Opinion
In the underlying action, appellants Clayton D. (Clayton) and Traute I. (Traute) Paslay (collectively Paslay) asserted claims for breach of insurance contract, bad faith, and elder abuse against respondent State Farm General Insurance Company (State Farm), and requested an award of punitive damages. The trial court granted summary adjudication in State Farm’s favor on each claim and on the request for punitive damages. We conclude there are triable issues of fact regarding the claim for breach of insurance contract, but none regarding the other claims and the request for punitive damages. In the published portion of the opinion, we conclude that the bad faith claim fails under the genuine dispute doctrine, and that the evidence supporting the application of that doctrine precludes the existence of triable issues regarding the elder abuse claim. We therefore reverse the judgment solely with respect to the Paslays’ claim for
RELEVANT FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The following facts are not in dispute: In December 2010, the Paslays’ house in Pacihc Palisades was insured under a homeowners policy issued by State Farm. On December 17, 2010, during a period of heavy rain, a roof drain failed, causing water to enter the house’s master bedroom through the ceiling, and to damage other parts of the house. The Paslays reported the incident to State Farm, which arranged for them to live in a rented residence while their house was being repaired. At the end of October 2011, the Paslays resumed living in their house. State Farm made payments under the policy exceeding $248,000, including $122,770.98 for repairs to the house, but denied coverage for certain items, including work undertaken in the master bathroom, replacement of drywall ceilings, and installation of a new electrical panel.
In December 2012, the Paslays initiated the underlying action against State Farm. Their second amended complaint (SAC), hied January 15, 2014, contained claims for breach of an insurance contract and bad faith, alleging that State Farm had violated the policy in numerous ways, including refusing to pay for repairs to the master bathroom, refusing to pay for replacement of certain drywall ceilings and the electrical panel, and “[pjrematurely forcing [the Paslays] to move out of temporary rental housing.” The SAC also contained a claim by Traute for elder abuse (Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 15610.07, 15610.30) predicated on allegations that she was 80 years old when the house suffered water damage. In support of that claim, the SAC asserted that State Farm engaged in abuse by failing to pay policy benehts and forcing Traute to move back into the Paslays’ house while it was still under construction. The complaint sought compensatory and punitive damages.
In November 2014, State Farm sought summary judgment or adjudication regarding the SAC. State Farm requested summary adjudication on the claims for breach of an insurance contract and bad faith, arguing that there were no triable issues whether it had provided all policy benehts due the Paslays. State Farm also argued that the bad faith claim failed under the “ ‘genuine dispute’ ” doctrine for want of triable issues whether it acted unreasonably with respect to the Paslays’ claim. In view of the purported defects in the claims for breach of an insurance contract and bad faith, State Farm contended that summary adjudication was proper with respect to the claim for elder abuse and the Paslays’ request for punitive damages.
DISCUSSION
The Paslays contend the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on the basis of the motions for summary adjudication. For the reasons explained below, we agree that summary adjudication was improper with respect to the SAC’s claim for breach of insurance contract, but not with respect to the other claims and the request for punitive damages.
A. Standard of Review
“A summary adjudication motion is subject to the same rules and procedures as a summary judgment motion. Both are reviewed de novo. [Citations.]”
(Lunardi
v.
Great-West Life Assurance Co.
(1995)
Although we independently assess the grant of summary judgment, our inquiry is subject to two constraints. Under the summary judgment statute, we examine the evidence submitted in connection with the summary judgment motion, with the exception of evidence to which objections have been appropriately sustained.
(Mamou v. Trendwest Resorts, Inc.
(2008)
Furthermore, our review is governed by a fundamental principle of appellate procedure, namely, that “ ‘[a] judgment or order of the lower court is presumed correct,’ ” and thus, “ ‘error must be affirmatively shown.’ ”
(Denham
v.
Superior Court
(1970)
B. Policy Provisions
The Paslays contend there are triable issues whether State Farm paid the policy benefits relating to the repair of the house, focusing primarily on work performed in the master bathroom, abatement of asbestos on the house’s ceilings, and replacement of the electrical panel. In addition, they maintain there are triable issues regarding additional living expenses due under the policy. We begin by describing the policy provisions relevant to those contentions.
In “Section I—Losses Insured,” the policy provides under coverage A that State Farm insures “for accidental direct physical loss” to the pertinent dwelling, except as set forth in “Section I—Losses Not Insured.” An endorsement concerning coverage A further states that State Farm “will pay ... the reasonable and necessary cost to repair or replace with similar construction and for the same use on the premises ... the damaged part of the [covered] property
The policy sets forth two pertinent limitations under coverage A regarding (1) upgrades required by building ordinances or other laws and (2) mold-related costs. The endorsement described above states: “We will not pay increased costs resulting from enforcement of any ordinance or law regulating the construction, repair, or demolition of a building . . . , except as provided under Option OL—Building Ordinance or Law Coverage.” The endorsement
Also included in the policy is an endorsement relating to “any type or form of fungi, including mold . . . .” The endorsement provides, inter alia, that under Section I—Losses Not Insured, State Farm will not pay more than $5,000 “for all loss by fungus” to a dwelling subject to coverage A “caused by or directly resulting from” a covered “peril,” including “the cost of any testing or monitoring of . . . property to confirm the type, absence, presence or level of fungus.” 2
C. Underlying Proceedings
We next examine the parties’ showings, with special attention to the evidence bearing on the issues raised on appeal.
1. State Farm’s Evidence
In seeking summary adjudication on the Paslays’ claims, State Farm submitted evidence supporting the following version of the underlying events: On December 17, 2010, when rainwater leaked through the ceiling of the house’s master bedroom, Traute contacted Clayton, who was then in Texas. After reporting the loss to State Farm and arranging for temporary repairs, Clayton told State Farm that his general contractor would prepare a damage estimate. State Farm assigned a field adjuster to the claim and hired Andrew Gillespie, a general contractor, to assist with its investigation.
On January 11, 2011, the house was inspected by State Farm representatives and Clayton, together with Gillespie and the Paslays’ general contractor, Charlie MacDonald. State Farm gave the Paslays a $25,000 check as an advance regarding the loss. Gillespie and MacDonald estimated that the period potentially required for repairs would be six months, and discussed issues relating to asbestos abatement.
After the inspection, State Farm transferred the Paslays’ claim to a team managed by Donna Blazewich that processes long-term catastrophic claims. Blazewich assigned the claim to Radi Stewart, who conferred with Clayton regarding a six-month lease for a residence Clayton had found. To secure the lease, Stewart approved an $85,000 advance and engaged Klein & Company (Klein), a housing vendor. By January 17, 2011, Klein had arranged for a six-month lease beginning on January 20, at $9,000 per month, plus an $18,000 deposit. Klein issued an invoice for $73,657.50, which State Farm paid.
On January 21, 2011, while inspecting the house, Stewart saw that some wallpaper had separated from a master bathroom wall. During the inspection,
On February 9 and 10, 2011, an asbestos abatement subcontractor hired by MacDonald removed drywall ceilings throughout the house. Prior to that work, the Paslays submitted no estimate or proposal regarding asbestos abatement to State Farm for its review and approval. Upon discovering the removal, Stewart advised Clayton that State Farm would review the Paslays’ estimated asbestos abatement costs with Gillespie to determine whether they were reasonable.
In early March 2011, Gillespie learned that the only “upgrade” work to the house then required by the Los Angeles Department of Building and Safety was the installation of hard-wired smoke detectors. Shortly afterward, he estimated that the water damage repairs would cost $83,306.76, and that installation of smoke detectors would involve an additional expenditure of $4,200. Gillespie’s estimate included $6,815.40 to repair peeling wallpaper in the master bathroom, which was the only damage he had seen there.
In February and March 2011, the Paslays submitted a $262,234.70 repair estimate. Clayton, who had worked as an insurance adjuster but was not a licensed general contractor, was responsible for determining the proposed scope of repairs. 3 State Farm paid the Paslays $71,352.89 as an undisputed portion of the claim.
In mid-March 2011, the Paslays applied for—and later obtained—a building permit containing the following work description, “Completely remodel (E[xistingj) master bath.” Later, in April 2011, Clayton, Blazewich, and Stewart re-inspected the house, accompanied by MacDonald and Gillespie. The master bathroom had been reduced to its studs, and the shower entry reframed.
On May 9, 2011, State Farm informed the Paslays that it disputed coverage for the demolition and reconstruction of the master bathroom, the proposed new electrical panel, and the replacement of undamaged ceiling drywall. State Farm agreed to pay for certain other repairs. Gillespie increased his estimate by approximately $10,000 to reflect the approved repairs, and State Farm paid the Paslays an additional $10,062.90 for those items.
In late June 2011, the Paslays submitted a $349,589.27 repair estimate and some invoices. Based on the invoices, State Farm paid the Paslays an additional $4,414.55 for certain emergency work they had undertaken to protect the house. Later, State Farm also paid the Paslays’ claims for damage to personal property ($15,232.52, less $2,848.49 in depreciation), and moving expenses related to their rental housing ($9,535.51).
In July 2011, the Paslays’ initial six-month lease for their rental residence expired. Thereafter, State Farm authorized payment of their rent on a monthly basis.
On September 29, 2011, in a letter to the Paslays, State Farm set forth its coverage positions relating to the disputed scope-of-repair issues. Accompanying the letter was an additional $14,565.19 payment for other repairs that State Farm had determined were subject to coverage, and a $5,000 payment under the mold coverage provisions of the policy.
Although State Farm authorized payment of the Paslays’ rent through November 2011, the landlord rented the residence to a different tenant, effective October 31, 2011. At the end of October 2011, the Paslays moved back into their house. Traute testified that when they did so, the kitchen was effectively functional, a bedroom and bathroom were available for use, and the house had water, gas, and electricity. When asked whether the house was then livable, she stated, “ ‘Oh, you can live in it, yeah.’ ”
In November 2011, State Farm paid the Paslays $1,250 for the cleaning of the house’s air ducts. Later, in May 2012, State Farm made a final $540 payment for the installation of an emergency gas shut-off valve, bringing its
2. The Paslays’ Evidence
In opposing the motion for summary adjudication or judgment, the Paslays maintained there were triable issues regarding numerous aspects of State Farm’s conduct with respect to their claim. Our focus is on the admissible evidence they offered in an effort to raise triable issues relevant to their contentions on appeal. That showing relied primarily on declarations and deposition testimony from Clayton and MacDonald.
Regarding the work undertaken in the master bathroom, Clayton stated that based on his experience as an insurance adjuster, he was concerned that rainwater had infiltrated the master bathroom. On January 21, 2011, during an inspection of the house, he raised that possibility with Stewart in view of the peeling wallpaper in the master bathroom. Clayton’s declaration stated: “I never made a claim for mold in any part of the house, I just expressed my concern that if water had intruded into the walls of the master bathroom, the potential for the development of mold existed.” When Stewart described the $5,000 limit for mold coverage in the policy, Clayton repeated his concern, and explained that he was making no claim for mold.
According to Clayton and MacDonald, in mid-February 2011, they examined the master bathroom for hidden water damage, shortly before the Paslays were to leave for a trip overseas. After removing portions of the bathroom’s wall, they discovered substantial water damage. In exploring the extent of the damage, they removed cabinets, fixtures, and other parts of the bathroom. Clayton phoned Stewart, discovered that he was unavailable, and left a message requesting an immediate investigation of the water damage. Two days later, Stewart arrived at the house. By then, the wet debris had been removed from the master bathroom and discarded. According to Clayton, at some point, pictures of the wet debris were sent to Stewart. MacDonald stated that the work he performed in the bathroom “was done to repair the damage done by the water intrusion,” and Clayton stated that “[t]he cost of repairing the bathroom was in excess of $35,000.”
Regarding the removal of the asbestos-covered drywall ceilings, MacDonald stated that during State Farm’s initial inspection, he and Clayton pointed out water intrusion throughout the house, including the dining room, living room, office, and front bedroom, as well as around the fireplace. Clayton and
Regarding the replacement of the electrical panel, MacDonald stated: “During the repair work at the house, it was necessary for me to access the electrical panel ... to turn the electricity off and on. When my electrical contractor and I examined the electrical panel, we were concerned that it was hazardous. I had calculations made of the electrical load which the box needed to serve in the house. Those calculations showed that the box was overloaded beyond its 100 amp[] capacity. Further, the electrical panel appeared to be the original electrical panel installed when the house was built. Because of the amount of work being done in the house, the building code required that hazardous conditions in the house be corrected. [¶] . . . I discussed the issue . . . with [Clayton] and it was agreed the electrical panel should be replaced with a 200 amp[] box to abate the hazard.”
Regarding the provision of additional living expenses, Clayton stated: “In October[] 2011, we received a telephone call from the landlord’s real estate agent informing us that other agents wanted to show the [rented] house. We could not understand what was happening as our house was still under construction, the master bedroom and master bathroom not having been completed. There was no sink, toilet, shower or bathtub in the master bathroom. There were no carpets or floorings in the family room, office or guest bedroom either. [¶] . . . When the landlord’s real estate agent was showing the house, we were informed that the house was available for rent as of November 1, 2011. This was the hrst we heard that our lease was being terminated. [¶] . . . In mid October[] 2011, we received a letter from [Klein], State Farm’s agent, advising us we had to vacate the house by the end of October. . . . Accordingly, we were forced to move back into our house before construction was completed.”
D. Analysis
We conclude the trial court erred in granting summary adjudication with respect to the Paslays’ claim for breach of insurance contract, but not with respect to their bad faith and elder abuse claims and request for punitive
1. Breach of Insurance Contract *
2. Remaining Claims
In granting summary judgment in favor of State Farm, the trial court concluded that the Paslays’ claims failed for want of a triable issue regarding unpaid policy benefits, but identified an alternative basis for granting summary adjudication on the Paslays’ claims for bad faith, elder abuse, and punitive damages. The court stated that had it been required to address those claims, it would have granted summary adjudication on each in light of the “genuine dispute” doctrine. As explained below, we agree with that determination.
a. Bad Faith
To establish bad faith, the Paslays must demonstrate misconduct by State Farm more egregious than an incorrect denial of policy benefits. “The law implies in every contract, including insurance policies, a covenant of good faith and fair dealing.”
(Wilson
v.
21st Century Ins. Co.
(2007)
Under this standard, “an insurer denying or delaying the payment of policy benefits due to the existence of a genuine dispute with its insured as to
The genuine dispute doctrine “does not relieve an insurer of its obligation to thoroughly and fairly investigate, process and evaluate the insured’s claim. A genuine dispute exists only where the insurer’s position is maintained in good faith and on reasonable grounds.”
(Wilson, supra,
We conclude that the Paslays’ bad faith claim fails under the genuine dispute doctrine. The only triable issues relating to unpaid policy benefits concern the work in the master bathroom and the replacement of drywall ceilings. Regarding those benefits, the record discloses only a genuine dispute regarding the extent of the damage and required repairs. “Where the parties rely on expert opinions, even a substantial disparity in estimates for the scope and cost of repairs does not, by itself, suggest the insurer acted in bad faith.”
(Fraley, supra,
Here, the Paslays curtailed State Farm’s ability to investigate the damage in the master bathroom and to the ceilings, notwithstanding the policy
In mid-February 2011, before submitting any estimate regarding asbestos abatement, the Paslays removed the ceilings. At approximately the same time, Clayton and MacDonald examined the master bathroom for hidden water damage, and removed cabinets, fixtures, and other parts of the bathroom. Clayton phoned Stewart, learned that he was unavailable, and requested an immediate investigation of the newly discovered damage. By the time Stewart arrived at the house two days later, the debris from the master bathroom had been discarded. At some point, Stewart was sent photographs displaying piles of debris. Stewart subsequently informed the Paslays that the demolition of the bathroom “down to the framing” prior to any agreement on the scope of work was prejudicial to State Farm. 10
On this record, there are no triable issues regarding the adequacy of State Farm’s investigation, as the Paslays removed the damaged property before State Farm had an opportunity to conduct a full assessment of the Paslays’ proposals and contentions. The record shows only that State Farm did what it could to assess the claimed losses before denying them. In our view, even if those denials were mistaken, nothing suggests that State Farm acted in bad faith. Summary adjudication was therefore proper on the bad faith claim. 11
We next examine Traute’s claim for elder abuse. Under the Elder Abuse and Dependent Adult Civil Protection Act (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15600 et seq.), an elder is “any person residing in this state, 65 years or older.” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15610.27.) 12 Section 15610.30 broadly defines financial abuse of an elder as occurring when a person or entity “[t]akes, secretes, appropriates, obtains, or retains real or personal property of an elder” for “a wrongful use or with intent to defraud, or both,” as well as “by undue influence . . . ,” 13 (§ 15610.30, subd. (a)(1), (3).)
As there is no dispute that Traute was 80 years old when the rainwater leak damaged the house, the focus of our inquiry is on whether there are triable issues regarding the existence of financial abuse. 14 In view of our discussion regarding the Paslays’ breach of insurance contract and bad faith claims in the unpublished portion of the opinion and D.2.a. of the Discussion, ante, we see no evidence that State Farm retained policy benefits owed to Traute with an intent to defraud or by undue influence. The key question thus concerns the existence of triable issues regarding “a wrongful use” of policy benefits. For the reasons discussed below, we conclude the evidence below raised no such issues.
Subdivision (b) of section 15610.30 provides a person or entity is “deemed to have taken, secreted, appropriated, obtained, or retained property for a wrongful use if, among other things, the person or entity takes, secretes, appropriates, obtains, or retains possession of property and the person or entity knew or should have known that this conduct is likely to be harmful to the elder . . . adult.” The provision further specifies that a person or entity “takes, secretes, appropriates, obtains, or retains real or personal property when an elder or dependent adult is deprived of any property right, including by means of an agreement . . . .” (§ 15610.30, subd. (c).) Thus, a party may engage in elder abuse by misappropriating funds to which an elder is entitled under a contract. (See
Wood v. Jamison
(2008)
Traute’s elder abuse claim presents a question of statutory interpretation regarding the term “wrongful use.” As explained above, there are triable issues whether State Farm breached the insurance contract, but none whether State Farm acted in bad faith, in view of the genuine dispute doctrine. The issue thus presented is whether a merely incorrect denial of policy funds under the circumstances shown here may constitute a “wrongful use” of those funds, for purposes of an elder abuse claim.
We begin by observing that to establish a “wrongful use” of property to which an elder has a contract right, the elder must demonstrate a breach of the contract, or other improper conduct. In
Stebley
v.
Litton Loan Servicing, LLP
(2011)
Subdivision (b) of section 15610.30 imposes an additional requirement beyond the existence of improper conduct, namely, that “the person or entity
knew or should have known
that this conduct is likely to be harmful to the elder . . . adult.” (Italics added.) In statutes and other legal contexts, the italicized phrase ordinarily conveys a requirement for actual or constructive knowledge. (See, e.g.,
Castillo v. Toll Bros., Inc.
(2011)
Here, our focus is on the deprivation of property due an elder under a contract. In that context, the italicized phrase imposes a requirement in addition to the mere breach of the contract term relating to the property, as the existence of such a breach ordinarily does not hinge on the state of mind or objective reasonableness of the breaching party’s conduct. (See
Carma Developers (Cal.), Inc. v. Marathon Development California, Inc.
(1992)
The evidence before the court did not raise a triable issue whether those circumstances obtain here. As explained above, notwithstanding the existence of triable issues regarding policy benefits due the Paslays, there is no evidence that State Farm acted in subjective bad faith or unreasonably in denying additional benefits. Traute’s elder abuse claim thus fails in light of the evidence supporting the application of the genuine dispute doctrine to the Paslays’ bad faith claim.
Negrete
v.
Fidelity & Guaranty Life Ins. Co.
(C.D.Cal. 2006)
c. Punitive Damages *
DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed with respect to the claim in the SAC for breach of insurance contract, and affirmed with respect to the remaining claims and request for punitive damages. The matter is remanded for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion. The parties are to bear their own costs on appeal.
Notes
The endorsement provides in pertinent part: “When the dwelling covered under Coverage A—Dwelling is damaged by a Loss Insured we will also pay for: [¶] a. the cost to demolish and clear the site of the undamaged portions of the dwelling caused by the enforcement of a building, zoning or land use ordinance or law if the enforcement is directly caused by the same Loss Insured and the requirement is in effect at the time the Loss Insured occurs; and [¶] b. loss to the undamaged portion of the dwelling caused by enforcement of any ordinance or law if: [¶] (1) the enforcement is directly caused by the same Loss Insured; [¶] (2) the enforcement requires the demolition of portions of the same dwelling not damaged by the same Loss Insured; [¶] (3) the ordinance or law regulates the construction or repair' of the dwelling, or establishes zoning or land use requirements at the described premises; and [¶] (4) the ordinance or law is in force at the time of the occurrence of the same Loss Insured; or [¶] c. the legally required changes to the undamaged portion of the dwelling caused by the enforcement of a building, zoning or land use ordinance or law if the enforcement is directly caused by the same Loss Insured and the requirement is in effect at the time the Loss Insured occurs.”
The mold endorsement states that the $5,000 coverage limitation for “loss by fungus” applies to “loss to all insured property, including all costs or expenses for: [¶] a. any loss of use or delay in rebuilding, repairing or replacing covered property, including any associated cost or expense, due to interference at the described premises or location of the rebuilding, repair' or replacement of that property, by fungus; [¶] b. any remediation of fungus, including the cost or expense to: [¶] (1) remove or clean the fungus from covered property or to repair', restore or replace that property; [¶] (2) tear' out and replace any part of the building or the other property as needed to gain access to the fungus; [¶] (3) contain, treat, detoxify, neutralize or dispose of or in any way respond to or assess the effects of fungus; or [¶] (4) remove any property to protect it from the presence of or exposure to fungus; [¶] c. the cost of any testing or monitoring of air' or property to confirm the type, absence, presence or level of fungus, whether performed prior to, during or after removal, repair, restoration or replacement of covered property.”
The Paslays did not rely on MacDonald to identify the necessary repairs, even though the repair' estimate identified “MacDonald General Contractor” as the “[e]stimator.” MacDonald testified that he did not prepare the Paslays’ written estimates, although he discussed unit costs with Clayton.
State Farm submitted evidence that its total payments were approximately $267,000, although that sum included an $18,000 refundable security deposit for the Paslays’ rented residence.
See footnote, ante, page 639.
The Paslays suggest there are triable issues regarding the genuineness of the disputes concerning the master bathroom and the drywall ceilings. Regarding the master bathroom, they argue that Stewart’s invocation of the $5,000 mold coverage limitation contravened a State
In our view, the guide cannot reasonably be regarded as raising a triable issue regarding State Farm’s claims handling. The guide merely addresses investigations into the causes of mold—which was never found in the master bathroom—and does not discuss the mold coverage limitation.
Regarding the drywall ceilings, the Paslays contend State Farm improperly refused to pay for their' replacement because it paid for their removal. That contention fails in light of the record, which establishes the following undisputed facts: During the January 2011 inspections, the parties discussed issues relating to asbestos abatement. In February 2011, without submitting their' estimate for asbestos abatement to State Farm, the Paslays arranged for an asbestos abatement subcontractor to remove the pertinent ceilings. State Farm paid the subcontractor’s $5,630 fee as an item of the undisputed portion of the Paslays’ claim, but asked Gillespie to assess the Paslays’ claim for funds to replace the ceilings as “an expanded scope of work.” In July 2011, Gillespie informed State Farm (1) that his original estimate had adequately provided for any necessary repair's for water intrusion, and (2) that scraping asbestos from the drywall ceilings would have been a less costly method of abatement than removing the ceilings. As State Farm paid for repair's in accordance with Gillespie’s estimates and the asbestos abatement subcontractor’s $5,630 fee, the record establishes only a genuine dispute regarding whether the Paslays were entitled to additional funds to replace the drywall ceilings.
In a related contention, the Paslays suggest that State Farm failed to examine why they removed the ceilings. That contention is unsupported by the record, which discloses only that Gillespie considered the documents the Paslays later submitted in connection with the ceilings.
In a letter dated March 17, 2011, Stewart set forth the policy provisions regarding the Paslays’ duties after a loss, and stated: “Based on our inspection of February 18, 2011 [,] the master bathroom has been demolished down to the framing . . . . [¶] Since the property has been removed State Farm has been prejudiced by the removal of your property prior to any agreement . . . . ” Although State Farm raised the Paslays’ failure to provide an opportunity to inspect the alleged damage or supply estimates of the cost of repair's prior to dismantling the master bathroom and removing the ceilings, it did not assert as a separate ground for summary judgment that the Paslays had breached their' obligations under the insurance contract.
The Paslays suggest that State Farm engaged in bad faith because in August 2011, after the pertinent dispute arose. State Farm asked them to communicate with it through its counsel. We disagree, as there is no evidence that the request reflected any failure to “to thoroughly and fairly investigate, process and evaluate the [Paslays’] claim.”
(Wilson, supra,
All further statutory citations are to the Welfare and Institutions Code, unless otherwise indicated.
In this context, “ ‘[u]ndue influence’ consists: [¶] 1. In the use, by one in whom a confidence is reposed by another, or who holds a real or apparent authority over him, of such confidence or authority for the purpose of obtaining an unfair' advantage over him; [¶] 2. In taking an unfair advantage of another’s weakness of mind; or, [¶] 3. In taking a grossly oppressive and unfair' advantage of another’s necessities or distress.’ ”
(Bounds
v.
Superior Court
(2014)
The evidence otherwise establishes that Clayton was 60 years old at the time of that incident.
Our conclusion receives additional support from the legislative history of the current version of section 15610.30, the pertinent provisions of which were enacted in 2008. (Stats. 2008, ch. 475, § 1, pp. 3364—3365.) The previous version of the statute stated in pertinent part: “(b) A person or entity shall be deemed to have . . . retained property for a wrongful use if, among other things, the person or entity . . . retains possession of property in bad faith. [¶] (1) A person or entity shall be deemed to have acted in bad faith if the person or entity knew or should have known that the elder . . . had the right to have the property transferred or made readily available The legislative analyses accompanying the 2008 legislation reflect an intent to shift the proof required for “wrongful conduct” to “the defendant’s knowledge or presumed knowledge of the effect of the taking on the elder .... to which a reasonable person standard may be applied.” (Sen. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 1140 (2007-2008 Reg. Sess.) as amended Mar 10, 2008, p. 9 [discussing Sen. Bill No. 1140 (2007-2008 Reg. Sess.)]; Assem. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 1140 (2007-2008 Reg. Sess.) as amended June 2, 2008, p. 5 [discussing Sen. Bill No. 1140 (2007-2008 Reg. Sess.)].) In our view, the legislative history does not demonstrate an intent to deem mere breaches of contract actionable instances of elder abuse.
See footnote, ante, page 639.