86 Tenn. 566 | Tenn. | 1888
Lead Opinion
This case was heard upon an agreed state of facts, from which it appears that the plaintiff, a real estate broker, agreed to procure a
Twenty days were given within which the purchasers should examine the title and reject same if unsatisfactory. This agreement was a definite agreement to consummate the sale if title was sound, and being signed by the parties, was valid under the statute of frauds, and enforcible in equity by a bill for specific performance by either party. The purchasers, within the time allowed by the contract, consulted counsel as to the title, and being advised that it was defective, declined to carry out their agreement.
Walker caused a bill to be prepared “to enforce performance, and notified the purchasers that it was his purpose to compel performance of their agreement, but, for reasons not stated, did not file his bill, and abandoned his purpose to hold the purchasers to their bargain. Parker, under this state of facts, insists that he has done all he was obligated to do by his employment, and that he is entitled to his commissions. Walker, upon the other hand, resists payment, upon the ground that no sale has been made, and that the refusal .of
This view of the matter was taken hy the Circuit Judge to whom the issues of law and fact were submitted, who rendered a judgment for the defendant.
The controversy turns upon the extent of the obligation undertaken hy one who assumes to act as a broker, and the duty which he agrees to perform. “A broker,” says Judge Story, “is an agent who is employed to negotiate sales between' the parties for a compensation in the fonn of a commission. In the proper exercise of his functions he does not act in his own name but only as middle-man.” Story on Contracts, § 344.
In liis work • on agency he defines a broker as “ one who makes a bargain for another, and receives a commission for so doing. Properly speaking, a broker is a mere negotiator between the other parties.” Story’s Agency, §28.
In the substantial correctness of this definition all the authorities concur. The office he undertakes is to bring the buyer and seller to an agreement, or, as some of the cases put it, he undertakes to produce a purchaser willing and able to enter into an agreement of purchase upon the terms of the seller. This general obligation which he assumes or undertakes, may of course be varied
In the case now under consideration, the very terms of the agreement between the owner of the property and his agent only required the latter to “ procure a purchaser,'’ and the particular agreement conforms to the very definition of a broker’s general contract and undertaking. “To procure a purchaser’’ of real estate, not. only implies that the purchaser shall be one able to comply, but the further idea that the seller and the purchaser must be bound to each other in a valid contract. To this much we agree. An oral agreement upon the part of the purchaser would not be a valid agreement; and if he refused to complete the sale after such oral agreement, without fault upon the part of the seller, the obligation of the broker would not be fulfilled, and he could not recover his commissions. If, on the other hand, the purchaser was not only able but willing to complete the sale, and the vendor then refused, to sell, or is unable to fulfill the terms upon his part, or make a good title, or the trade falls through for any other default upon the part of the seller, the commissions are nevertheless earned. Addison on Contracts, (Morgan’s Ed., Vol. II., Sec. 931); Cooke v. Fiske, 12 Gray, 491; Toombs v. Alexander, 101 Mass., 255 (S. C., 3 Am. Rep., 349); Mooney v. Elder, 56. N. Y., 238.
But if a valid and enforcible agreement be entered into by the purchaser, and he decline to
The willingness of Walker to accept the purchasers as such, and his satisfaction with the trade, is shown by an extract from the agreed statement of facts: “After their introduction as would-be purchasers, they either would not or coul'd not pay the $12,300 cash which Walker had authorized Parker to sell the property for, but offered to buy it upon the terins specified in Exhibit A (part cash, balance on time). * * * Walker agreed to those terms, and thereupon Parker, being present at said interview, suggested that said agreement be reduced to writing and signed by the parties, both buyers and sellers, whereupon the written contract, Exhibit A, was drafted by Walker’s lawyer, and executed by all the parties.”
Upon the execution of this agreement of sale nothing more remained that the broker could do, or that' he was bound to do. It was for his principal to elect whether he would hold the purchasers to their bargain or release them. If he had chosen to have enforced the agreement, it must be conceded that the broker could have recovered his commissions; can it be, then, that if, on the other hand, his principal preferred to release them that
The question as to whether the title of Walker was or was not good, is wholly immaterial. If it was had, and the sale defeated on that account, the broker, by all the authorities, is entitled to his commissions, unless he was apprised of the defective title, and undertook, with such knowledge, to find a purchaser. The title does, however, from the abstract in the record, appear to have been good, and the objections of the purchasers captious.
The liability of the seller to his broker under such a state of facts seems clear, upon a fair interpretation of the agreement between them. The conclusion which we entertain is supported by considerations of equity and justice to an energetic and useful class of middle-men. That in some cases a hardship will result to would-be vendors, who may, in order to avoid paying commissions, be forced to prosecute a suit to compel the unwilling purchaser to comply with his contract, is not a matter so serious as to determine that the law must, therefore, be othérwise. Tf a seller prefers to release a purchaser who is morally and legally bound to comply with his bargain, he ought not to complain if the law holds that he cannot do so at the expense of his broker, whose labor and ability have brought about a binding agreement. The weight of authority seems to support the view we have taken. Coleman's Ex'r v. Mead, 13 Bush, 358;
The judgment will be reversed, and judgment rendered here for 'three hundred dollars and costs.
Dissenting Opinion
DISSENTING OPINION.
The following dissenting opinion was delivered:
I regret that I cannot- concur in the opinion of the majority of the Court in .the disposition of this cause.
I have always understood that to entitle ,a real estate agent to his commissions he must effect a sale, or bring the seller a party ready, willing, and able to buy; and when he has done this, and the sale is defeated by defective title of seller, or by the wrongful refusal of seller to comply, or some default on his part which results to defeat the sale, he can recover.
But in the case at bar the seller has a good and perfect -title, and is ready, willing, anxious, and able to comply with his contract. The sale is defeated by the captious, not to say frivolous, objection of the purchasers to the title. It is indeed not denied that the terms of the deed, which
Moreover, there was a decree of the Chancery Court, unappealed from, years ago, construing this to be a good title in fee.
Again, the seller asked for an extension of the twenty days within which purchaser was to approve the title, promising to try to obtain quitclaim deeds from the parties who it was assumed might have an 'interest in the property, so as to remove the objection made to the title. This was declined by the proposed purchasers. All of which shows that this trade has fallen through for no possible wrong or default on the part of the seller, but by the wrongful act of the proposed buyer.
Under .this state of facts we are to determine whether the real estate broker is to onerate the seller with full commissions as for a consummated sale.
It affords us but little light to read the definition of a broker as given in the books. We might as well undertake to determine the liability of a banker in failing to protest a note made payable at his office on a day “fixed,” where the maker had removed his residence, by looking to the definition in the books of a banker.
There is no trouble in defining either the one or the other;' but definition does not determine the rights and duties under a complicated or exceptional
How would definition help us, and what would become of the broker if his right to compensation —iii a case where he had called the attention of a purchaser to land in his hands for sale, and, without ever having brought him to the seller, the seller should seek the party, with knowledge that the broker was engaged in trying to sell to him, and then himself make the sale direct — ivas made to depend on definition as “ one who makes a bargain for another, and receives a commission for so doing?’'
He has made no bargain, but is honestly trying to do so, when the owner makes the sale in person to the same man.
Under the “definition” he would bo entitled to no compensation; but in equity and good conscience, and under all the authorities, he is entitled to his commissions in just such a case. Sussdorf v. Schmidt, 55 N. Y., 319; Earp v. Cummings, 54 Pa. State, 394; Lincoln v. McClatchie, 86 Conn., 136; Royster v. Mageveney, 9 Lea, 148.
Let us apply this lesson to the case at bar. We find from the agreed statement of facts that
Has the broker done ' this in fact and in truth, and as contemplated by the parties to the contract? Confessedly not. ITe has brought him parties who agreed, in writing though it be, to become purchasers, but who have in fact not become so.
Is the pi’operty sold? Has the owner the $12,300, or any part thereof, out of which the agent can “take” his commissions?
He was to take his compensation out of the bread he was to bring 'him, but, having brought him a stone instead, the agent must have bread for his share of the stone.
It is said that he lias brought him a “valid agreement” of sale. This is not what was stipulated for. He was to bring him a sale — a purchaser — not a proposed purchaser, nor an agreement of sale.
Can any one suppose that it was contemplated by the parties when the contract between the owner and the agent was made, or when the .contract between the owner and proposed purchasers was made, providing' for twenty days within which the latter were to determine whether the title was satisfactory, that it was then the intention of the
But it is said that if he had not been willing to sell to non-residents he should have refused to sign the contract of sale. He could not have refused to sign on any such ground; if he had declined to sign the contract, he would have then been the cause of the failure of sale, and would have been liable for the broker’s commissions on that ground alone.
So that, under well-established authority, he is bound to sign contract of sale, or become liable for fees if his failure to sign defeats sale; and if he signs he is bound to sue, at whatever cost, or inconvenience, or pay the commissions.
Such a holding, to my mind, is contrary to equity and good conscience — is contrary to the manifest intention and terms of the contract, and virtually makes a contract for the parties which it is manifest the owner never would have made in this case. Under such a rule the broker gather's
Bat it is said, with apparent plausibility, that if' the owner elects to abandon the contract, “he must not make his election at the expense of the broker.”
But in thus putting it, we lose sight of the fact that the owner has not elected to abandon his contract of sale to the injury of the broker, lie has not abandoned his contract at all. If so, he is liable; bat he is, on the contrary, ready and willing to perform his contract of sale. He has merely concluded not to voluntarily incur the expense and trouble of a suit, never having agreed or promised, directly or indirectly, to bring such suit. So, to assume that he has elected to abandon any duty or contract obligation he was under, at the expense of the broker, is to reason in a circle, or to assume as granted the very point in issue.
Such holding is not only imposing an unexpected hardship upon owners of real estate who have yielded to the importunities of brokers to allow them to sell their lands, but will react upon the business of the broker himself. A man of prudence will regard it unsafe to hold a conversation with a broker, for fear of incurring some new and unexpected liability. And the result would be calamitous in the extreme if an owner, with a good title, must litigate with every party whom a broker can introduce as a purchaser, where the latter interposes some captious or frivolous ob
But while there ai’e cases to be found supporting the vieAvs of the majority, the case at bar, by reason of its special features, does not fall within them; and if it did, these cases from other States are not binding on us, and are persuasive, only so far as they seem to be supported by principle; and for the reasons stated we do not think they should be adopted in this State.
We are by no mean^s without authority for ' the principles upon which our conclusions are based. Thus, it has been held that “the broker is never entitled to commissions for unsuccessful efforts. He may devote his time and labor, anti expend his money with ever so much devotion to the interest of his employer, and yet, if he fails without the default of his principal, he gains no right to commissions.” Sibbald v. Bethlehem Ins. Co., 83 N. Y., 378.
The broker must find a purchaser in a situation, and able and willing, to complete the purchase on the terms agreed on before he is entitled to his commissions.
He must produce a person who is capable and willing to buy the property on the terms named by the seller. This is illustrated by the case of McGavock v. Woodlief, 20 How., 221.
In Louisiana and Maryland it is held that the making of the contract of sale is not enough, but the sale must actually be made before the broker
Successful sale must be the criterion of broker’s right to commissions, however meritorious his services, unless the want of success is due to the owner of the land, in failing to do something necessary and proper to the performance of his part of the contract of sale. It is- no part of the obligation of his contract of sale to file a bill for specific performance. It is a privilege, not a duty or an obligation; and if the broker intends to convert this privilege into an obligation, good faith requires that the proposed seller should be apprised thereof. I apprehend no well-considered case can be found where, under a contract such as the one disclosed, here, the owner is compelled to pay.
It is not difficult to conceive of a special contract where the owner may move the broker to find for him or bring to him a party with whom the owner may trade, that by the terms or circumstances attending the transaction the broker may be well held to have earned his compensation when he has brought the parties together. Such, however, is not this case.
Oan we close our eyes to every-day experience and observation, which tell us that a man may be willing to sell his property for a specified price, and yet not willing to incur the expense and an
It needs no surmise to say that, in the case at bar, if the broker had asked for a contract in terms placing the obligation upon the owner to pursue these purchasers with a bill for specific performance, there would have been no contract made.
Of course it is clearly competent for parties to make such a contract; but I submit that, before such a burthen is placed upon the unwary owner, the energetic, active, and skilled broker should be required to make provision therefor in terms that may convey to the other party some intimation as to the nature of the obligation he is assuming when he consents to permit a broker to undertake the sale of his property.
That innumerable efforts at sale by brokers, which the unreasonable refusal of the proposed purchaser has defeated, have occurred ■ in the county from which this case comes, and in this State, and that this is the first case of which we have any knowledge where the broker has made demand for compensation, furnishes some evidence of the fact that it has never before been supposed
Believing, as I clo, that the holding of the majority is violative of the contract as made by the parties, that it is unsupported by reason and authority, and contrary to public policy, as calculated to force an unwilling party into litigation, I am reluctantly compelled to dissent from the opinion of my much esteemed brethren of the majority.
In my opinion the judgment of the Circuit Court should be affirmed.