471 U.S. 1036 | SCOTUS | 1985
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
In spite of this Court’s repeated declarations that a capital “ ‘sentencer . . . not be precluded from considering, as a mitigating factor, any aspect of a defendant’s character . . . that the
The death sentences in these cases were imposed in glaring violation of two lines of this Court’s capital sentencing jurisprudence. First, and most obviously, the sentences are contrary to the Lockett-Eddings line of authority, which makes unmistakably clear that it is for the sentencer to determine the weight to be given to proffered evidence of mitigation. Second, they are equally in conflict with those decisions of this Court that make equally clear that the question of a capital defendant’s future dangerousness is a legitimate penological concern relevant to a capital sentencing hearing. See California v. Ramos, 463 U. S. 992, 1001-1003 (1983); Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U. S. 880, 896-905 (1983); Jurek v. Texas, 428 U. S. 262, 274-276 (1976).
While this latter group of cases affirmed the penological relevance of future dangerousness in contexts in which the State urged it as a factor in aggravation, the hitherto relevant factor of future dangerousness cannot become suddenly and cruelly “irrelevant” as a matter of law when a defendant wishes to assert its absence as a factor in mitigation. As was declared in a precursor to Lockett and Eddings, “a jury must be allowed to consider on the basis of all relevant evidence not only why a death sentence should be imposed, but also why it should not be imposed.” Jurek v. Texas, supra, at 271. Rather than allow Lockett and Eddings to be eroded through such a cruelly inequitable view of relevance, I would grant these petitions.
At the time of the sentencing hearings in question the South Carolina Supreme Court’s view of the relevance of predictive evidence as to a defendant’s future nondangerousness in a prison environment was clear:
“The penalty phase of a capital murder case is concerned with the existence or nonexistence of mitigating or aggravating circumstances involved in or arising out of the murder, not the convicted murderer’s adaptability to prison life. The jury is concerned with the circumstances of the crime and the characteristics of the individual defendant as they bear logical relevance to the crime. ... In Lockett v. Ohio, . . . cited as controlling in Eddings v. Oklahoma, . . . the United States Supreme Court retained the court’s traditional authority to exclude irrelevant evidence which did not bear on a defendant’s character, prior record, or the circumstances of his offense. We conclude that the evidence of appellant’s future conformity to prison life was properly excluded as irrelevant.” State v. Koon, 278 S. C. 528, 536, 537, 298 S. E. 2d 769, 773-774 (1982) (hereinafter Koon I).2
At Koon’s hearing below, his counsel sought to develop a number of avenues of mitigating evidence. First, he sought to call two prison officials to testify as to petitioner’s excellent record in prison and his demonstrated ability to adapt to prison life. Record in No. 84-5850, pp. 922-927. Second, he sought to call psychiatric experts to testify as to Koon’s mental condition. Those psychiatrists had examined him and were prepared to testify that,he suffered from a severe mental disorder, and that partly as a result of that disorder he was extremely capable of
The trial court, relying on Koon I, excluded all of the prison officers’ testimony, and all psychiatric evidence of Koon’s ability to adapt to prison life or of his likely future nondangerousness within the prison environment. Although Koon was allowed to
In Patterson, the facts are quite similar. Petitioner proffered evidence from prison authorities that he had an exemplary prison record during the period of almost three years since his earlier trial, and proffered evidence from a psychiatrist that individuals exhibiting a personality pattern similar to petitioner’s “usually make a satisfactory adjustment to prison life” so that the likelihood of future violence by such persons “diminishes with the passing of time.” Record in No. 84-5843, p. 1442. The trial court excluded all this evidence as irrelevant under the authority of Koon I. Thus, the sentencing jury was given no opportunity at all to consider either petitioner’s behavior in prison or the issue of petitioner’s likely future nondangerousness within a prison environment.
On appeal, both of these petitioners’ death sentences were affirmed by the State Supreme Court on a slight variation of the Koon I rationale. 285 S. C. 5, 327 S. E. 2d 650 (1984); 285 S. C. 1, 328 S. E. 2d 625 (1984). Following Koon I, the court held that all predictive evidence of Patterson’s future behavior in prison was simply irrelevant. It modified Koon I only to the extent that it held that the bare facts of Patterson’s past prison record would now be considered admissible as general personal history. It read Lockett and Eddings as saying that a defendant’s “character” was relevant mitigating evidence that can be shown through evidence of past behavior. It thus found that it had been error for the trial court to exclude the prison officers’ testimony concerning Patterson’s prior prison behavior. But since such behavior was relevant only to show a generally good character, the court held that it was merely cumulative of other general character evidence submitted by the petitioner.
In both of these cases, the capital defendants were limited to argue the most vague and general theories of mitigation. Their chosen theories were completely excluded from the jury’s consideration. The State Supreme Court declared that it was irrelevant, as a matter of law, to argue that a death sentence might be inappropriate where a defendant could be relied on to lead an unthreatening life, and even a somewhat productive life, if kept in prison.
II
The constitutionality of these sentences rests on the premise that a State can make irrelevant to the capital sentencing process, as a matter of law, the theory of future nondangerousness that was proffered in mitigation by petitioners. The State’s reasoning was that the proffered factor does not “aris[e] out of the murder” nor “bear logical relevance to the crime.” Koon I, 278 S. C., at 536, 298 S. E. 2d, at 774. Put another way, the State viewed the factor as irrelevant because its proof would not reduce the moral culpability of the defendant. But this Court has never limited the circumstances relevant to a capital sentencing determination to those going to moral culpability. Quite the contrary, this Court has repeatedly treated predictive evidence relating to future dangerousness as highly relevant to sentencing concerns.
“It is, of course, not easy to predict future behavior. The fact that such a determination is difficult, however, does not mean that it cannot be made. Indeed, prediction of future criminal conduct is an essential element in many of the decisions rendered throughout our criminal justice system. . . . And any sentencing authority must predict a convicted person’s probable future conduct when it engages in the process of determining what punishment to impose. . . . The task that a [capital sentencing] jury must perform in answering the statutory question in issue is thus basically no different from the task performed countless times each day throughout the American system of criminal justice. What is essential is that the jury have before it all possible relevant information about the individual defendant whose fate it must (determine.” Id., at 274-276 (emphasis added).
The Court has treated evidence of future dangerousness as relevant even where the evidence at issue seemed of much less predictive value than the evidence at issue here. In both the instant cases, the witnesses who were excluded had all had extensive contact with the defendants and were testifying only to the likely behavior of the defendants within the same environment as that in which they had made their observations. In contrast, in Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U. S. 880 (1983), this Court approved of the relevance of expert psychiatric predictions of future dangerousness even where the expert witness was testifying based on hypo-theticals without ever having examined the defendant. Id., at 903-906. If that evidence was relevant to capital sentencing, how can the. evidence at issue in the instant cases be deemed irrelevant? See also California v. Ramos, 463 U. S. 992 (1983).
Ill
Of course there are two differences between these earlier cases and the instant cases. First, relevance in the earlier cases was urged on the sentencers by prosecutors, who called for death sentences on the theory that the defendants at issue might be violent in the future. Here, evidence of the absence of future dangerous
The second difference is that discussions of future dangerousness in our prior cases have emphasized the defendant’s dangerousness to the society outside of jail, while here the emphasis was on the likely nondangerousness of the defendants’ future behavior within jail. But although this might be viewed as an important distinction by a sentencer, it cannot be rationally viewed as a distinction that makes nondangerousness in prison irrelevant as a matter of law. If a jury can base a sentencing determination on predictions of the possible dangerousness of a defendant at the point far in the future when, after a long confinement, he might be paroled or pardoned, a jury cannot be precluded from considering the more immediate issue of his future dangerousness during that quite lengthy period when he will remain in jail. Similarly, it would be the ultimate cynicism to adopt a conclusive presumption that a sentencing jury would simply be wholly uninterested in the possible dangers that a killer who continues to be violent might present to other inmates — or conversely — that the jury would be wholly unimpressed by the fact that a different criminal might present no dangers to those inmates.
Ultimately, the evidence offered in mitigation here was premised on the proper notion that a jury might confront in a serious and humane way the question of what is actually to be gained and lost by a verdict of death. While in some cases the cry for moral retribution may sound clear to the jury, in others it may not. In the latter cases, it may be quite effective, as it would always be legitimate, to remind the jury that an execution may generate little social benefit and, indeed, may generate substantial social loss. A jury may come to see that a prisoner’s life in prison has some substantial social worth. He may adapt to his environment, find some degree of community in it, and contribute in some way to that community. He may even come to live a life of greater meaning than that which he knew before his confinement. Should a sentencer believe that there is a chance that these may be the consequences of a rejection of a death sentence, these factors may
I continue to adhere to my view that the death penalty is in all circumstances cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U. S. 153, 231 (1976) (Marshall, J., dissenting). But even if I did not take this view, I would grant review in these eases because of the important issue raised concerning the proper interpretation of Lockett and Eddings.
Unfortunately, this case is illustrative of a disturbing trend in a number of state courts to read our holdings in Eddings and Lockett in an unjustifiably
This ruling by the South Carolina Supreme Court occurred in an appeal of an earlier sentencing of petitioner Koon. In both of these cases the capital defendants had previously been sentenced to death pursuant to proceedings that were later found by the South Carolina Supreme Court to violate state law. State v. Patterson, 278 S. C. 319, 295 S. E. 2d 264 (1982); Koon I. Both had thus been imprisoned for a substantial period at the time of their resentencing hearings.
At the sentencing hearing at issue in the instant case, Koon made a proffer that his psychiatric expert would testify to substantially the same effect as the expert had done in the hearing that resulted in Koon I, supra. The following testimony by Dr. Pattison, an expert psychiatric witness, was proffered in mitigation at that earlier hearing:
“Q: You have observed Paul in his prison environment — his jail environment. Do you have an opinion as to his ability to adapt to a long term institutional environment?
“A: Yes. Both from the records and from observing him in the jail and talking with him it is, I think, quite clear in my professional opinion that he adapts very well to an institutional environment. As a matter of fact, in my professional judgment, in an institutional environment he has performed at probably his highest levels of function during his adult life, in as much as that environment is supportive, protective and has a relatively low level of stress compared to life in the outside world. Therefore, in this case I would be willing to risk a professional prediction in that I would predict that he would make an overall excellent institutional adjustment on a long term basis .... “Q: Do you think Paul would be a violent person in an institutionalized environment?
“A: Again, in my professional opinion I feel confident in a reasonable frame to conclude that he would not be violent or dangerous within a custodial institution. The basis for my opinion is his past record within the custodial environment, his ability to conform within that environment, not only to maximum seclusion, but also conforming to the rules and regulations when he was under minimal supervision. Furthermore, his past history and his present state suggests that he performs interpersonally much better with men. That his major provocations of explosive and assaultive behavior is with women rather than with men. Therefore, I conclude that he would be a very good risk for good adjustment in an institution and a very low risk for assaultive or violent behavior in an institutional setting.
“Q: He could be, in your opinion, could he be a contributive [sic] member to a prison institution?
“A: Again, for the same reasons, I would say yes, in my professional opinion.” Pet. for Cert. in No. 84-5850, pp. 6-7.
The character evidence that the court found was cumulative to Patterson’s evidence of his prison record was the testimony of a former employer that Patterson was a good and responsible worker and general testimony by Pat
The fact that in both of these cases the state court held that the proffered evidence of prior prison behavior was “cumulative” cannot save either of these decisions from review. In both cases, the theory of future nondangerousness was deemed irrelevant and the evidence and argument which would have been necessary to its proof were excluded. The determinations of “cumulativeness” whatever their merits, cf. Chapman v. California, 386 U. S. 18 (1967), were determinations that rested on the predicate federal determination that the only basis for the relevance of the evidence was to show general good character.
Lead Opinion
Sup. Ct. S. C. Certiorari denied. Reported below: No. 84-5843, 285 S. C. 5, 327 S. E. 2d 650; No. 84-5850, 285 S. C. 1, 328 S. E. 2d 625.