Appellant, Chandra Parkulo, is appealing 1 a final order of the Circuit Court of Cabell *165 County, West Virginia, granting summary judgment to the West Virginia Division of Corrections and the West Virginia Board of Probation and Parole, refusing to grant a motion for reconsideration of an earlier order dismissing the action on the motion of the West Virginia Board of Probation and Parole, and refusing to grant a motion by appellant to file an amended complaint, all for the reason that the trial court considered appellant’s civil action barred by the so-called “public duty doctrine” and considered that appellant did not meet the requirements of the so-called “special relationship” exception to that doctrine. After reviewing the record, we find that, on common-law principles, the Board of Probation and Parole may claim quasi-judicial immunity and the West Virginia Division of Corrections may claim the benefit of the public duty doctrine. However, we further find that there is insufficient evidence regarding whether the insurance applicable to this action, acquired by the State Board of Insurance (Risk and Insurance Management) of West Virginia, waived either or both of these defenses. Therefore, we reverse and remand for a determination as to whether the State’s insurance contract provides coverage notwithstanding the availability of these defenses.
FACTS
Late on the evening of February 9, 1992, as appellant was walking across the campus of Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia, she was hit and knocked to the ground by a vehicle being driven by Emmitt Dawson McCrary, Jr., a convicted criminal who had been released from prison. McCrary then struck appellant in the head with a blunt object and dragged her into the vehicle, which McCrary then drove from the scene. Following the abduction, McCrary repeatedly raped appellant, sexually assaulted her with a screwdriver, beat her, and eventually left her nude beside the roadway near the West Virginia-Kentueky state line. A passing motorist observed her, rescued her, and took her to the hospital, where she underwent treatment for the physical injuries she sustained. McCrary, later arrested in Boyd County, Kentucky, was tried for the crimes involving appellant and sentenced to prison. He subsequently died there. According to appellant, at the time McCrary committed the crimes involving appellant, he had been released from prison by the West Virginia Board of Probation and Parole and was then under parole supervision by the West Virginia Division of Corrections.
Appellant brought this action in January, 1994, naming as defendants the West Virginia Board of Probation and Parole (the “Board” or the “Parole Board”) 2 and the West Virginia Division of Corrections (“Corrections” or the “Division of Corrections”). 3 Appellant’s complaint sought recovery from the two public bodies, as entities, and did not seek recovery against their respective officers or employees. The complaint alleged that the Board, in granting McCrary parole, and the Division of Corrections, in supervising McCrary while he was on parole, violated their respective statutory duties, acted outside the scope of their respective official responsibilities, and, through their respective employees, acted negligently, in bad faith, and in a wanton and reckless manner. As a proximate result, the complaint alleged, appellant was injured, for which she sought damages. Appellant subsequently served a motion to amend the complaint, but the record does not reflect the proposed amendments.
On March 1,1994, the Parole Board filed a motion to dismiss, assigning multiple grounds. It appears that the motion was *166 treated as a motion under Rule 12(b)(6) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure. The Parole Board asserted that it was immune from suit because its function in granting or denying parole is judicial or quasi-judicial in nature and asserted that the employees of the Board were acting in the scope of their authority. On March 10, 1994, the Division of Corrections served its answer, which, in addition to denying substantive allegations of the complaint, raised several affirmative defenses, including the doctrine of sovereign immunity, the doctrine of qualified immunity, the doctrine of quasi-judicial immunity, lack of duty owed to the plaintiff, and lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
By letter of February 1, 1996, the circuit judge advised counsel of his decision on the Parole Board’s motion to dismiss. The body of the opinion letter reads as follows:
I am of the opinion to grant the defendant’s Motion to Dismiss the plaintiffs complaint. I am of the opinion that the act of granting parole is a judicial or quasi-judicial function and that there is absolute immunity from liability as to each of these defendants. Counsel for the defendants is to prepare an Order reflecting the Court’s decision. Such Order should reflect the plaintiffs objection to the Court’s ruling in this matter. (Emphasis added.)
The consequent order granting the Parole Board’s motion to dismiss was entered on April 12,1995. The order stated, in relevant part:
On the 21st day of June, 1994, came the parties by counsel, for hearing on the Motion to Dismiss heretofore filed by defendants and the responses and briefs filed by the parties [sic] is of the opinion to grant said Motion to Dismiss on the ground of immunity, judicial or quasi-judicial, which is more fully set forth in the Court’s letter opinion of February 1,1995, which is incorporated herein and attached as an exhibit to this Order.
It is therefore, ORDERED that the Motion to Dismiss be granted with prejudice on the grounds of immunity alleged therein and that this case be dismissed from the docket of this Court. (Emphasis added.)
On Monday, April 24, 1995, appellant served a motion asking the trial court to reconsider its order of dismissal. Appellant complained that the order dismissed the Division of Corrections even though Corrections had not moved for dismissal and that the trial court’s grounds for dismissing the case had not been adequately articulated. Thereafter, on August 14, 1995, the Division of Corrections filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that, pursuant to the public duty doctrine, Corrections had no duty to protect appellant. After the hearing, the trial court, by order entered September 15, 1995, denied appellant’s motion for reconsideration, denied appellant’s earlier motion to amend her complaint, and granted the motion of the Division of Corrections for summary judgment, stating:
I am of the opinion that her [appellant’s] cause of action against the defendants must be dismissed as a matter of law. The plaintiff does not meet the requirements of the “special relationship exception.” Her claims are barred by the Public Duty Doctrine. There was no duty owed by either of the defendants to this particular plaintiff and, therefore, no breach of such duty occurred. (Emphasis added.)
It is from this order of Septembеr 15, 1995, that appellant appeals. 4
*167 STANDARD FOR REVIEW
It appears that after the hearing on appellant’s motion to reconsider the order entered April 12, 1995, on her motion to file an amended complaint, and on the Division of Corrections’ motion for summary judgment, the trial court’s order of September 15, 1995, can best be characterized as a grant of summary judgment as to both the Board of Probation and Parole and the Division of Corrections. Accordingly, our standard for review is
de novo.
“ A circuit court’s entry of summary judgment is reviewed
de novo.’
Syllabus point 1,
Painter v. Peavy,
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Appellant, Chandra K. Parkulo, assigns two errors. She contends that the lower court erred in finding that appellee Parole Board enjoys judicial immunity. She also asserts that the lower court erred in finding that recovery may not be had against appel-lee Division of Corrections by reason of the so-called “public duty doctrine.” These assignments raise two distinct legal concepts on which appellees and their insurer or insurers successfully based their defense below:
(1) That the Appellees, as instruments of the State, are entitled to claim some form of governmental immunity arising from the common law independently of the sovereign immunity granted the State by our Constitution, and
(2) That the Appellant can not maintain an action in negligence for any breach of Appellees’ duties to enforce regulаtory and penal statutes, because such duty is owed to the public generally and not to a particular person harmed by any such breach.
CONSTITUTIONAL IMMUNITY AND THE LIMITED STATUTORY BASIS OF ANY LIABILITY.
We begin our discussion by reviewing the limited statutory basis for the exercise of jurisdiction by the courts of this State over any claim against that State and its agencies. Article VI, § 35 of the West Virginia Constitution grants immunity from claims against the State. That section states, in part: “The State of West Virginia shall never be made defendant in any court of law or equity[.]” As noted above, appellees, the Parole Board and the Division of Corrections, defendants below, are instrumentalities of the State. 5 *168 This Court has long held that Article VI, § 35 of the State Constitution grants sovereign immunity to the State and that the agencies and instrumentalities of the State are entitled to the benefit of that immunity. 6 Accordingly, under the traditional view, the claims giving rise to this appeal may not be prosecuted in the courts by reason of the sovereign immunity of the State. Under that view, the remedy available to appellant, if any, would be to seek a recognition by the Legislature of her claim as a moral obligation of the State pursuant to W.Va.Code § 14-2-1, et seq., or W.Va.Code § 14-2A-1, et seq., and the procedures employed prior to the enactment of those articles of the Code.
However, in addition to providing a method of redressing claims against the State as moral obligations of the State, the Legislature has also authorized the purchase of liability insurance providing coverage of State “property, activities and responsibilities”, in spite of the fact that the State was and is immune from suit in the law courts of the State.
See
Ch. 96, Acts of the Legislature, 1957, and W.Va.Code § 29-12-5, as thereafter amended and reenacted. In
Pittsburgh Elevator v. W.Va. Board of Regents,
W.Va.Code, 29-12-5(a) (1986), provides an exception for the State’s constitutional immunity found in Section 35 of Article VI of the West Virginia Constitution. It requires the State Board of Risk and Insurance Management to purchase or contract for insurance and requires that such insurance policy “shall provide that the insurеr shall be barred and estopped from relying upon the constitutional immunity of the State of West Virginia against claims or suits.”
We reiterated this position in
State ex rel. W.Va. Dept. of Transportation, Highways Division v. Madden,
*169 The statutory provision applicable to this action, authorizing the purchase of such liability insurance by the State, W.Va.Code § 29-12-5(a) (1986), 7 provided as follows:
The board [of risk and insurance management] shall have general supervision and control over the insurance of all state property, activities and responsibilities, including the acquisition and cancellation thereof; determination of amount and kind of coverage, including, but not limited to, deductible forms of insurance coverage, inspections or examinations relating thereto, reinsurance, and any and all matters, factors and considerations entering into negotiations for advantageous rates on and coverage of all such state property, activities and responsibilities. Any policy of insurance purchased or contracted for by the board shall provide that the insurer shall be barred and estopped from relying upon the constitutional immunity of the state of West Virginia against claims or suits; Provided, That nothing hеrein shall bar the insurer of political subdivisions from relying upon any statutory immunity granted such political subdivisions against claims or suits .... [The board] shall endeavor to secure the maximum protection against loss, damage or liability to state property and on account of state activities and responsibilities by proper and adequate insurance coverage through the introduction and employment of sound and accepted methods of protection and principles of insurance .... (Emphasis added.) 8
Accordingly, it appears that, notwithstanding the sovereign immunity of the State, appellant is entitled to maintain an action against the Parole Board and the Division of Corrections seeking recovery under and up to the limits of the State’s liability insurance coverage, for loss or damage on account of State activities and responsibilities, provided that the State Board of Insurance (Risk and Insurance Management) has acquired that “kind of coverage,” which would afford recovery under the circumstances of this case. In attempting to determine whether appellees in the present proceeding are insured with respect to the State activities and responsibilities which are the subject of this action, we have examined the record before us, including the complaint and the motion for an amended complaint, and the State register of regulations. Unfortunately, the recоrd before us is silent regarding, and we find no applicable regulations which speak to, the scope of coverage or the contractual exceptions to that coverage. In short, we cannot determine, on the record before us, whether appellant’s action is or is not within the exception to the constitutional sovereign immunity of the State sanctioned by our ruling set forth in syllabus point 1 of Eggleston, supra.
We are advised by the representations of counsel during oral argument that some specie of insurance coverage indeed exists relating to the Parole Board and the Division of Corrections. Reluctantly, we will proceed to analyze the errors assigned by the parties on the premise that nothing contained in the applicable policy or policies expressly addresses the issues appealed. We recall and emphasize here that Pittsburgh Elevator approved only those suits against the State which “allege that recovery is sought under and up to the limits of the State’s liability insurance coverage,” acquired under the authority of W.Va.Code § 29-12-5. We emphasize that in actions such as the one before us, the pleadings should state that qualification, limiting the relief sought to the coverage actually provided by the applicable insurance policies. Ideally, the text of the applicable insurance coverages afforded, including any applicable contractual exceptions or limitations contained in the policies, should be included in the record at an early stage of the proceedings so that the trial court can readily determine whether, and to what ex *170 tent, claims and causes of action pleaded are made subject to litigation in the courts by reason of W.Va.Code § 29-12-5 and the applicable insurance policy or policies. In the future, this Court will not review suits against the State brought under the authority of W.Va.Code § 29-12-5 unless it is alleged that the recovery sought is limited to the applicable insurance coverage and the scope of the coverage and its exceptions are apparent from the record. Upon remand of this action, if it is to proceed, appellant should be permitted to promptly amend her pleadings to include the necessary allegation limiting the relief sought to the insurance coverage and appellees should promptly provide the applicable coverage terms and contractual exceptions.
RECONCILING THE CONCEPTS OF COMMON LAW GOVERNMENTAL IMMUNITIES, THE PUBLIC DUTY DOCTRINE, AND THE INSURANCE EXCEPTION TO CONSTITUTIONAL IMMUNITY
As noted above, appellees successfully relied below on claims of governmental immunity arising from the common law independently of the sovereign immunity of the State. Specifically, the Parole Board asserted there, and asserts here, that it was clothed with quasi-judicial immunity. Appellant argues here that any judicial or quasi-judicial immunity founded on the common law protects only against the personal liability of the public official entitled to the immunity. Appellant also argues that, in any event, such common-law immunities as may apply protect only local governments, not the State government. The essence of appellant’s position, as we discern it, is that, given the direction of W.Va.Code § 29-12-5 for the State to purchase liability insurance on “all state ... activities and responsibilities,” any judicial or quasi-judicial immunities found in the common law do not inure to the benefit of the State (at least to the extent of its insurance coverage).
We must now determine whether the State and its insurers may claim the benefit of immunities found in the common law in a W.Va.Code § 29-12-5 action where the applicable insurance contract is silent on the issue. We recognize that the task we face puts us on a “slippery slope.” On the one hand, the Legislature has enacted W.Va. Code § 29-12-5 to provide some level of redress in the courts to those allegеdly injured by the actions of the State, limited to the insurance coverages thus made available. While the statute expressly authorizes local governments (political subdivisions) to claim the benefit of “statutory immunities” and expressly prohibits the assertion of constitutional immunity, it is silent on common-law immunities. Moreover, the obvious intent of the statute to provide some redress in the courts for those injured by State action could be totally or substantially defeated by an overbroad extension of common-law immunities to all State agency “activities and responsibilities.” Further, the State Board of Insurance (Risk and Insurance Management) is clearly clothed with the authority to tailor the coverages and exceptions to those deemed necessary to the protection of the State and those wishing to assert a claim against it.
In light of those considerations, it may be argued that this Court should not reduce by judicial construction the protections it appears that the statute and the resulting insurance provide. In short, it is deceptively inviting to conclude that no common-law immunities apply which are not expressly set out in the State’s insurance policies, and that a private action should therefore lie for the breach of any duty by any agency or instrumentality of the State. Under that analysis, in the absence of immunities and other defenses unique to the status of a prospective defendant as an instrument of government, a private suit might lie against the Legislature — if not legislators — -for any number of real or imagined deficiencies in legislation, appropriations, or other actions, or against the courts — if not the judges and other quasi-judicial officers — for any negligence alleged in the judicial processes and against a variety of public offices, agencies, or instru-mentalities, so long as the alleged wrong is covered by insurance and not expressly excluded by the terms of the policy or policies.
*171
Our consideration of this dilemma has prompted a review of the leading cases in this State relating to governmental immunity. We have a paucity of cases applying or considering common-law immunities of the State or its instrumentalities, as entities, because the State has long enjoyed constitutional immunity against suit. To be sure, we have some jurisprudence dealing with the personal liability of State officers for alleged negligence in the performance of official duties, but relatively little law dealing with actions against the entities and public offices comprising the State government However, we have a considerable jurisprudence involving the common-law immunities of local governments, especially since the landmark case of
Long v. The City of Weirton,
In 1974, in
Higginbotham v. City of Charleston,
A short time later, in
Long v. City of Weirton,
The opinion traced the history of the rule of municipal governmental immunity, demonstrating that although the rule had been said to have arisen from the common law, it had not in fact been adopted by the Commonwealth of Virginia until 1867, after the creation of this State. The Court concluded that, notwithstanding some West Virginia eases that appeared to apply common-law governmental immunity to municipalities, thе rule previously recognized was not a part of the common law of Virginia at the time of the creation of this State. Therefore, the Court concluded, this Court shared with the Legislature the power to modify our prior holdings on municipal governmental immunity. Commenting that
Higginbotham
effectively overruled prior cases treating the State’s constitutional immunity as delegated to the cities, the Court strongly disapproved and abolished the prior distinction permitting actions against cities for “proprietary” functions but prohibiting such actions for “governmental” functions. Two facets of the opinion are particularly noteworthy for our current purposes: (1) The determination that municipal governmental immunity was subject either to
*172
judicial or legislative modification, and (2) the holding that cities might be subject to suit “as if a private person.”
Long,
The thrust of
Long
was applied to suits against other organs of local government in succeeding opinions by this Court. In
Ohio Valley Contractors v. The Board of Education of Wetzel County,
Notwithstanding the apparent total abolition of the doctrine of governmental immunity for local governmental units in West Virginia, this Court has limited the effect of that ruling by invoking the so-called “public duty doctrine.”
Benson v. Kutsch,
We recognize that the “public duty doctrine” does not rest squarely on the principle of governmental immunity, but rests on the principle that recovery may be had for negligence only if a duty has been breached which was owed to the particular person seeking recovery. Nevertheless, Benson and subsequent cases applying the “public duty doctrine” may be fairly seen as narrowing the holdings of Long, Ohio Valley Contractors, Inc., and Gooden that local governments would be subject to suit “as if a private person” and “just as a private citizen.” The linchpin of the “public duty doctrine” is that some governmental acts create duties owed to the public as a whole and not to the particular private person or private citizen who may be harmed by such acts. Therefore, the nature of the defendant as a governmental entity is invoked, which operates to distinguish the defendant from “a private person” or a “private citizen.”
In Benson, the Court also discussed the “special relationship” exception to the public duty doctrine. The Court determined that no “special relationship” existed under the facts of the ease, although it discussed, without overtly adopting, factors other courts had considered in determining whether a “special relationship” existed. In keeping with the position advanced by appellant in the case sub judice, the thrust of the exception as recognized in Benson is that, given certain circumstances, courts may find that *173 such a “special relationship” has been created between the public body and a particular private citizen so that the public body may be said to owe a duty to that particular private person, in addition to and apart from any duty owed the public in general. In short, utilizing the principle of negligence law that one may only recover for the breach of a duty owed that person, the Court adopted a doctrine which provided the functional equivalent of governmental immunity for local governmental units, absent the circumstances necessary to create a “special relationship.” In place of the traditional inquiry as to whether the conduct alleged in a given law suit against a local government was “governmental” or “proprietary,” the inquiry after Benson appears to be whether the circumstances create a “special relationship” between the local governmental unit and the plaintiff.
The public duty doctrine was developed further in
Wolfe v. City of Wheeling,
In
Wolfe,
a four-point test for the existence of a “special relationship” was adopted: “(1) [A]n assumption by the local governmental entity, through promises or actions, of an affirmative duty to act on behalf of the party who was injured; (2) knowledge on the part of the local governmental entity's agents that inaction could lead to harm; (3) some form of direct contact between the local governmental entity’s agents and the injured party; and (4) that party’s justifiable reliance on the local governmental entity’s affirmative undertaking.” Syl. pt. 2, in part,
Id.
In syllabus point 3 of
Wolfe,
the Court held expressly that the applicability of the special relationship exception to the public duty doctrine would often be a question of fact. Finally, the Court recited that the doctrine and its exception applied to suits involving “non-discretionary” functions of city government. The Court did not discuss in detail its perceived distinction between “non-discretionary” and “discretionary” functions but did note, in keeping with the line of authority begun by
Higginbotham,
that the liability of city governments might also be predicated on “a distinctive statutory duty,” in addition to those arising from “non-discretionary” governmental functions.
Wolfe,
Finally, we turn to a highly instructive opinion rendered by Justice McHugh in
Randall v. Fairmont City Police Department,
In Randall, the Court restricted the public duty doctrine to “liability for nondiscretion-ary (or ‘ministerial’ or ‘operational’) functions” and noted that at common law, a local governmental agency was immune from tort liability for acts or omissions constituting the exercise of a “discretionary” function. In its note, 9 the Court defined a “discretionary” function as “the exercise of a legislative or judicial function or the exercise of an administrative function involving the determination of fundamental governmental policy,” citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 895C(2)(a)-(b) (1977). The Court’s note further suggests that W.Va.Code § 29-12A-5(a)(l)-(2), (4) (1986), the Local Governmental Tort Claims and Insurance Reform Act, incorporated the common-law rule granting local governments immunity with respect to “[l]eg-islative and quasi-legislative functions, judicial, quasi-judicial and prosecutorial functions” and the “adoption or failure to adopt a law ... rule, regulation or written policy.” 10 Finally, the Court characterized the Local Governmental Tort Claims and Insurance Reform Act as an appropriate legislative reaction to the abolition by this Court of the doctrine of municipal, county, and other political subdivision governmental immunity, as reflected by Long and its progeny.
By drawing the distinction that the immunity provided by W.Va.Code § 29-12A-5(a)(1) — (2),(4), with respect to “[ljegislative or quasi-legislative functions,” “[¿judicial, quasi-judiciаl or prosecutorial functions” and the “[ajdoption or failure to adopt a law ... rule, regulation or written policy,” incorporates the rule of common-law immunity while the “immunities” granted by W.Va.Code § 29-12A-5(a)(5), relating to fire and police protection, are subject to the public duty doctrine and its exception for a “special relationship,” the opinion mirrors the two legal concepts at issue in the case before us and strongly suggests that the protection afforded local governments for legislative, judicial, and administrative policy-making functions, defined by the opinion as “discretionary,” differs in character and scope from the protection afforded other functions of the local governments. The obvious implication is that the former protection, grounded in the law of immunities, protects the local government entity as well as its officers, while the latter ones, grounded in the public duty doctrine, achieve a like result by way of the law of negligence, with an exception for “special relationships” which would not be available were the protection actually an immunity.
Perhaps the leading case relating to the common-law immunities available at the State level, as opposed to the local government level, is
State v. Chase Securities, Inc.,
A public executive official who is acting within the scope of his authority and is not covered by the provisions of W.Va.Code, 29-12A-1, et seq., is entitled to qualified immunity from personal liability for official acts if the involved conduct did not violate clearly established laws of which a reasonable official would have known. There is no immunity for an executive official whose acts are fraudulent, malicious, or otherwise oppressive. To the extent that State ex rel. Boone National Bank of Madison v. *175 Manns,126 W.Va. 643 ,29 S.E.2d 621 (1944), is contrary, it is overruled.
Id.
at syl. pt. 1,
Chase
describes a “qualified immunity for executive officials, which is to be distinguished from the absolute immunity conferred on judges and legislators” and defines that immunity as an affirmative defense which must be pleaded by the official.
Chase,
We also spoke to qualified or official immunity in
Clark v. Dunn,
Finally, we note that this Court has recently discussed judicial immunity in two cases. In
Carey v. Dostert,
With this review of cases against the backdrop of the State’s constitutional immunity from suit and the legislative prescription for liability insurance relating to the State’s activities and responsibilities, we seek now to achieve a reasoned statement of the current posture of common-law immunities and the public duty doctrine as it applies to case before us.
First, we reiterate that “suits which seek no recovery from state funds, but rather allege that recovery is sought under and up to the limits of the State’s liability insurance coverage, fall outside the traditional constitutional bar to suits against the State.” Syl. pt. 2,
Pittsburgh Elevator v. W.Va. Board of Regents,
Second, we note that the Legislature may direct such limitation or expansion of the insurance coverages and exceptions applicable to cases brought under W.Va.Code § 29-12-5, as, in its wisdom, may be appropriate. The Legislature has also vested in the State Board of Insurance (Risk and Insurance Management) considerable latitude to fix the scope of coverage and contractual exceptions to that coverage by regulation or by negotiation of the terms of particular applicable insurance policies. In our attempt *176 to resolve the issues presented by this case, we are sensitive to the general rule of construction favoring liability, not immunity, in governmental tort legislation eases, cited above. 11
Third, absent other legislative direction or express insurance contract provisions, we will apply to the issue of the State’s liability in W.Va.Code § 29-12-5 cases the immunities and defenses that have been sanctioned in analogous governmental tort cases, including cases involving the immunity of local governments not entitled to the sovereign immunity of the State, with careful sensitivity to the limitations on such cases that have been judicially developed or are reasonably implied by that development.
Fourth, if the terms of the applicable insurance coverage and contractual exceptions thereto acquired under W.Va.Code § 29-12-5 expressly grant the State greater or lesser immunities or defenses than those found in the case law, the insurance contract should be applied according to its terms and the parties to any suit should have the benefit of the terms of the insurance contract.
Fifth, we hold that, unless the applicable insurance policy otherwise expressly provides, a State agency or instrumentality, as an entity, is immune under common-law principles from tort liability in W.Va.Code § 29-12-5 actions for acts or omissions in “the exercise of a legislative or judicial function and in the exercise of an administrative function involving the determination of fundamental governmental policy.”
Restatement (Second) of Torts
§ 895C(2)(a)-(b) (1977);
Randall v. Fairmont City Police Department,
We are mindful of the comments in
Chase
that the immunity provided for exeeu-tive officials is a personal, qualified one “to be distinguished from the absolute immunity conferred on judges and legislators” аnd that such immunity is an affirmative defense which must be pleaded by the official.
Chase,
Sixth, we recognize that the scope of “qualified immunity,” as it applies to public executive officials’ personal liability, or how it may extend to protect the State against suit in contexts other than legislative, judicial, or executive policy-making settings, requires more detailed analysis. In certain circumstances, the qualified immunity of public executive officials for wrongful acts or omissions within the scope of their authority should extend to protect the State governmental entity for which such officials function from liability under W.Va.Code § 29-12-5 (1996). Similarly, occasions will arise where the government should be liable when the public executive official is not, and, conversely, on occasion the State will remain free from liability under one theory or another, when the public executive official will be held hable despite qualified immunity. The comment accompanying the Restatement (Second) of Torts 2d § 895D, cmt. j, in part (1979), discusses the issue as follows:
As a general rule, the immunity of a public officer is coterminous with that of his government. But this is not necessarily true. If the officer intentionally inflicts an injury or acts completely outside his authority, *177 his government is not liable in many jurisdictions. The government is normally not liable for punitive damages, even though the officer’s conduct would make him liable for them. Conversely, duties or obligations may be placed on the government that are not imposed on the officer, and statutes sometime make the government liable when its employees are immune.
Beyond this, the tests for imposing liability may differ. When general tort immunity of a government has been abrogated, whether by court or legislature, this has not necessarily meant a corresponding change in the officer’s liability. Even when the test is expressed in the same language, as in the availability of an immunity for the exercise of a discretionary function, its application to fact situations may prove different, depending on whether the action is brought against the government or the officer. “With respect to some government functions, the threat of individual liability would have a devastating effect, while the threat of governmental liability would not significantly impair performance.” An officer may have a privilege so that he is not liable if he acted reasonably. To require him to be right would seriously affect his effectiveness. But the injured party sustains a real injury when the officer acted incorrectly, even though he was reasonable. It may appear just that the government should compensate for that injury.
We begin by endorsing the rule for the qualified immunity of public executive officials, drawn from Chase, from civil rights cases, and from Bennett v. Coffman:
A public executive official who is acting within the scope of his authority and is not covered by the provisions of W.Va.Code, 29-12A-1, et seq., is entitled to qualified immunity from personal liability for official acts if the involved conduct did not violate clearly established laws of which a reasonable official would have known. There is no immunity for an executive official whose acts are fraudulent, malicious, or otherwise oppressive. To the extent that State ex rel. Boone National Bank of Madison v. Manns,126 W.Va. 643 ,29 S.E.2d 621 (1944), is contrary, it is overruled.”
Syllabus,
State v. Chase Securities, Inc.,
Next, we endorse the principle, expressed in the
Restatement,
that the immunity of the State is ordinarily coterminous with the qualified immunity of the public executive official whose acts or omissions give rise to an action under W.Va.Code § 29-12-5, unless the applicable insurance policy otherwise provides. We have applied that principle, albeit with mention of the discretionary nature of the officer’s conduct, in
Clark v. Dunn,
‘"With respect to some government functions, the threat of individual liability would have a devastating effect, while the threat of governmental liability would not significantly impair performance.”
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 895D, cmt. j, in part (1979).
In summary, we conclude that, in cases arising under W.Va.Code § 29-12-5, and in the absence of express provisions of the insurance contract to the contrary, the immunity of the State is coterminous with the qualified immunity of a public executive official whose acts or omissions give rise to the case. However, on occasion, the State will be entitled to immunity when the official is not entitled to the same immunity; in others the official will be entitled to immunity when the State is not. The existence of the State’s immunity of the State must be determined on a case-by-case basis.
Because we do not have before us a factual situation requiring further development of this approach to the scope of qualified immunity for the governmental entities represented by public officials entitled to its benefit, we leave the full development of that approach to another day. 14
Seventh, we do not disturb our ruling in
Roush v. Hey,
Eighth, we do not disturb the holding in Higginbotham, commented upon in Benson, that an action against a governmental body otherwise entitled to immunity, be it absolute or qualified, may be predicated on the violation of a “distinctive statute” which imposеs a duty on the government which is owed to the claimant. As noted in the Restatement comment:
[D]uties or obligations may be placed on the government that are not imposed on the officer, and statutes sometime make the government liable when its employees are immune.
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 895D, cmt. j (1979).
Finally, we turn to the public duty doctrine and its exception for a “special relationship.” Just as it was found applicable to cases against local governments in.
Randall,
we hold that, the public duty doctrine and its “special relationship” exception apply to W.Va.Code § 29-12-5 actions against the State and its instrumentalities, unless the doctrine is expressly waived or altered by the terms of the applicable insurance contract. The doctrine and its exceptions are a recognized part of our law on the liability of governmental bodies, providing a means of determining the duties for whose breach such an action may be brought against such governmental bodies. “[A] governmental entity is not liable because of its failure to enforce regulatory or penal statutes.” Syl. pt. 1,
Benson v. Kutsch, supra.
Likewise, we adopt the factors to be considered to determine the applicability of the “special relationship” exception, found in syllabus point 2 of
Wolfe v. City of Wheeling,
Restated for their application to State agencies, the four requirements for the application of the “special relationship” ex *179 ception to W.Va.Code § 29-12-5 eases are as follows: (1) An assumption by the state governmental entity, through promises or actions, of an affirmative duty to act on behalf of the party who was injured; (2) knowledge on the part of the state governmental entity’s agents that inaction could lead to harm; (3) some form of direct contact between the state governmental entity’s agents and the injured party; and (4) that party’s justifiable reliance on the state governmental entity’s affirmative undertaking. See syl. pt. 2, Wolfe, Id.
THE APPLICATION OF THESE PRINCIPLES TO THIS CASE
We turn now to the application of these principles to the case before us. First, contrary to appellant’s contentions, we conclude that, in cases arising under W.Va.Code § 29-12-5, the Board of Probation and Parole, being a quasi-judicial body, is entitled to absolute immunity from tort Lability for acts or omissions in the exercise of its judicial function, unless such immunity is expressly waived by the applicable insurance contract. In reaching this conclusion, we have reviewеd and we now adopt the following rationale which was well stated in
Pate v. Alabama Board of Pardons and Paroles,
Parole officials bear a more than ordinary responsibility because of the dangerous traits already demonstrated by those with whom they must deal. This responsibility imposes far greater moral burdens and requires far more difficult legal choices than those met by the average administrative officer. The function of the Parole Board is more nearly akin to that of a judge in imposing sentence and granting or denying probation than it is to that of an executive administrator. It is essential to the proper administration of criminal justice that those who determine whether an individual shall remain incarcerated or be set free should do so without concern over possible personal liability at law for such criminal acts as some parolee will inevitably commit; in other words, that such official should be able to exercise independent judgment without pressure of personal liability for acts of the subject of their deliberations.
Id. at 479.
Accordingly, we affirm the ruling of the trial court that the actions of the Parole Board appearing from the record are protected from suit under W.Va.Code § 29-12-5 by reason of quasi-judicial immunity. We are conscious of appellant’s claim that certain of the actions of the Parole Board were nonjudicial, facts appellant desires to develop by discovery. We also note that appellant was not permitted by the trial court to file an amended complaint. We cannot conceive of legitimate actions by the Parole Board, as a governmental entity, which are not within its quasi-judicial nature. Suffice it to say that if, upon remand, appellant can demonstrate to the trial court a basis for alleging actionable conduct by the Parole Board which was non-judicial, then the trial court can grant such opportunity as appellant’s proffers and representations may justify, consistent with this opinion and the provisions of Rule 11 of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure.
We conclude next that the public duty doctrine applies to the conduct of the Parole Board and the Division of Corrections alleged in the complaint in this action. Moreover, nothing in the record discloses any special relationship between appellant and appellees when the facts alleged are measured against the test we have adopted for the application of the exception. 15 We find no allegation or evidence that either governmental entity assumed an affirmative duty to act on behalf of appellant as a person apart from the general public. While both entities may have been informed of the criminal record or tendencies of the parolee, McCrary, the complaint contains no allegation directly asserting such knowledge. *180 There is no allegation or evidence that appellant had direct contact with either governmental entity regarding McCrary's release, supervision, or conduct prior to the parolee’s attack upon appellant nor any allegation or evidence suggesting that appellant relied on any affirmative undertaking to act on behalf of appellant. Unlike the facts in Randall, there is no suggestion that either governmental agency had knowledge that appellant, in particular, would be a likely victim. Accordingly, no special relationship existed between appellees, or either of them, and appellant.
There remains only the question of whether the actual provisions of such policy or policies of insurance as are said to cover the operation of the Parole Board and the Division of Corrections provide coverage notwithstanding the quasi-judicial immunity of the Parole Board and the public duty doctrine. We have made clear that the immunities and defenses available to the State and its insurer in this action are defined first by the actual provisions of the policy or policies purchased by the State and may provide coverage notwithstanding common-law immunity or the public duty doctrine. We remand to develop the record on the coverage issue thus defined and to permit appellant a reasonable opportunity to show any allegedly non-judicial conduct by the Parole Board, as a governmental entity.
If the court below finds the applicable insurance policy contemplates that the State and its insurer may assert common-law judicial immunity and may assert the public duty doctrine under the terms of the insurance policy, the court should finally dismiss the action unless appellant promptly makes an adequate showing regarding the alleged nonjudicial conduct of the Parole Board. However, if the court finds that the applicable insurance policy affords coverage with respect to the claims raised here by expressly waiving either judicial immunity or the public duty doctrine, or if appellant makes the requisite showing regarding non-judicial conduct by the Parole Board, the court should allow the civil action to proceed to such result as may otherwise be proper under the law and as is contemplated under the terms of the policy, but only to the extent the policy extends coverage. In such event, the trial court will be called upon to further determine the applicability to the State of any applicable qualified immunity that has not been waived by the insurance policy.
Accordingly, we reverse the order of the court dismissing this action and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded, with directions.
Notes
. The Honorable Arthur M. Recht resigned as Justice of the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals effective October 15, 1996. The Honorable Gaston Caperton, Governor of the State of West Virginia, appointed him Judge of the First Judicial Circuit on that same date. Pursuant to an administrative order entered by this Court on October 15, 1996, Judge Recht was assigned to sit as a member of the West Virginia Supreme *165 Court of Appeals commencing October 15, 1996, and continuing until further order of this Court.
. The Board is an instrumentality of the State of West Virginia, created by law. Until 1994, the Board was known as the West Virginia Board of Probation and Parole. Effective June 10, 1994, the name of the Board was changed to the "West Virginia Parole Board”. W.Va.Code § 62-12-12 (1994).
. The Division of Corrections is an instrumentality of the State of West Virginia, created by law. It was and is a part of the Departmеnt of Military Affairs and Public Safety. See, W.Va.Code § 5F-1-2 (1992), W.Va.Code § 25-1-1 (1977), and W.Va.Code § 5F-2-1 (e)(7) (1992; 1995).
. By way of cross assignment of error, appellee Board challenges the jurisdiction of this Court to hear the appeal, believing it to be untimely. We disagree.
The petition for appeal was filed in the Circuit Court of Cabell County on January 3, 1996, within four months of the entry of the order on September 15, 1995, denying the "motion for reconsideration” and granting summary judgment as to all defendants. The running of the time for appeal from the order entered April 12, 1995, dismissing the case from the docket, was tolled by the timely filing of the "motion for reconsideration". We treat that "reconsideration” motion as a motion under Rule 59(e) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure, since the tenth day following the entry of the order it addresses fell on a Saturday and the motion was served on the following Monday. Therefore, even if the order of April 12, 1995, is read as unintentionally dismissing both parties rather than just the movant, both the order of April 12, 1995, and the order of September 15, 1995, are before us because (1) appeal was filed within the applicable four-month period for both orders, after tolling is given effect, and (2) in any event, *167 the timely appeal of an order finally disposing of all claims as to all defendants brings with it all prior orders.
Rule 59(e) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure provides: "A motion to alter or amend the judgment shall be served not later than ten days after entry of the judgment.”
Rule 6(a) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedures provides, in applicable part: "In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by these rules, by the local rules of any court, by order of the court, or by any applicable statute, the day of the act, event, or default from which the designated period of time begins to run shall not be included. The last day of the period so computed shall be included, unless it is a Saturday, a Sunday, or a legal holiday, in which event the period runs until the end of the next day which is not a Saturday, a Sunday or a legal holiday....”
In syllabus points 6, 7, and 8 of
Riffe v. Armstrong,
6. " 'Where an appeal is properly obtained from an appealable decree either final or interlocutory, such appeal will bring with it for review all preceding non-appealable decrees or orders, from which have arisen any of the errors complained of in the decree appealed from, no matter how long they may have been rendered before the appeal was taken.’ Point 2, syllabus, Lloyd v. Kyle,26 W.Va. 534 [1885].” Syllabus point 5, State ex rel. Davis v. Iman Mining Co.,144 W.Va. 46 ,106 S.E.2d 97 (1958).
7. "A motion for reconsideration filed within ten days of judgment being entered suspends the finality of the judgment and makes the judgment unripe for appeal. When the time for appeal is so extended, its full length begins to run from the date of entry of the order disposing of the motion.” Syllabus point 7, James M.B. v. Carolyn M.,193 W.Va. 289 ,456 S.E.2d 16 (1995).
8. An appeal may be taken from a final order disposing of a motion under Rule 59(e) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure at any time within the appeal period provided by the entry of the order or within any proper extension of the appeal period.
Rule 3(a) of the West Virginia Rules of Appellate Procedure permits the appeal of a fined order within four months of its entry.
. See notes 2 and 3 above.
.
Mahone v. State Road Commission,
. West Virginia Code § 29-12-5 was amended in 1996, but the amendments do not appear to be material to the matters under discussion.
. The statute further provides that the cost of the insurance is to he determined by the State Board of Insurance (Risk and Insurance Management) and shall be paid by the political subdivision or the organization that is insured and provides further for the promulgation of regulations governing the procurement of the insurance contemplated by the statutory enactment.
.
See Randall,
. See W.Va.Code § 29-12A-5(a)(l)-(2), (4) (1986).
.
See Randall v. Fairmont City Police Department,
.
See State v. Chase Securities, Inc.,
. In
City of Fairmont v. Hawkins,
. A guideline for use in the case-by-case approach to the problem of the interplay of governmental and public officer personal tort liability, seemingly endorsed by the Restatement (Second) of Torts, has been well-stated in an article addressing the subject, as follows:
Unless the government's exposure to liability can genuinely be expected to impair seriously the official’s performance of duty, the government should not enjoy immunity from liability simply because the official is immune.
George A. Bermann, Integrating Governmental and Officer Tort Liability, 77 Col.L.Rev. 1175, 1187 (1977).
. We have discussed appellant’s claim that the Parole Board acted in a non-judicial capacity. Appellant’s complaint also alleges that the appel-lees' officers or employees acted in bad faith and in a wanton or reckless manner but did not name such officers and employees as defendants. We, therefore, deem these claims for officers or employees acting beyond the scope of their authority not to be at issue here.