138 Va. 764 | Va. | 1924
delivered the opinion of the court.
The accused has been convicted of murder in the first degree and sentenced to confinement for life in the State Penitentiary.
During the nation-wide strike of railway employees in 1922, he killed George R. Lewis, a native of Northampton county and a resident of Cape Charles, who was one of the strikers, under circumstances which naturally aroused a very strong local prejudice against him on account of his offense. He is here seeking a reversal of the judgment, and assigns a number of errors.
1. The first assignment of error is based upon the re
The motion is strongly supported, but matters ■of this sort must be generally referred to the discretion •of the trial judge, and this court will not interfere with "that discretion unless it has been clearly abused.
The rule is thus recently stated in Taylor v. Commonwealth, 122 Va. 889, 94 S. E. 795, 796: “This court has repeatedly held, and it is the established rule in Virginia, that the trial court must be allowed a wide discretion in deciding motions for change of venue, or for a jury from another county; and, moreover, that where the motion is based on the ground that an impartial jury •cannot be obtained in the county, the fact that an impartial jury has subsequently been secured therein is ■conclusive proof that the motion was without foundation.”
Applying this rule, we hold that this assignment is not well taken.
2. The basis of another assignment of error is the acceptance of Walter M. Hurt and Charles B. James on the panel of twenty held to be free from exception, from which the jurors were selected.
The cases on this subject in Virginia, as was said by Keith, P., in McCue v. Commonwealth, 103 Va. 988, 49
The record shows that several of the panel summoned were rejected by the trial court for reasons which seem to us no stronger than the reasons here assigned for rejection of the two just referred to.
This is the pertinent part of the examination of Hurt upon his voir dire:
“Q. Have you heard or read what purported to be a statement of the facts and circumstances attendant upon the homicide in question?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. Have you heard any such account from one who claimed to have been an eye witness to the killing?
“A. No, sir.
“Q. You have merely heard it and read of it as the average citizen has read the startling event that has occurred in your community?
“Á. Yes, sir; that is all.
“Q. From what you have read or heard with reference to the matter, have you formed or expressed, or do*771 you now entertain any opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the accused?
“A. Yes, sir; I have an opinion.
“Q. Mr. Hurt, would that opinion govern you or influence you in your deliberation if you were chosen on this jury?
“A. No, sir; not with different evidence.
“Q. That opinion would not influence you?
“A. No, sir; it would not.
“Q. Then you think if selected and sworn as a juror in this case, that you could try this case in utter disregard of any previous information or opinion of yours, and base your action solely upon the evidence, do you?
“A. Yes, sir; it is no reason why I shouldn’t.
“Q. Then that opinion is not such a fixed and substantial and determined one that would take evidence to remove?
“A. -No, sir.”
Upon cross-examination, this appears:
“Q. You say you have formed an opinion?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. Have you also expressed that opinion?
“A. I don’t think so.
“Q. Is that opinion fixed and abiding with you now?
“A. Yes, sir; under the evidence that I have heard.
“Q. Then you have a fixed and abiding opinion?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. If you were to go upon this jury you would carry to the jury box that opinion?
“A. I would carry it before new evidence.
“Q. You would carry that opinion in your mind just as it is now?
“A. Until I heard other evidence.
“Q. In other words, if you were taken upon this jury you would go upon the jury with that opinion in your mind?
*772 “A. Yes, sir.
“Q. And it would require evidence to change your opinion?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. Is it so fixed in your mind now that it would require testimony to remove that opinion from your -mind?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. So to the extent that you have that opinion you. would go upon the jury biased by evidence?
_ “A. Yes, sir.”
The talesman being then challenged, the court pursued the examination thus:
“Q. The court wishes, in your answers to these questions, to impress upon you that this is a serious and far-reaching matter of importance to you, to the Commonwealth and- to the prisoner. The court understood you, Mr. Juror, that the opinion you had formed and which you now entertain was hypothetical; in other words, it was based upon the alleged facts that you had heard?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. But that would in no wise interfere with you when you come to hear the actual evidence as to the-actual facts as detailed by the witnesses on the stand?'
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. Then do you feel, Mr. Hurt, that-notwithstanding the opinion you have formed — you say you have not. expressed it- — do you feel that notwithstanding that,, that you can enter upon this service as a juror in this-most important case and disregard the opinion you have formed, but let your deliberations and your actions-hinge and depend upon the evidence that you hear ou the stand?
“A. Yes, sir; I feel that I could.
*773 “Q. You feel that you could give the prisoner a fair and impartial trial, notwithstanding the opinion you have formed?
“A. Yes, sir.”
If this talesman, out of his own consciousness and appreciation of the inquiry, had said affirmatively that the opinion which he had previously formed was hypothetical, being only based upon alleged facts, and that it would in no wise interfere with him when he came to hear the evidence from the witnesses as to the actual facts, and that he felt, notwithstanding his opinion, that he could enter upon the service as a juror and disregard his previous opinion and let his deliberations depend upon the evidence heard in the court room, and that he felt he could give the prisoner a fair and impartial trial notwithstanding the opinion he had previously formed, then he would have been a competent juror. It is observed, however, that these qualifying facts did not emanate from him, but were suggested by the leading, argumentative and persuasive questions which were addressed to him. All that he did was to assent thereto. We will go far to sustain the trial judges in their effort to select impartical jurors, because their task is frequently difficult, and exceptions are frequently frivolous. Sometimes it is made more difficult than it'otherwise would be because the persons summoned desire to evade jury service. In such instances the conscience of the venireman should be probed, and if notwithstanding his previous expressions of opinion based upon common rumor, he is nevertheless fair and unprejudiced, he should be accepted as qualified. The true test, however, lies in the mental attitude of the proposed juror, and the proof that he is impartial and fair, should come from him and not be based on his mere assent to persuasive suggestions.
We do not mean to say that the selection of jurors such as these would in every case be held by us to constitute reversible error. As we have indicated, however, this was an unusual case, and the prisoner having shown the existence of strong local prejudice against him, with which both Hurt and James seemed to be familiar, there should have been a greater effort to secure jurors who were free from exception. Fourteen talesmen of the second venire had not been examined, and they presumably were in the court room. There is little reason to doubt that from these the necessary panel of twenty could have been easily secured.
3. Another exception is based upon the exclusion of certain testimony. The witness, Taylor, had testified that on July 1, 1922, he had overheard a conversation between the defendant, Charles W. Parsons, and the deceased, George R. Lewis, in which the latter had warned the defendant not to have anything to do with the railroad strike which had been inaugurated on that day. This question was then asked him: “Did you have any conversation thereafter with Mr. Parsons with reference to this conversation which Mr. Lewis had with him?” The prosecuting attorney objected to the question and any answer that might be made thereto, and the jury were excluded in order that the court might pass upon the objection. The'witness then answered “Yes” to the question, and then this fol'owed: “When and where was that conversation?
“A. It was the same day that the tragedy happéned, by Mr. Ernest Burton’s store door on Pine street.
“A. Yes, sir; I was on the wagon delivering ice.
“Q. What part of the day was it?
“A. Ten o’clock in the morning that I met Mr. Parsons, and I was asking him about renting a house of him, and as I left Mr. Parsons I turned around to him and I said: ‘George Lewis hasn’t beat you yet, has he?’ and he said: ‘No, but don’t you know I am afraid of that man, Tom.’
“Q. Did Mr. Parsons accompany that with any action of his head?
“A. Yes, sir; he pulled his hands over his eyes like that; it is a great habit of his; I have seen him do it a thousand times I am satisfied.”
The court then sustained the objection to this testimony and refused to allow it to go to the jury. This raises the most serious question, from a legal point of view, which appears in the record. It is one about which courts have disagreed. It is, however, universally held that when the prosecution is seeking to show malice on the part of the accused, any fact is admissible against him in evidence which tends to shed light upon the intention of a defendant charged with the commission of a crime for which he is upon trial, even though it may tend to prove a separate offense, and that in homicide cases the evidence of. the words, actions, conduct and general demeanor of the defendant before the killing, not too remote in time, may be the purpose of proving his malice, be freely introduced. This, of course, grows out of the fact that there are inherent difficulties in establishing the existence of a particular state of mind, or of treating mental operations. Because of this, when the fact is material, witnesses are frequently allowed to testify as to their own mental state or the mental state of another person. Of course, such testi
In order to show motive, a wider range of evidence is of necessity permitted than is allowed in support of other issues, because otherwise there would often be no means to discover or disclose secret designs or purposes, which frequently constitute the substance of the offense. 8 R. C. L., section 174, page 182; Hampton v. State, 7 Old. Cr. Rep. 291, 123 Pac. 571, 40 L. R. A. (N. S.) 43.
The underlying principle is thus stated in Commonwealth v. Abbott, 130 Mass. 472: “The existence of a criminal motive is an element which it is often necessary to establish in order to give character to the acts and conduct of a party charged with or suspected of crime. In such case, the conduct or declarations of a party, both before and after the principal fact in issue, are admissible, provided they are sufficiently near in point of time, and sufficiently significant.of the motive or intent to be proved. The rules which govern human conduct are to bé reasonably applied in these cases, as in all other investigations of fact. They are to be so applied in all cases where the inquiry is as to the mental or moral condition of a person at the time a particular act was done. The intent or disposition, when it constitutes an element of crime, can only be ascertained, as all moral questions are, from the acts and declarations of the party.”
In-that case the facts indicating the state of mind of the accused occurred several years before the homicide, and the evidence was excluded, but evidence of a similar character was held to be not too remote and therefore admissible in Commonwealth v. Trefethen, 157 Mass. 180, 31 N. E. 961, 24 L. R A. 235. It is there said that “when evidence of the declarations of a person is introduced solely for the purpose of showing what the state
In White v. State, 59 Fla. 53, 52 So. 805, this is held: “Where a homicide is shown, and an issue of self-defense is made, evidence of the accused is admissible as to the fact of a hostile meeting between the defendant and the deceased shortly before the fatal encounter, and also of a conversation indicating the apparent feeling of the parties towards each other when they separated, since such circumstances may tend to show the probable attitude of friendliness or hostility of each towards the other when the fatal meeting occurred.”
Since the statutes permitting persons charged with crime to testify, it seems to be held everywhere, except in Alabama, .that in prosecutions for crime, whenever the intent of the accused is relevant to the issue, or whenever his intent in doing the act charged becomes material, he may testify as to his own motive and intent. Of course such testimony is like most other testimony, not conclusive, but worthy of fair consideration by the jury. 2 Whart. Cr. Ev. (10th ed.) sec. 905.
It is difficult then .to perceive any sound reason for denying to an accused person the right to prove by other witnesses any similar favorable facts tending to show his motive or mental condition.
The precise question here involved was decided in Nelson v. State (Tex. Cr. App.), 58 S. W. 107. There the accused was being tried for murder, and offered to show that after a previous difficulty with the deceased he applied to have him placed under peace bonds, and later applied to the city marshal for protection, stating,
So also in Poole v. State, 45 Tex. Cr. Rep. 363, 76 S. W. 568. The evidence objected to by the State there was that the accused met the defendant at a saloon about an hour or two before the homicide; that he, with two others, was talking and drinking; that he was told by a witness that he had heard the deceased threaten him that morning; that directly afterwards they started down the street and the witness asked the accused if he was not coming too. In this connection the accused proposed to prove that he stated to this witness at the time that he did not want to get cooped up in one of those saloons by the deceased and his crowd. The objection to the testimony was upon the ground that it was self-serving, the court sustained it, and this was held to be error, the court in this connection saying: “While this was a declaration of defendant, it was anterior to the difficulty, and was a fact tending to show his then condition of mind and his apprehension of the ■difficulty with deceased. We believe that it should have gone to the jury for what it was worth, as tending to shed light on appellant’s frame of mind as to deceased at the time of the difficulty and killing, which occurred an hour or two thereafter.”
Another recent case is Commonw1ealth v. Principatti, 260 Pa. 587, 104 Atl. 53. The accused, who was charged with homicide, was there permitted to show alleged threats of the deceased to kill him, which were made nine days before the killing, in order to show his state of mind at the time of the homicide, and the opinion, quotes this from Commonwealth v. Colandro, 231 Pa. 343, 352, 80 Atl. 571, 574: “The dividing line between self-defense and this character of manslaughter (voluntary, brought about through the influence of a passion -of fear) seems to be the existence, as the moving force, of a reasonably founded belief of either imminent peril to life or great bodily harm, as distinguished from the influence of an uncontrollable fear or terror, conceivable as existing, but not reasonably justified by the immediate circumstances. If the circumstances are both adequate to raise and sufficient to justify a bélief in the necessity to take life in order to save one’s self from such danger, where the belief exists and is acted upon, the-homicide is excusable upon the theory of self-defense. * * * while, if the act is committed under the influence of an uncontrollable fear of death or great bodily-harm, caused by the circumstances, but without the-presence of all the ingredients necessary to excuse the act on the ground of self-defense, the killing is manslaughter.”
In Smithson v. State, 124 Tenn. 218, 224, 137 S. W. 487, 489, 36 L. R. A. (N. S.) 400, we find this: “We have searched this record carefully to find the motive for the conduct of the plaintiff in error. None is ap
This from the Answer of the Judges to the House of Lords, concerning Fox’s libel act, 31 Geo. III, ch. 60, 22 How. St. Trials, 300, is pertinent: “Your lordships’ fourth question is, ‘Is a witness produced before a jury in a trial as above, by the plaintiff, for the purpose of proving the criminal intentions of the writer, or by the defendant, to rebut the imputation, admissible to be heard as a competent witness in such trial before the jury?’, * "* * (Assuming that the criminal intent is material and allowable to be proved or denied at all, then) cases may be put where a witness is competent and admissible to prove the criminal intention, on the part of the prosecutor; and it may be stated as a general rule, that in all cases where a witness is competent and admissible to prove the criminal intention, a witness will also be competent to rebut the imputation.” While the cases are few, their logic is unanswerable. Wigmore, that master of the subject, adheres fully to this view. With trenchant phrase, apt illustration and sound reason, he thus expresses himself:
“To hold that every expression of hatred, malice, and hravado is to be received, while no expression of fear,*781 .good-will, friendship, or the like, can be considered, is to exhibit ourselves the victims of a narrow whimsicality, which might be expected in the tribunal of a Jeffreys, going down from London to Taunton with his list of intended victims already in his pocket, or on a bench '‘condemning to order,’ as Zola said of Dreyfus’ military .judges. But it was not to have been anticipated in a legal system which makes so showy a parade of the presumption of innocence and the rights of the accused. This question-begging fallacy about ‘making evidence for himself’ runs through much of the judicial treat-’ ment. There is no reason why a declaration of an existing state of mind, if it would be admissible against the accused, should not also be admissible in his favor, except so far as the circumstances indicate plainly a motive to deceive.” 3 Wigmore on Evidence (2d ed.), section 1732, page 714.
Applying these precedents to the ease in hand; it seems to us clear that the excluded evidence was competent. There is no indication that at the time of the alleged conversation there was danger of any such homicide, or that it was in mind. It does, however, tend to show the mental attitude of the accused and sustain his •claim that he was afraid of the deceased. Its truth and weight were to be determined by the jury, considered in connection with the other evidence in the ease showing the series of events which unfortunately followed this strike. Whether the leaders of the strike were directly responsible for the lawlessness and terrorism here shown is immaterial. The record discloses many occurranees showing a vindictive spirit, such as threats and breaches of the peace which tended to intimidate all who did not co-operate or sympathize with the strikers. While there is no evidence in the record to show .that the accused was in fact antagonistic to the strikers,
The killing with a pistol is proved. This, however, was not carried on his person, but was taken from his automobile close by just before it was used. The paramount question in the case is as to the degree of the homicide. The jury had to determine whether it was murder in the first degree — -that is, a wilful, deliberate and premeditated killing, or a homicide of lesser grade, committed under a reasonable fear of bodily harm, or under some sudden uncontrollable impulse produced by a paroxysm of fear, created by the circumstances upon which the accused relies for his defense. This being true, his mental attitude of fear, whether based upon sufficient or insufficient reason, is clearly material. The excluded evidence tended to show this state of mind. Our judgment is that it was manifestly pertinent and that its exclusion, upon the motion of the Commonwealth, constitutes reversible error.
4. The accused offered to prove that a placard containing this language, “The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan,” had been found on his office door prior to the homicide, which placard he also desired to offer in evidence. The court sustained the objection thereto and refused to admit it.
We think that if this placard had been posted at any time between the beginning of the strike, July 1, and August 16, the date of the homicide, the evidence would have been admissible. Inasmuch as the record does not show that the accused undertook to fix the date, its exclusion was technically correct. Before excluding it,
The organization referred to is by some believed to constitute an “invisible empire” of great power, organized for the purpose of enforcing their discipline upon all who differ with them in opinion, or whose conduct excites their criticism. Whether this opinion of those not admitted to the mysteries of the order be true or false, the sentiment exists, and many outrages have been attributed to those wearing its ghostly uniform. Whatever the purpose of the placard, the jury should have been given the opportunity to consider it, unless too remote in point of time.
5. Another objection arises out of these circumstances: The attorney for the Commonwealth was assisted in the prosecution by another attorney, and during his argument this assistant prosecutor referred to the fact that a widow of the deceased, George R. Lewis, and an infant child survived him and were in the court room, and stated that the jury-should bear this in mind when the counsel for the defendant should appeal to their sympathy in behalf of their client and his wife and children. Immediately thereupon the attorneys for the accused stated to the court that they regarded such remarks from one associated with the attorney for the Commonwealth as prejudicial to the defendant, and in
We cannot agree with the learned trial judge,, either that the remarks were not improper, or that he-should not have directed the jury to disregard them. Whatever liberties are permitted to counsel for persons who are guilty of crime, to appeal for mercy for their clients (though there is no evidence of any such appeal in this record), and to refer to those near and dear to-them who will vicariously suffer under such circumstances, the prosecutor has no corresponding liberty.. The Commonwealth does not rely either upon prejudice or sympathy for the enforcement of its laws. That every normal.human being does sympathize with the widow and children of the deceased is true, but this fact in no way assists in determining either the guilt or the innocence of the accused, and the attention of the jury charged with passing thereon should not be. thus distracted. The court should have corrected this inadvertence of the assistant prosecutor. Facts which cannot be proved because irrelevant can afford no proper basis for argument. 30 C. J. 177, section 400.
6. There is much criticism of the instructions given for the Commonwealth. While we do not mean to approve the precise language of all that were given,, we think it necessary to refer only to instruction No. 5,. which reads thus:
“The court instructs the jury that, if a killing is done with a deadly weapon, the provocation required by law to reduce the grade of homicide below murder must be great, involving personal violence to the accused or an intent to do him serious bodily harm manifested by some overt and hostile act on the part of the deceased,*785 or others, if any, cooperating with him at the time, such as would put the accused in reasonable fear of immediate danger to his life or of serious bodily harm; and that mere words, however insulting or irritating they may be by reason of their abusive, contemptuous, or indecent character, do not constitute in the law adequate provocation for such passion or heat of blood as will reduce an intentional homicide, or a voluntary killing-with a deadly weapon, below the grade of murder.”
In this State we distinguish between murder in the first degree and murder in the second degree, and while this instruction, by the use of the word “murder” doubtless intended to include both degrees of murder, it should not be assumed that the jurors, who had no legal training, would always bear this distinction in mind. If' construed to refer solely to murder in-the first degree, then the instruction is erroneous. If otherwise construed it is obscure. The evidence introduced by the-Commonwealth here (if the evidence for the accused is discredited) would certainly support a conviction of murder in the second degree or voluntary manslaughter, but this cannot be so confidently said of the conviction of murder in the first degree, which depends upon whether the homicide was wilful, deliberate and premeditated. We have no doubt that in the form given, as applied to the facts in this ease, this instruction was-misleading and therefore erroneous.
We do not feel that any good purpose would be served, by a further discussion of the instructions. While it may be difficult in particular cases to apply the law of' homicide because of- varying circumstances, we believe that it is sufficiently well settled to require little further-dissertation from the courts. This is an unusual case. The evidence introduced for the accused tended to show by a number of circumstances that he was in a state of
The rapid increase in criminal business and the growing inability of the courts to dispatch it suggests the need for greater expedition. We are told that in England the appellate court, when error is found, need not remand the case for a new trial, but is empowered •either to increase or decrease the sentence and dispose of the case finally. If such a power were accorded to this court it would not only tend to discourage appeals by the guilty when based upon mere errors of procedure, but would also afford a simple and expeditious method of correcting sentences which are either too light or too severe, and thus avoid the delay, expense and uncertainties of new trials. Such a change is worthy of consideration.
Reversed.