Patrick TOWNSEND, Karen Townsend, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
HOLMAN CONSULTING CORPORATION, Defendant,
and
Towers, Perrin, Forster & Crosby; Trust Services of
America, Inc.; American Insurance Administrators;
International Union of Operating
Engineers, Local 12, AFL-CIO,
Defendants-Appellees.
Nos. 87-5825, 87-6154.
United States Court of Appeals,
Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted Jan. 18, 1990.
Decided Sept. 6, 1990.
As Amended on Denial of Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc
April 10, 1991.
Frеd L. Wright and Ralph Rogari, Torrance, Cal., for plaintiffs-appellants.
Robert G. Wilson and John P. Reitman, Wilson & Reitman, Los Angeles, Cal., for defendants-appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California.
Before GOODWIN, Chief Judge, WALLACE, TANG, FLETCHER, PREGERSON, POOLE, NELSON, CANBY, NOONAN, O'SCANNLAIN, and TROTT, Circuit Judges.
FLETCHER, Circuit Judge:
Fred Wright, attorney for the Townsends, appeals two orders of the district court imposing sanctions under Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. He argues that even though he signed pleadings containing certain frivolous requests for relief, the pleadings nonetheless could not be the subject of sanctions because they also included certain nonfrivolous requests for relief. A three-judge panel of this court, struggling with seemingly inconsistent decisions concerning Rule 11 sanctions, ruled in Wright's favor and reversed the orders imposing sanctions. Townsend v. Holman Construction Corp.,
I.
Following the state court's dismissal of a substantial portion of his state court action, Townsend sued in federal district court to compel his employer's Employee Benefit Plan (Plan) to pay certain medical benefits. The action sought money damages and a declaration voiding certain contracts under which the Plan had agreed to indemnify its fiduciaries. These claims have been resolved in an unpublished memorandum disposition and are not before us.
Townsend's complaint named numerous defendants, including the law partnership of Wilson & Reitman (Wilson), the Plan's attorneys. Townsend alleged that Wilson advised the Plan to adopt certain provisions challenged in the suit, counseled the Plan's administrators not to make certain payments to Townsend, and improperly obstructed Townsend's unsuccessful state court suit.
Wilson moved to dismiss the complaint and requested sanctions under Rule 11. Included with this motion was the affidavit of one of the attorneys, which stated that Wilson played no role in the adoption, implementation or administration of the Plan. A second affidavit, from the Plan's president, similarly stated that Wilson played no role in the adoption of the Plаn, and in fact the firm was unaware of the existence of the Plan prior to the filing of the state court action. Townsend offered no evidence to rebut the affidavits. It is undisputed that Wilson played no role in the actions of the Plan which gave rise to the claims against the other defendants.
Townsend then filed a first amended complaint. The amendment deleted the allegation that Wilson had given advice to adopt the Plan. However, it continued to name Wilson and to allege that Wilson was involved in the conduct for which Townsend sought relief.
Wilson again moved, with supporting papers, to dismiss and for Rule 11 sanctions. Following a hearing, the district court again dismissed the complaint, giving Townsend leave to file a second amended complaint against all parties except Wilson. The court also imposed a $3,000 sanction against Wright for persisting in naming the Plan's attorneys. The court found that Wright had sued Wilson without reasonable investigation, without adequate basis in law or fact, and for purposes of harassment. Wright appealed the sanction order.
After filing a notice of appeal, Wright moved for reconsideration of the sanction order, or in the alternative for a stay pending appeal. The district court denied this motion, and imposed an additional $500 sanction against Wright on the ground that his motion for reconsideratiоn was frivolous because his prior filing of a notice of appeal divested the district court of jurisdiction and on the ground that his motion for a stay was frivolous because it failed to comply with Fed.R.Civ.P. 62. Wright appealed the order that imposed the further sanction. This appeal was consolidated with Wright's appeal of the first sanction order.
The original panel reversed both sanction orders. First, the panel concluded that the district court's finding that Wright filed the complaint for purposes of harassment was not supported by the record. The panel further concluded that neither pleading could be sanctioned as frivolous because neither was frivolous in its entirety: the first amended complaint was not frivolous as to all the parties it named, and the motion for reconsideration was not frivolous in asking for a stay pending appeal. We took the case en banc to reconsider our cases regarding Rule 11 sanctions for partially frivolous pleadings.
II.
Rule 11, Fed.R.Civ.P., provides:
The signature of an attorney or party constitutes a certificate by the signer that the signer has read the pleading, motion, or other paper; that to the best of the signer's knowledge, information, and belief formed after reasonable inquiry it is well grounded in fact and is warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or rеversal of existing law, and that it is not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation.... If a pleading, motion, or other paper is signed in violation of this rule, the court ... shall impose ... an appropriate sanction.
Our cases have established that sanctions must be imposed on the signer of a paper if either a) the paper is filed for an improper purpose, or b) the paper is "frivolous." See Zaldivar v. City of Los Angeles,
Although the "improper purpose" and "frivolousness" inquiries are separate and distinct, they will often overlap since evidence bearing on frivolousness or non-frivolousness will often be highly probative of purpose. The standard governing both inquiries is objective. Zaldivar,
In this case, the district court imposed sanctions on account of allegations in the first amended complaint on both the frivolousness and the improper purpose grounds. The court stated
Plaintiff did not make the "reasonablе inquiry" required by Rule 11 and it is found that suing the lawyers was not in good faith and for the purposes of harassment.
Because the finding of no reasonable inquiry is tantamount to a finding of frivolousness, we must address the frivolousness issue in this case. We would have to discuss the issue in any event, because a determination of improper purpose must be supported by a determination of frivolousness when a complaint is at issue. It is to the frivolousness issue that we now turn.
A.
Much of our Rule 11 jurisprudence concerning the "frivolousness" prong has been influenced by the misinterpretation of the following passage in Golden Eagle Distributing Corp. v. Burroughs Corp.,
Nothing in the language of the Rule or the Advisory Committee Notеs supports the view that the Rule empowers the district court to impose sanctions on lawyers simply because a particular argument or ground for relief contained in a non-frivolous motion is found by the district court to be unjustified.
(Emphasis added). Golden Eagle addressed two questions: first, whether a lawyer's failure to identify a legal argument as an argument for the "extension" of existing law rather than as one for the application of existing law was sanctionable under Rule 11; second, whether a lawyer's failure to cite contrary authority in violation of American Bar Association ethical rules was sanctionable under the Rule. The court was dealing with legal arguments, nоt with allegations or claims. Although the underscored phrase, "ground for relief," from the above-quoted passage could be understood to mean "claim," it is clear from the context of Golden Eagle that it refers to arguments in support of claims. The passage simply means that if there is a colorable claim to a particular type of relief on a given set of facts and the signer relies on an unsupportable legal theory to bolster his claim when a supportable one exists as well, the signer cannot be sanctioned under Rule 11. In short Golden Eagle did not purport to deal with unwarranted allegations or claims; rather it held that legal arguments аdvanced by counsel do not violate Rule 11 simply by virtue of the fact that counsel's conduct does not comport with ethical rules of the American Bar Association.
In Murphy v. Business Cards Tomorrow, Inc.,
The Supreme Court in Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., --- U.S. ----,
Were the rules of joinder of claims and parties in the federal courts less liberal, the threat to the deterrent purpose of Rule 11 would be containable by a rule such as the one adopted by the majority of the three-judge panel in this case. But the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure place no limits on the joinder of unrelated claims and parties in a single pleading.
We recognize that Rule 11 "must be read in light of concerns that it will spawn satellite litigation and chill vigorous advocacy." Cooter & Gell,
Murphy and the majority opinion of the three-judge panel in this cаse attempted to answer these concerns, as well they should have. But the best way to answer these concerns is not to construct an artificial "safe harbor" for frivolous allegations or claims. Such a safe-harbor rule literally promotes form over substance, since the pleading party could manipulate the form in which his claims or motions are presented by combining in one document two entirely different sets of claims. The answer lies in recognizing, as did the Supreme Court in Cooter & Gell, that Rule 11's requirement of a "reasonable inquiry" means an inquiry reasonable under "all the circumstances of a case." Id. at 2459.
As the Supreme Court noted, if a lawyer disсovers that his client has a potential cause of action only a short time before the statute of limitations will expire, a more cursory inquiry will be tolerated than when he has ample time to investigate. Id. If the relevant facts are in control of the opposing party, more leeway must be given to make allegations in the early stages of litigation that may not be well-grounded. In a similar vein, leeway should be given to make allegations relating to an opposing party's knowledge, purpose, or intent. If the case is one in which a prudent lawyer, to be safe, would name a number of defendants--such as in a complex product liability case--imprеcision at the outset of litigation should be tolerated. The same should be true if the case is one where, knowing a given set of predicate facts, a prudent lawyer would assert more than one legal theory as the basis for relief and would make alternative or inconsistent allegations (intentional acts and negligence, for example) to support the different theories.
The Second Circuit's opinion in Oliveri v. Thompson,
The inquiry conducted in Oliveri was the kind of inquiry contemplated by the Supreme Court in Cooter & Gell, when it noted that "[t]he issues involved in determining whether an attorney has violated Rule 11 ... involve fact-intensive close calls."
With regard to the concern for curbing extraneous satellite litigation (the new "cottage industry" in Rule 11 cases), we acknowledge that the Murphy approach to frivolousness does have the advantage of creating a "bright line" rule that would certainly curb litigation. But in requiring a "reasonable inquiry," the Rule calls for an intensely fact-bound inquiry, and for this kind of inquiry, "bright lines" are not appropriate. Whether Rule 11 litigation will ultimately serve its intended purpose to deter abusive litigation tactics is an open question. When the Rule has been in effect long enough for the Advisory Committee on Civil Rules of the Judicial Conference to havе the information needed to answer this question, one hopes that those bodies will act wisely and recommend to the Supreme Court changes to the Rule if experience indicates that the Rule causes more trouble than it's worth.3 For now, we must enforce the reasonable inquiry, or frivolousness, requirement in the manner in which it was intended to be enforced.4
B.
The panel majority, citing Community Electric, noted that the "pleading-as-a-whole" rule would not apply in an "improper purpose" case. Townsend,
III.
We now apply these principles to the facts of this case. The district court sanctioned two pleadings: the first amended complaint and the motion for reconsideration, which included a motion for stay pеnding appeal. We review the district court's rulings on Rule 11 issues under an "abuse of discretion" standard. Cooter v. Gell,
A.
The district court's finding that the first amended complaint was filed without reasonable inquiry was justified in this case and was not an abuse of discretion. We need not address whether Wright had sufficient information about Wilson & Reitman to file his initial complaint. After the filing of that complaint, the Plan's president and Wilson swore in affidavits that Wilson & Reitman had nothing to do with the adoption, implementation, or administration of the Plan and that the law firm was retained only for the purpose of litigation. In response to those affidavits, Wright filed the first amended complaint, still alleging Wilson & Reitman's involvement in the implementation and administration of the Plan. Wright conducted absolutely no inquiry before filing that complaint.5 Since the charges against Wilson & Reitman in the first amended complaint were baseless, the lack of inquiry justified the district court's finding under the "frivolousness" prong of Rule 11.
With regard to the finding of improper purpose, the district court stated:
Not only does plaintiff not state a cause of action against the plan's lawyers, or submit any facts in opposition to the motion for summary judgment, the act of suing the opponent's lawyers in this situation is plainly nothing short of outrageous.
It is apparent from the record that the court inferred from the fact that the allegations were frivolous and from the fact that Wilson & Reitman had been the law firm which opposed Wright in the state court action that the naming of Wilson was essentially vindictive. The test for improper purpose is objective, and since it was not an abuse of discretion to find that Wright's outward behavior manifested an improper purpose, the district court's finding was not an abuse of discretion. Although we uphold the district court's findings, we take this opportunity to note that district courts substantially aid the review process by giving thorough explanations of their reasons for imposing sanctions. District courts have broad fact-finding powers in this area to which appellate courts must accord great deference. See Cooter & Gell,
B.
After Wright filed a notice of appeal in this court, he moved the district court to reconsider under Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b) its award of attorneys fees and to vacate that award, or, in the alternative, to grant a motion for a stay pending appeal. The district court denied both requests and granted sanctions, supporting its sanctions award by condemning both requests.
With regard to the motion to reconsider and vacate the judgment, the court stated:
As should have been apparent to plaintiff's counsel, the taking of an appeal divested this court of jurisdiction to consider any modification of its previous sanction order, even if it was convinced that it should modify the order. This is an obvious and well-known principle of law which should have been known to plaintiff and obviated the necessity of defendant's expenditure in dеfending the motion.
With regard to the motion for a stay, the court stated:
[A] simple reading of Rule 62 should have answered plaintiff's inquiry about a stay. Accordingly, plaintiff's counsel could not have made the "reasonable inquiry it [the motion] ... is warranted by existing law ..." since there is no semblance of existing law which would have justified the motion.
(Brackets in original).
The district court's rationale for finding the motion to vacate and reconsider frivolous was correct and not an abuse of discretion. A competent reading of our rules and precedent would very quickly have made clear to Wright that he did not follow the correct procedures in attempting to have the sanctions motion reconsidered after he had filed his notice of apрeal. In the motion for which he was sanctioned, Wright did not notify the district court that he would ask this court for a remand--a necessary step when one seeks to have a district court decision reconsidered after a notice of appeal has been filed. See Smith v. Lujan,
The district court's rationale for finding the motion for a stay frivolous, however, was legally incorrect and therefore an abuse of discretion. See Cooter & Gell,
As we have held, the fact that Wright's non-frivolous motion for a stay was formally in the same document as his frivolous motion to reconsider and vacate the judgment does not insulate his frivolous motion from Rule 11 sanctions. Each motion asked for entirely different kinds of relief. Nonetheless, because the district court erroneously believed that it had two reasons to sanction Wright and not just one, we must remand so that the court can consider whether the amount of its award was too high for the offense. Hudson,
IV.
The district court's judgment is affirmed with respect to the $3000 award of sanctions and remanded with respect to the $500 award.
CANBY, Circuit Judge, with whom Judge PREGERSON joins, concurring:
With regard to the first amended complaint,1 I concur in the result reached by the majority because I believe that it is consistent with our prior case law and with the purposes of Rule 11 to impose sanctions when all of the allegations against a particular defendant in a complaint are frivolous. The unfounded claims have forced a party to come into court when that party never should have been involved at all.
My difference with Judge Fletcher's well-written majority opinion is that I do not believe that our cases interpreting Rule 11 had taken an improper tack. It is true that in Golden Eagle Distributing Corp. v. Burroughs Corp.,
Our subsequent decision in Murphy v. Business Cards Tomorrow, Inc.,
The majority opinion states that the Murphy rule creates an unjustifiable "safe-haven," and would be subject to abuse by attorneys or parties who might file complaints with one well-founded claim and several frivolous ones. This is a legitimate concern, but it constitutes a lesser evil than is likely to arise under the majority's approach. A party against whom a well-founded claim has been pleaded must, in any event, come into court and defend against that claim. The major goal of Rule 11, to avoid wholly unjustified litigation, has been achieved. "It is now clear that the central purpose of Rule 11 is to deter baseless filings in District Court...." Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., --- U.S. ----,
The majority's approach is subject to serious abuse of its own. An attorney or litigant who files a complaint with several well-founded claims may be subjected to sanctions for tacking on an additional claim that is determined to be not well-founded. Such a flexible rule invites after-the-fact scrutiny of pleadings to find isolated deficiencies that may lead to a shifting of fees. The majority opinion contains cautionary language to the effect that pleadings must be sympathetically construed in light of the pressures operating on the drafters, and I sincerely hope that those warnings are taken seriously. But the lack of a "bright-line" rule is sure to lead to widely varying standards being applied by trial courts, and to greatly increased satellite litigation over sanctions.
For my part, I would not overrule Murphy, but would accept the following slightly modified version of its brightline rule: Rule 11 sanctions for the filing of a complaint containing frivolous allegations or claims are inappropriate unless all of the claims against any particular defendant are frivolous.2 That formulation will protect defendants against frivolous lawsuits, withоut snaring the vigorous advocate who is viewed as having added one too many claims to a good lawsuit. And it would establish an easily-administered boundary within which to confine burgeoning satellite litigation over sanctions.
Notes
The same is true of counterclaims
In approving of Oliveri's handling of the "reasonable inquiry" issue, we do not necessarily endorse its handling of the several other issues presented in that case
The Advisory Committee has recently issued a call for written comments on Rule 11. The call notes that, along with over 1000 reported decisions on Rule 11, "[t]here is a substantial literature on the subject" and that "[i]n light of all the comment, the Committee has resolved to invite written public comments on the operatiоn of the sanctions rules." One question to which responses are invited is "Has the financial cost in satellite litigation resulting from the imposition of sanctions perhaps exceeded the benefits resulting from any increased tendency of lawyers to 'stop and think?' " Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure of the Judicial Conference of the United States, Call for Written Comments on Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Related Rules at 1-3 (August, 1990)
We disagree with the concurrence's suggestion that the plain language of Rule 11 favors the Murphy pleading-as-a-whole rule. The Rule does say that the attorney or party signing the "pleading, motion, or papеr" certifies that "it" is well-grounded in fact and law. But this language does not imply that a pleading is well-grounded simply because one part of it is well-grounded. It implies only that a minor or insignificant allegation or subclaim should not render a pleading sanctionable. Our holding, in following the Oliveri-Cross & Cross approach is consistent with that implication
We note that even the concurrence's proposed disposition of this case is incompatible with a reading of Rule 11 that requires the court to disregard significant parts of a pleading in determining whether sanctions are appropriate. A single pleading often contains claims against more than one party. The complaint at issue in this case is illustrative. The distinction prоposed by the concurrence between a frivolous claim made against a defendant properly haled into court and a defendant improperly haled into court may have a basis in policy, but it is inconsistent with the significance the concurrence attaches to the "plain meaning" of the word "it" in Rule 11.
Since the kind of inquiry we now require district courts to undertake focuses heavily on the information reasonably available to the party at the time of filing, the sanctioning of claims in initial complaints will of course more likely be an abuse of discretion than the sanctioning of other claims. Rule 11 is not meant to supersede the Federal Rules' genеrous discovery provisions
I concur entirely in the majority opinion's treatment of the sanctions imposed in connection with the motion for reconsideration and motion for stay pending appeal
I have confined my analysis to sanctions imposed for frivolous allegations or claims. The majority also discusses claims brought for an improper purpose, and correctly points out that the inquiries concerning frivolousness and improper purpose overlap. For that reason, I would confine to its facts Hudson v. Moore Business Forms, Inc.,