407 Pa. 30 | Pa. | 1962
Opinion by
A narrow issue is presented: In refusing to grant an issue d.v.n. to determine whether undue influence had been exerted upon the testatrix of this will, did the court below abuse its discretion?
Sophie Paul (testatrix), an 83 year old resident of Washington County, died on January 31, 1955 survived by a first cousin (Earle Eorrest), an aunt (Margaret Hayes), and two nephews
Testatrix’ last will, admittedly executed by her on September 30, 1954, was probated by the Register of Wills of Washington County on February 3, 1955. So far as presently pertinent, this will provided: (a) gifts of personalty and realty totalling $29,071.17 to seven
The estate was inventoried at $163,367.52.
Administration of the estate was completed, an account filed and audited and distribution decreed March 26, 1956. Almost 3% years after probate of the will and 2 1/3 years after the distribution decree, the residuary legatees appealed from the probate of the will.
The sole issue in the court below was whether Mc-Creight had exerted undue influence upon the testatrix Avliich caused her to provide in her will: “15. I give and bequeath to John B. McCreight 84 shares of the capital stock of The Penn Manufacturing Corporation and the filing case and contents in the second floor office.”
Appellants contend that McCreight, occupying a confidential relationship to testatrix, by the exercise of fraud, misrepresentation and concealment, unduly influenced the testatrix to make this bequest of Penn stock to him. Specifically, it is charged that Mc-Creight, knowing that Penn stock Avas valuable stock, by fraud, led testatrix to believe that such stock was Avorth only $50 per share and that the bequest of such stock to him Avould amount to less than 3% of the total value of her estate and that, as McCreight intended, testatrix relied upon such misrepresentations and made the bequest to McCreight always laboring under the misapprehension that the total bequest amounted to less than 3% of her estate. Upon such basis, it is urged that paragraph 15 of the Avill is invalid and its probate should be set aside.
In our examination of this record we must be guided by certain principles well settled in this area of the law: (1) there is “a presumption of the absence of undue influence” (Quein Will, 361 Pa. 133, 145, 62 A. 2d 909; Citizens National Bank v. McCafferty, 383 Pa.
Appellants, relying on Yardley v. Cuthbertson, 108 Pa. 395, 1 A. 765, would have us take the position that, even though the testatrix possessed testamentary capacity and was neither physically nor mentally infirm, it was McCreight’s burden, as her confidential adviser, scrivener of her will and the beneficiary of a substantial portion of her estate, to show by clear and satisfactory evidence that the testatrix fully understood the testamentary disposition of her property, particularly
To exactly define that which constitutes undue influence is most difficult. The classic definition is set forth in Quein Will, supra, 145: “This Court has repeatedly defined undue influence sufficient to void a will. There must be imprisonment of the body or mind, frauds or threats or misrepresentations, or circumstances of inordinate flattery, or physical or moral coercion to such a degree as to prejudice the mind of the testator, or destroy his free agency, or to operate as a present restraint upon him in the making of the will: [citing cases].” In Caughey v. Bridenbaugh, 208 Pa. 414, 421, 57 A. 821, we approved this language: “As a legal phrase [undue] is used in a stricter sense as denoting . . . something legally wrong, something viola
Turning to the instant record we find certain facts established at the outset of the hearing by way of stipulation and admissions in the pleadings received into evidence. It is established as a fact that at the time of the execution of this will testatrix was of sound mind and possessed testamentary capacity and, even though of advanced age, she was not infirm either physically or mentally. Other conceded facts are that testatrix’ will was prepared by MeCreight and witnessed by two of his employees, that he occupied a confidential relationship to testatrix, that he had been attorney for both testatrix’ husband and his estate and that the Penn stock had been owned by testatrix’ hus
Testatrix’ personal representative having offered in evidence the record of the probate by the Register of Wills of this will, it then became appellants’ “ ‘duty to come forward with evidence’”: Kerr v. O'Donovan, 389 Pa. 614, 623, 134 A. 2d 213 and cases therein cited. On the posture of this record from that time forward it was appellants’ burden to sustain, by olear and convincing proof, the charge of undue influence and this burden did not shift.
Appellants would have us examine the record from four angles: to that suggestion we accede.
1.
What Was the Value of the Penn Stock at the Time of Execution of the Will ?
As counsel for testatrix’ husband’s estate and testatrix’ estate — in the inventories filed and in the returns made for federal and state tax purposes — McCreight consistently stated the value of this stock as $50 per share. The record indicates that Penn stock was closely held, that one F. X. Fawcett, 78 years of age, was president, active head, manager and chief salesman for the corporation, that financial statements were not given to anyone and that FaAvcett resented inquiries into the financial status of the business to the extent that, upon the declaration of dividends, he paid, by cash or cashier’s checks, the amount of the dividends. Between 1950-1954 there were no known sales of the stock and Fawcett testified that no one besides himself kneAV the value of the stock and, even though he did not know the market value exactly, he would never offer $800 per share for the stock. Thus, the record presents the picture of a corporation around whose financial condition Fawcett had drawn an “iron curtain”,
After an investigation of Penn’s financial condition, the federal tax authorities after testatrix’ death placed a value on Penn stock of $800 per share. In this value McCreight must be deemed to have acquiesced because he approved as counsel for the estate the payment of taxes based on that vahee. Appellants then sought to prove that Penn stock had a value at least of $800 per share through the testimony of one H. K. Stull, a certified public accountant who had examined Penn’s records. At first, the court beloAV sustained an objection to this testimony, then later the court permitted such testimony to be taken and, again later, in its adjudication, rejected such testimony. In this respect, the court erred. This testimony was material and relevant and, for the purpose of these appeals, we have considered this testimony as tending to show a value of at least $800 per share on Penn stock. Furthermore, the dividend record of Penn clearly and unequivocally shows that the value of $50 per share for this stock was ridiculous. Dividends were paid during the pertinent years as follows: 1950-$100, 1951-flOO, 1952-$150, 1954-$10Q or a total of $450.
What, If Any, Knowledge Did McCreight Have as to the Value of This Stock During Testatrix’ Lifetime?
In examining the record for this purpose we must bear in mind that testatrix made three wills in each of which this bequest to McCreight was contained — one in November or December, 1951, one in February, 1952 and the last in September, 1954 — so that McCreight’s knowledge of the value of the stock from a date prior to the execution of the first until the execution of the last will is pertinent. The record indicates that, after the death of testatrix’ husband and prior to the execution of the first will, McCreight filed an inventory in testatrix’ husband’s estate in which the value of the stock was given as $50 per share. When he inquired of a Washington, Pa., stockholder, according to Mc-Creight’s testimony, he was told the stock had “no value”; upon acquainting testatrix with that information she told him that the stock paid dividends, that it did have value and that he should inquire from Fawcett as to the value of the stock; that he inquired of Fawcett and was told that the “fair” value was $50 per share.
3.
What, If Anything, Did McCreight Tell Testatrix as to the Value of Penn Stock?
In ascertaining the record answer to this inquiry, we bear in mind two concessions by appellants: (a) that testatrix was an intelligent woman fully possessed of her mental faculties and (b) that on the occasion of the preparation of testatrix’ first will there was no discussion between McCreight and testatrix as to the value of Penn stock or the proportion which it bore to the entire estate.
As related above, at testatrix’ suggestion McCreight called Fawcett and later related to testatrix that Fawcett told Mm that the fair value of the stock was $50 per share. Fawcett testified that, although he might have, he did not recall talking to McCreight after I. E. Paul’s death; however, the important feature of Fawcett’s testimony is that, while he would have given the par value of the stock, he would not have given the fair value. If Fawcett he believed} then McCreight’s statement to testatrix was not correct; if it was not correct, was it so given that the value of the stock might be depreciated in testatrix’ mind?
When testatrix and McCreight talked in the early part of 1953 concerning the 1952 $150 dividend, Mc-Creight told her of a conversation he had had with a Mr. Bigler who had approached him for a loan. According to McCreight, Bigler, whose father-in-law worked for Penn, stated that Fawcett was disgusted with the union at the plant, that Fawcett was going to sell his stock in Penn and that Penn would be taken over by some other purchaser or liquidated. Upon relating this to testatrix, McCreight, according to his testimony, was told by the testatrix that Fawcett had already talked to her about a sale or liquidation of Penn but had assured her that, if that happened, he would take care of her interests. Bigler testified that in his conversation with McCreight, the only reference to Penn arose in connection with a discussion of his lack of collateral for the loan which he sought and he stated that, ultimately, he might get some collateral “possibly through a sale of the stock, or a liquidation of the stock” in Penn which Bigler’s father-in-law owned. Beading Bigler’s testimony, it is clear that when he referred to a sale or liquidation it was not of Penn but of his father-in-law’s stock in Penn. The conflict be
McCreight’s statement to testatrix that the stock had “no value” was incorrect; his statement to her that Fawcett told him the fair value was $50 per share is contradicted by Fawcett; his statement to testatrix that Bigler had told him that Fawcett was going to sell the stock or liquidate Penn is contradicted by Bigler; the statement that the dividends were “the last gasp of a defunct corporation” could be simply an opinion without basis in fact or motivated by a desire to depreciate the value of the stock. At best, the advice given by Mc-Creight concerning the stock’s value was without basis in fact, at least if Fawcett and Bigler be believed.
4.
Was Testatrix Induced, by Fraud or Misrepresentation on McCreight’s Part as to the Value of the Penn Stock, To Make This Bequest to McCreight?
Appellants cannot question that testatrix wanted McCreight to be a beneficiary of part of her estate; such desire on testatrix’ part was clearly expressed in the three last wills which she made.
It is with the last proposition we now deal. The difficulty with appellants’ argument in this respect is two-fold.
In the first place, testatrix knew or should have known that the stock was worth considerably more than $50 per share. Despite what McCreight told her, the testatrix, as an intelligent business woman and the recipient of dividends over the four year period from 1-951 to 1954, knew that the stock, reputedly only worth $50 per share, paid these dividends in the amount of $450, inore than seven times its reputed value. In view of this dividend record, how could testatrix have been lulled into believing by anything McCreight told her that the stock was worth only $50 per share? Had the testatrix been infirm, mentally or physically, the picture might have been different, but in the case at bar we deal with a woman who was not only sound mentally and not infirm but an intelligent business woman.
In the second place, assuming arguendo, that the testatrix by misrepresentations on the part of Mc-Creight' had been led to believe that the stock was worth only $50 per share, what evidence is there on this record that, had she known the true value of this stock, she would not have made this bequest? Stated otherwise, what evidence is there on this record that testatrix intended McCreight to be the beneficiary only of 84 shares of Penn worth $50 per share and not of
It is argued that the will is unnatural, but in this connection, it must be noted that testatrix did take care of her aunt, her first cousin and, in addition to making appellants residuary legatees under this will, had previously conveyed to them an interest in a farm —in some measure, all blood relatives and even nephews not of the blood had been taken care of. Furthermore, absent any proof of undue influence, the fact that a will appears to be unnatural is not ground for setting it or any of its provisions aside. Every person has a right to dispose of his or her own property as he or she sees fit: Sommerville Will, 406 Pa. 207, 225, 174 A. 2d 496. It is also argued that McCreight should have advised testatrix, when he learned that she desired that he be a beneficiary in the will, to secure the services of independent counsel. There cannot be the slightest doubt that it would have been far wiser had McCreight done so. At the hearing, McCreight testified that he had so advised testatrix but that she had refused his suggestion, although in his depositions taken six weeks prior to the trial McCreight did not so testify. However, such failure to secure independent counsel is not controlling under the circumstances.
True, there are circumstances on this record which may give rise to suspicion and there is evidence which, if believed by a jury, would indicate that McCreight, knowing the value of the stock, gave incorrect information to testatrix on certain occasions but there is no
It was the duty of appellants to prove, by clear and convincing evidence, that McCreight by undue influence, exercised through fraud and misrepresentations as to the true value of this stock, caused testatrix to make a bequest to him of approximately 33% of her estate whereas she intended to make a bequest to him of less than 3% of the estate. This burden has not been met. Suspicion, surmise and conjecture cannot take the place of proof. Our courts have consistently set forth the quality of the proof required — clear and convincing evidence — to set aside a will on the ground of undue influence and the proof on this record falls far short of that standard. Under the circumstances, the court below properly refused to grant an issue d.v.n. on the question of undue influence.
Decree affirmed. Each party to pay own costs.
Appellants are nephews, by blood, of I. Edward Paul, testatrix’ husband, who predeceased her on June 27, 1951.
Penn, located in Washington, Pa., is engaged in the fabrication of steel, oil and gas well supplies, its capital stock being closely held.
Penn stock was inventoried at $50 per share, although it was valued toy the federal tax authorities at $800 per share. Whatever its value, testatrix’ property, exclusive of Penn stock, was worth approximately $159,000.
The estate contends that the total net distribution from the residuary estate will be $13,155.54 or $6,577.77 to each appellant.
When this litigation began, the estate, by preliminary objections, urged dismissal of the appeals because tardily filed. At the hearing, the estate withdrew that defense and urged the matter be disposed of on its merits.
Dividends omitted, supra, because paid after testatrix’ death were: 1955-$50, 1956-$50.
Contradiction of this testimony will be discussed, infra.
Appellants’ brief, p. 6.
There is not a scintilla of evidence that McCreight unduly or in any manner influenced testatrix to name him in her will; on the contrary, it is evident that the suggestion that he be a beneficiary arose solely from testatrix.
In this connection we have considered the evidence, rejected by the court below erroneously, as to events which occurred after testatrix’ death which tended to show that McCreight concealed from appellants the true value of this stock.