Patee v. Adams

37 Kan. 133 | Kan. | 1887

The opinion of the court was delivered by

Johnston, J.:

There are really but two points in controversy between the parties in this case: one is, whether a person who purchases or otherwise obtains cattle that are diseased with Texas, splenic, or Spanish fever, and who drives or causes them to be driven through any county of the state, shall be held liable for all damages that may arise by the communication of disease from the cattle so driven, without regard to whether he knew or should have known that the cattle were diseased, or liable to communicate disease to the domestic cattle of the state. The other point involved is, whether the doctrine of contributory negligence is applicable to an action like the present one. The action was brought under the statute enacted for the protection of cattle against contagious diseases. (Laws of 1881, ch. 161; Laws of 1884, ch. 3.) The act of 1881, in section 1, provides:

“That no person or persons shall drive or cause to be driven into or through any county in this state, any cattle diseased with the disease known as Texas, splenic or Spanish fever. Any person violating any provision of this act shall on conviction be adjudged guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined not less than one hundred and not more than one thousand dollars, and be imprisoned in the county jail not less than thirty days and not more than one year.”

The act then provides how such cattle, or the cattle of any person violating the act, shall be restrained and disposed of. .In the sixth section it is provided that in the trial of persons charged with a violation of the act, proof that the cattle driven are wild, and of undomesticated habits, shall be taken as prima fade evidence that the cattle are diseased with the fever. Section 7 of the act is as follows:

“Any person or persons who shall drive or cause to be driven into or through any county in this state, any of the cattle mentioned in section 1 of this act, in violation of this act, shall be liable to the party injured for all damages that may arise from the communication of disease from the cattle so driven, to be recovered in civil action; and the party so injured shall have a lien upon the cattle so driven.”

1. Spanish fever; damages; defendants knowledge to be proved.

The act of 1884 is substantially the same as the act of 1881, so far as the civil liability provided for is concerned. It sets apart a portion of the state as quarantine ground, upon which Texas cattle, or cattle liable to communicate Texas, splenic or Spanish fever, may be permitted to range under the care of keepers; makes it a misdemeanor for any person to allow Texas cattle to go upon any grounds outside of the quarantine grounds, with penalties similar to those imposed by the act of 1881; and it further provides that such person “shall be held liable for all damages that may be done by said cattle, either by communicating disease, or in any other manner; and the person or persons so injured shall have a lien on the cattle so doing the damage.” In construing the acts upon which the alleged liability is founded, we are not aided by testimony of the nature of the disease, and of the peculiarities of the cattle against which this legislation is directed, as the record contains none of the evidence. We are of opinion, however, that the court took the correct view of the statutes in holding that no recovery could be had against the defendant where he acted in good faith, unless he had knowledge, or such facts existed as made him chargeable with knowledge that the cattle were diseased, or were of a kind liable to communicate the disease to the domestic cattle of the state. The statute does not in terms dispense with the necessity of averring and proving the knowledge of the defendant. The theory of the statute is that the liability arises upon the negligence of the party who drives, or causes to be driven the cattle that communicate the fever; and how can negligence be attributed to those who go into a market in the state and purchase such cat-tie, when they have no notice and no facts exist by which they would be chargeable with notice that the cattle had the fever, or were liable to communicate it? The rule of the common law in such cases is, that knowledge is indispensably necessary to a recovery. (Wade on Notice, 2d ed., 271; Chitty’s Pleading, 69; Vrooman v. Lawyer, 13 Johns. 339; Dearth v. Baker, 22 Wis. 73; Lyke v. Van Leuven, 4 Denio, 127.)

In construing statutes, it is well to keep in mind the rules of the common law; and in respect to this it has been well said that—

“Statutes are to be construed in reference to "the principles of the common law; for it is not to be presumed that the legislature intended to make any innovation upon the common law further than the case absolutely required. The law rather infers that the act did not intend to make any alteration other than what is specified, and besides, what has been plainly pronounced.” (Dwarris on Statutes, 185.)

Doubtless the legislature has the authority to dispense with the necessity of alleging and proving knowledge, but before a party who is without fault or without knowledge that his cattle can cause injury, can be held liable, the legislative design to create such liability should be “plainly pronounced.” An example of how slow the courts are to extend this rule is shown by a decision given in Wisconsin. In 1866 the legislature of that state provided that—

“The owner or keeper of any dog or dogs which shall have wounded, maimed, or killed any cattle, horses, sheep, or lambs, or injured any persons, shall be liable to the owner or legal possessor of such cattle, horses, sheep, or lambs, or to the person injured, in all damages so done by said dog or dogs, without proving notice to the owner or keeper of such dogs, or knowledge by him that his dog was mischievous or disposed to kill or worry sheep.”

Notwithstanding the general terms used in that statute in stating that for injuries done by dogs to persons, or to cattle, horses, sheep, or lambs, the owner should be held liable without notice, the supreme court, in an action brought under the statute for injury done to a person, remarked that it was strongly inclined to the opinion that the necessity of proving a scienter was still necessary in all actions except for killing or worrying sheep. (Kertschacke v. Ludwig, 28 Wis. 430. See also Auchmuty v. Ham, 1 Denio, 495.)

Then again it seems to us that a subsequent statute on this subject shows that it was never intended by the legislature to dispense with proof of knowledge in these cases. The legislation on this subject is for the protection of the domestic cattle of the state, and nearly all of the provisions made are very strongly in the interest of the owners of such cattle. Those who bring in diseased cattle, or cattle liable to communicate the Spanish fever, are made both criminally and civilly liable. To render the law easy of enforcement against such persons, it is provided that in any trial under the act, proof that the cattle are wild and of undomesticated habits is prima facie evidence that they are diseased. Then in 1885, the legislature, to still further relieve the plaintiff from the burdens imposed by the general rules of law, provided that where the cattle which communicated the disease were brought into the state —

“ From south of the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude, it shall be taken as prima facie evidence that such cattle were capable of communicating and liable to impart Texas, splenic or Spanish fever, within the meaning of the act, and that the owner or owners, or the person in charge of such cattle, had full knoioledge and notice thereof, at the time of the commission of the alleged offense.” (Laws of 1885, ch. 191, § 5.)

By this provision, the legislature recognized that proof of knowledge was and is necessary. It modified the general rule by making the facts stated prima facie proof of something which was deemed essential to a recovery. The plaintiff was thereby relieved to some extent from a burden which the legislature assumes rests upon him. There was no necessity for making this provision if the proof of knowledge was not required. We conclude that the interpretation placed upon the statute by the plaintiff in error is not sound, and that the true rule upon the question was stated by the district court.

2. Contributory negligence.

"With regard to the question of contributory negligence, we have no doubt that it enters into and may constitute a defense. The action is not for the recovery of a penalty, but to recover compensation for the willful negligence wrought by another. Penalties are prescribed in the criminal features of the statute, and certainly it was not intended that any others should be imposed. There is nothing in the statute indicating that the obligation of the defendant is absolute, or that the plaintiff can recover where the injury is the result of his own wrongdoing. “When the wrong of both parties contributes to the injury, the law declines to apportion the damages, and so leaves the injured party without any compensation.” (K. P. Rly. Co. v. Pointer, 14 Kas. 50.) If the plaintiff, as was alleged in the answer, willfully and negligently opened the gates of the inclosure, and turned her cattle in with those that were diseased, the injury was the direct result of her own negligence. What the facts were as developed on the trial we cannot know; and we can or do decide is, that the rule of contributory negligence is applicable in these actions, and that the instruction thereon was warranted under the pleadings in the case. (K. C. Ft. S. & G. Rld. Co. v. McHenry, 24 Kas. 501; Curry v. Railway Co., 43 Wis. 665; Railway Co. v. Methven, 21 Ohio St. 586; Keech v. Railroad Co., 17 Md. 32.)

We find no error in the record.

The judgment of the district court will be affirmed.

All the Justices concurring.