute, to show that it expressly requires such contracts as that in question to be in writing as plainly as that could be done.

If the statute were ambiguous and so open to construction no argument is needed to show that the same result would be reached as before. ■ First, formerly such contracts, as we have said, were required to be in writing; second, public policy so requires, for which reason courts have leaned to the view that the written law so commands where either language to that effect is used or the law cannot be executed otherwise than by reducing the contract to writing; third, because by practical construction of the statute for half a century or more, if construction were required, it commands such contracts to be in writing.

The foregoing second proposition could be well illustrated by reference to many adjudications. We will refer to two only. In Indiana the statute does not require, specifically, things to be done respecting such contracts which can only be done by reducing the agreement to writing, but does, as a part of the prescribed duties of the keeper of the official records, use language indicating that it includes contracts with teachers, though not mentioning them. The latter provision is widely separated from the one relating to the contracting power. Judge Elliott, speaking for the court in Fairplay Tp. v. O’Neal, 127 Ind. 95" court="Ind." date_filed="1891-02-03" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/fairplay-school-township-v-oneal-7050823?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7050823">127 Ind. 95, 26 N.E. 636" court="Mass." date_filed="1891-01-17" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/st-james-educational-institute-v-city-of-salem-6423708?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6423708">26 N. E. 636, said:

“It is . . . not altogether clear that the statute does not require that all contracts shall be in writing . . . but we do not deem it necessary to decide the question.”

Tbe context shows, clearly, tbat, bad it been necessary to decide tbe question, tbe contract would bave been declared void. Tbe learned judge referred to sound public policy as governing tbe matter, clearly indicating a judicial view tbat in case of sucb a statute being open to construction, tbat meaning should be adopted which would require tbe contract to be in writing.

Jackson School Tp. v. Shera, 8 Ind. App. 330" court="Ind. Ct. App." date_filed="1893-11-28" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/jackson-school-township-v-shera-7060583?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7060583">8 Ind. App. 330, 35 N. E. 842, to tbe effect tbat a contract of tbe sort under consideration is valid unless tbe statute requires it to be in writing. In connection with tbat, we may say in passing, tbe judge who wrote tbe opinion freely conceded tbat sucb a contract is void where tbe statute commands it to be in writing without any declaration to tbat effect, apd'agreed with Judge Elliott tbat “sound public policy requires tbat tbe lawmaking power should prescribe tbat when tbe minds of tbe parties meet as to tbe terms of sucb a contract, tbe same should be reduced to writing,” and in spirit suggested tbat when tbe legislature manifests sucb policy with reasonable clearness, though not in the plainest words of command, sound judicial policy requires tbe court to give effect thereto. Tbe trouble there was tbat in tbe provision relating to tbe power to contract nothing was said suggesting a writing. Notwithstanding sucb situation tbe Indiana supreme court again referred to tbe matter in Caldwell v. School City of Huntington, 132 Ind. 92" court="Ind." date_filed="1892-06-14" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/caldwell-v-school-city-of-huntington-7051454?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7051454">132 Ind. 92, 31 N. E. 566, saying: “It is, indeed, a question if tbe statute does not require tbat all contracts for tbe employment of teachers shall be in writing.”

In support of tbe proposition tbat practical construction of tbe statute is contrary to tbe court’s conclusion I -appeal to common knowledge tbat sucb contracts bave always been supposed to be required thereby to be in writing, and tbat tbe state superintendent of schools has so administered tbe law. Tbe school code, officially published and distributed for tbe guidance of school officials, has, from tbe first edition pub-lisbed many years ago, contained a form of contract with, suggestive features for its execution referring to the section of tbe statutes under consideration.

It is said that in case of a legislative purpose that a contract shall be void unless in writing, the statute so declares. No authority is cited to that as to public contracts, and I venture to say there is none. The authorities are at least substantially, if not universally, the other way as to decided cases and elementary works as well. Perkins v. Ind. School Dist. 99 Mo. App. 483" court="Mo. Ct. App." date_filed="1903-04-27" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/perkins-v-independent-school-district-6620772?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6620772">99 Mo. App. 483; Head v. Providence Ins. Co. 2 Cranch, 127" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1804-02-25" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/head--amory-v-providence-ins-co-84780?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="84780">2 Cranch, 127; Wade v. Newbern, 77 N.C. 460" court="N.C." date_filed="1877-06-05" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/wade-v-city-of-newbern-3652408?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3652408">77 N. C. 460; Logansport v. Blakemore, 17 Ind. 318" court="Ind." date_filed="1861-12-09" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/city-of-logansport-v-blakemore-7035513?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7035513">17 Ind. 318; Starkey v. Minneapolis, 19 Minn. 203" court="Minn." date_filed="1872-10-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/starkey-v-city-of-minneapolis-7962777?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7962777">19 Minn. 203; Aurora W. Co. v. Aurora, 129 Mo. 540" court="Mo." date_filed="1895-07-02" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/aurora-water-co-v-city-of-aurora-8011849?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8011849">129 Mo. 540, 31 S. W. 946; Crutchfield v. Warrensburg, 30 Mo. App. 456" court="Mo. Ct. App." date_filed="1888-04-23" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/crutchfield-v-city-of-warrensburg-6615754?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6615754">30 Mo. App. 456; McDonald v. Mayor, etc. 68 N.Y. 23" court="NY" date_filed="1876-12-22" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/mcdonald-v-mayor-of-new-york-3624067?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3624067">68 N. Y. 23; Stuart v. Cambridge, 125 Mass. 102" court="Mass." date_filed="1878-07-24" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/stuart-v-city-of-cambridge-6419321?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6419321">125 Mass. 102; 1 Smith, Modern Law of Corp. § 263; 1 Beach, Pub. Corp. § 253; Dillon, Mun. Corp. § 373; Terry v. Board of Ed. 84 Mo. App. 21" court="Mo. Ct. App." date_filed="1900-03-27" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/terry-v-board-of-education-6619597?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6619597">84 Mo. App. 21; 35 Cyc. 957; 20 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2ded.) 1164.

In all these authorities it is held that where the statute requires public contracts to be in writing one otherwise made is void. Many instances will be found where recovery after performance even on a quantum meruit was denied. Nowhere is it suggested, at least in any well considered case, that a contract not made in compliance with the statute is nevertheless valid, unless declared by the written law to be void. A distinction is made in the books between a conferred power, as in case of that of a municipality to contract, and a regulated power such as that to make contracts in general. In the latter failure to comply with the statutory regulations not expressly declared in the statute to be fatal, in some cases is held to- render the agreement void and in others not, according to the supposed legislative purpose, but as to the former the extent of the power itself is measured by the terms of the statute including those in regard to its execution. So where tbe statute requires a public contract to be in writing tbe power to contract is conditioned, necessarily, upon its being exercised in tbe manner indicated. Such is tbe philosophy of tbe law as it will be universally found stated, I venture to say> in tbe boobs.

Tbe court seems to have overlooked tbe foregoing or would not have so easily engrafted upon our system tbe novel idea that a public contract required by statute to be in writing need not necessarily be made that way in order to be valid, referring to secs. 2302, 2304, 2307, and 2308 of tbe statutes relating to contracts in general respecting real estate and contracts within tbe statutes of frauds which I must say have no application to tbe subject under discussion.

Attention is called in tbe court’s opinion to sec. 529, Stats. (1898), relating to contracts with teachers under tbe township system, which requires them to be in writing. True, but such section does not provide that such contracts shall be void unless in writing, so by tbe logic of tbe court that result would not follow from a failure to obey tbe law. Again it must be remembered that section is new as compared with tbe one under discussion. It was adopted in tbe light of over twenty years of administration of tbe latter and was worded substantially tbe same as that bad always been understood and evidently with tbe .intention of including tbe same essentials as were embodied in tbe old statute.

Tbe closing part of tbe court’s opinion seems to be a key to tbe whole. There tbe idea with which tbe opinion opens is reiterated and emphasized, i. e. that tbe statute is in derogation of tbe common law and so a strict construction should be resorted to avoiding any change if possible. Tbe force of tbe rule, as we have seen, where applicable at all is not to tbe extent suggested, while tbe trend of judicial thought is rather toward a construction of tbe written law requiring public contracts to be in writing than otherwise, in harmony with tbe ancient common law. Tbe misconception as to that and fail-tire to distinguish between adjudications respecting contracts in general and public contracts, and the basis thereof, in that the latter involves power by grant and the former power by natural right which the written law merely regulates, led naturally to the result from which I dissent. I have no fear but that the departure from principle will be rectified at the first good opportunity. The looseness in public affairs which the decision sets a mark for in the particular field may be easily avoided by legislative action.

WiNSlow, C. J., and Baenes, T. We concur in the foregoing.