179 Wis. 442 | Wis. | 1923
Lead Opinion
The following opinion was filed December 5, 1922:
The rule which prevailed in China and other oriental countries that the father had almost unlimited control over the destinies of his children before and after majority never found a place in the law of England. Nevertheless .the right of the father to the custody and earnings of his minor children was so strictly enforced by the common law that there is hardly any mention of the emancipation of children in the English Reports. In this respect the courts of this country have not followed the common law and they have dealt with the subject of emancipation of minors with some liberty. 20 Ruling Case Law, 609.
While there is no doubt that the parent is entitled to the services and earnings of a minor child, this right may be waived or relinquished in various ways; for example, by such ill treatment or abuse that the child is practically driven away; by leading such an immoral and dissolute life that it would be improper and unsafe for the child to live under such surroundings; by failing to give proper support when able to do so. Under such circumstances there may be emancipation by operation of law. By the weight of authority, where the law permits the marriage of minors parental authority must yield to the new obligations and
Another well recognized mode of relinquishing the parental right to the earnings of a child is the voluntary surrender of such right. This may be by express agreement, as where by arrangement between parent and child it is agreed that the latter, being able to provide for himself, may have his earnings to use as he may see fit. There is implied emancipation where, although no express agreement exists, the conduct of the parent after the child leaves home is wholly inconsistent with the assertion of the parental right.
Implied emancipation may be inferred from such circumstances and conduct on the part of the parent as reasonably lead to the conclusion that he expects the child to provide for himself with no accounting to the parent for his earnings. In the case at bar there is no evidence that the plaintiff personally ever made any express agreement with his son to emancipate him, and the emancipation, if any, must be implied from the facts proved.
It appears from the evidence that the mother, before the transactions now involved, had charge of the financial affairs of Alfred. She had collected his wages and bought his clothing,, as plaintiff knew. Before going away for several months she authorized, not the plaintiff, but the housekeeper, to receive payment for Alfred’s board and permitted him to retain The rest of his wages. Different conclusions might be drawn from the testimony which related to the transaction between Alfred and his mother when they separated after her. return. On the one hand, it might be inferred that she was unwilling to have him leave the parental roof; on the other hand, that she gave him to understand that he might shift for himself. This was a matter for the jury to decide under the circumstances.
Even at common law, although a married woman could
No precedent has been cited, and we have found none, expressly holding that a wife might have the implied authority to emancipate a child during the absence of her husband. In the earlier stages of our jurisprudence it might have been a startling proposition that under any combination of- circumstances a wife, acting as agent, could grant such emancipation - without express authority given by the fathér. But in these days when the rights and powers of married women are so rapidly increasing, the proposition would create less surprise. In the present case the jury were instructed on this subject as follows:
“ ‘Emancipation’ is the act by which he who is not free, but is under the control of another, is set at liberty, and made his own master. In the case of a minor child emancipation is the release of the child from his duty to serve the parent. It is the setting free of the child frpm the care, custody, control, and service of the father. In this respect, acts of the plaintiff’s wife, if done by his direction or authority, and within the scope thereof, or if subsequently approved or ratified by him, are the acts of the plaintiff.”
Whether or not a wife is her husband’s agent is a question, of fact for the jury under proper instructions. This court has said:
“A wife may undoubtedly act as the agent of her husband and in that character transact his business, control his property, and make contracts in respect to- it which will bind him. This agency, its nature and extent, and whether it includes the particular contract, may, as in other cases, be inferred from a variety of circumstances. It is a question for the jury to determine from all the evidence whether the wife had authority to do the act or malee the contract in question, or whether her act, unauthorized at the time*449 of its performance, was- rendered valid by a subsequent ratification by the husband.” Savage v. Davis, 18 Wis. 608, 612, 613.
Undoubtedly cases have often arisen where the acts of a wife claimed to be acts of agency for her husband were so palpably beyond the scope of agency that they were so declared by the court. We are by no means holding that it is ordinarily within the scope of the implied agency of the wife to emancipate the children of the marriage. But we do consider that under the very peculiar and unusual facts of this case, including the facts relied on for ratification, it was proper to submit the question of emancipation to the-jury.
But defendant’s counsel do not rely merely on their, claim that the action of the mother when Alfred left home effected his emancipation. They claim that her action was ratified by the plaintiff. On his learning of the occurrence, the subject was discussed with his wife and he made no objection to what she had said and done , when Alfred left the home. Subsequently he made claim for two weeks wages by letter, but the testimony shows that neither then nor afterward did he make any claim for future earnings. Although he soon knew that a judgment had been rendered requiring defendant to deliver the checks for past earnings to Alfred, and although he knew for over three years that Alfred was receiving his eárnings from defendant and supporting himself, he made no objection to Alfred or defendant.
Although Alfred had friendly relations with his mother and other members of the family and often went with his friends to the house, the plaintiff conversed with the visitors but .ignored his son. He did not speak to him when they met on the streets. Plaintiff’s attitude toward his son is illustrated by the following extract from his cross-examination :
“Q. What did you do about it? A. I could not do anything. What could I do? The boy left home. What I should have done was to have taken a club and got him.
*450 "Q. Yes. That was the way you felt about it at the time; is that right? You thought he could be handled with a club, didn’t you ? A. He needed it.
“Q. And he has needed it ever since? A. And he has needed it ever since.
“Q. And you still feel the same way about it? A. No, he is beyond me now. He is of age.
“Q. He is twenty-one. Is that your son sitting in the middle of those three boys? A. Yes.
“Q. Have you spoken to him in the court room ? A. No.
“Q. Why not? A. He has to come to me and speak to me.
“Q. If he does not get down on his knees to you, you will never speak to him? A. No. He has hurt me too much.”
The jury doubtless believed this frame of mind existed when the two pay checks were delivered to Alfred and continued until the trial. They probably believed that this hostility and false and unnatural pride on the part of the father made it practically impossible that the former relations should be resumed; and that Alfred was expected to provide for himself. We cannot say that the jury were not justified in believing Alfred's testimony as to what occurred at the time of his leaving home and that plaintiff had acquiesced in and ratified his wife’s action.
Counsel for plaintiff argue that there was no evidence to sustain the finding of the jury that defendant in paying the wages to Alfred relied on the conduct of plaintiff. With this view we cannot agree. Plaintiff learned that defendant would not pay him the wages already due until the court determined whether they should be paid to him or to Alfred. On or about November 1, 1917, he knew that judgment had been rendered directing the pay checks to be delivered to Alfred. During the long period which ensued he knew that Alfred was working for defendant, being paid by defendant,- and supporting himself. He made no demand for payment to him except the one already referred to. It is not probable that defendant would have continued.
As early as the latter part of October, 1917, plaintiff sought legal advice. In common justice and fairness he was not justified in acquiescing by his silence until more than $3,500 had been paid his son and then demanding that it be paid again, although he had remained more than indifferent to his son and had' contributed nothing to his support. All these facts were before the jury and they doubtless came to the conclusion that by the combined conduct of plaintiff and his wife Alfred was emancipated; that the plaintiff had waived his right to the earnings, and that the conduct of the plaintiff was such that the defendant had the right to so conclude; and we cannot say that there was no credible evidence to support their verdict. All the facts relating to the emancipation were before the jury and it was a question of fact for them to decide. Grotjan v. Rice, 124 Wis. 253, 102 N. W. 551; Taubert v. Taubert, 103 Minn. 247, 114 N. W. 763; Bristor v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 128 Iowa, 479, 104 N. W. 487.
It is one of the assignments of error that the court improperly allowed Alfred to be interpleaded. It was alleged in the cross-complaint of defendant, among other things, that when the sums were paid to Alfred defendant believed that he had been emancipated and abandoned by plaintiff and that he had neglected and refused to provide for his son, and that if the plaintiff should prevail the sums so paid were due from Alfred. It is argued that the pleadings showed that the payments were made under, a mistake of law merely and hence were not recoverable by defendant. It is our view that on the theory of the cross7complaint the
Plaintiff’s counsel except to the admission of the testimony of several witnesses relating to statements made by Mrs. Patek bearing on the attitude of her husband toward Alfred. In view of the other testimony which shows so conclusively that attitude, we are satisfied that there was no prejudicial error in this respect.
Plaintiff’s counsel assign as error the refusal to give the following instruction:
"You áre instructed that the judgment said to have been obtained in the civil court of Milwaukee county at the suit of Alfred Patek. against the defendant Plankinton Packing Company was of no force and effect as determining the question of the father’s right to his son’s earnings, and is not binding upon the father.”
As bearing on the issue of emancipation and also on that of reliance by defendant on the conduct of plaintiff, the jury were instructed in substance that the judgment in the civil court did not bind plaintiff, but that in connection with all the other facts in the case it might be considered, provided they found that he knew of it and examined the record, and provided he knew that Alfred was being paid his wages regularly and that the plaintiff had made no further claim for the wages. Guarded as the charge was, we do not think there was any error in refusing the instruction requested.
We conclude that the judgment should be affirmed.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.
Rehearing
The appellant moved for a rehearing.
In support of the motion there was a brief by Charles E. Hammersley, attorney, and Plammersley, Barry & Torke, of counsel, all of Milwaukee, and in opposition thereto a
The motion was denied, with $25 costs, on February 6, 1923.
