Lead Opinion
A jury found Rico Parker guilty of felony murder during commission of aggravated assault. He was also found guilty of a separate charge of possessing a firearm during the commission of a crime. He appeals from the judgments of conviction and sentences entered by the trial court on the jury’s guilty verdicts.
1. The evidence most strongly supporting the verdicts is as follows: Parker and Emmanuel Alford fought at a Thanksgiving party. Afterwards, Parker told friends that “it wasn’t over,” and he threatened to kill Alford. During an encounter a few days later, the two exchanged words. At the time, Alford carried only a paint roller. Parker shot and killed Alford, and then fled to his mother’s residence where he was located five days after the homicide. At the time of his arrest, he claimed that he shot in self-defense. This evidence is sufficient to authorize a rational finder of fact to find Parker guilty of felony murder and the weapons offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia,
2. The State filed a motion in limine to exclude Parker’s post-arrest statement unless he testified in his own defense. The trial court granted the motion, and he enumerates that evidentiary ruling as error.
Self-serving declarations, such as Parker’s statement, are inadmissible hearsay unless the declarant testifies and is subject to cross-examination. Whitehead v. State,
That ruling did not compel Parker to waive his constitutional right to remain silent, because he could decline to take the stand. “That the defendant faces such a dilemma demanding a choice between complete silence and presenting a defense has never been thought an invasion of the privilege against compelled self-incrimination.” Williams v. Florida,
Because Parker did choose to testify in support of his claim of self-defense, the motion in limine did not bar a proffer of his statement. However, he did not attempt to introduce it for any reason on direct examination. On cross-examination, the State did not intimate that he recently fabricated his defense. Had the prosecutor’s questioning suggested that Parker had never informed the authorities that he claimed self-defense, the statement would certainly have been admissible in rebuttal. However, the record shows that counsel for the State asked Parker why, rather than coming forward immediately and volunteering that the shooting was justified, he chose to flee and evade arrest for several days. Questioning him about the timing of his pre-trial assertion that he acted in self-defense was proper. “Having here elected to testify, the defendant became obligated on cross examination to answer all proper and relevant questions. [Cit.]” Dickey v. State, supra at 641 (5).
3. A witness for the State testified that he overheard the victim identify Parker as the shooter. This dying declaration was not included in the copy of the witness’ statement which was provided to defense counsel in response to her pre-trial discovery motion. Upon learning of this omission, the prosecuting attorney asked, in the presence of the jury, whether Parker’s lawyer wanted “to look at my notes where it indicates that [the witness] did say [that he heard Alford state] ‘Rico shot me.’ ” The trial court immediately admonished the State’s attorney “not to testify,” and it then ordered removal of the jury. After a lengthy colloquy between the trial court and the lawyers, the jury returned and examination of the witness continued. Parker urges that the trial court’s failure to give the jurors curative instructions was error.
A trial court has broad discretion when responding to an alleged violation of OCGA § 17-8-75. Hicks v. State,
4. The trial court charged that “provocation by words alone will in no case justify such excitement of passion sufficient to free the accused from the crime of murder.” Parker urges that instructing the jury that the defendant is not “free” presupposes his guilt and shifted to him the burden of proving his innocence.
The entirety of the trial court’s charge must be considered in determining whether a particular instruction is erroneous. Wilson v. State,
Moreover, the record shows that Parker himself requested this charge. Thus, he is precluded from attacking it on appeal. Whatley v. State,
5. The trial court’s instruction on self-defense included the principle that no one is justified in committing an assault solely in revenge for past or previous wrongs. This charge was a correct statement of the law. Ucak v. State,
That statute is violated only when the trial court’s instruction, considered as a whole, “assumes certain things as facts and intimates to the jury what the judge believes the evidence to be. [Cits.]” Mullinax v. State, supra at 445 (4). When the charge on self-defense given in this case is considered in context, no reasonable juror could have construed it as an expression of the trial court’s own opinion that Parker was not justified in shooting the victim. The neutral and objective charge was adjusted to the evidence, and the trial court otherwise instructed that the jury alone would decide whether Parker was guilty of a crime or acted in self-defense.
6. Parker enumerates another instance in which the trial court sustained an objection by defense counsel, but did not give any curative instructions or grant a mistrial. However, the defendant did not request any such measures and, as previously noted, it is not erroneous to fail to grant relief that is not requested. Lyon v. State,
Judgments affirmed.
Notes
The crimes occurred on November 29, 1999. The grand jury indicted Parker on March 9, 2000. The jury found him guilty on February 1, 2001. On that same day, the trial court entered judgments of conviction and imposed a life sentence for felony murder and a consecutive five year sentence for the firearm possession offense. Parker filed a motion for new trial on February 6, 2001, which the trial court denied on July 17, 2002. He filed a notice of appeal on August 6, 2002. The case was docketed in this Court on October 9, 2002. The appeal was submitted for decision on December 2, 2002.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring.
Division 4 of the Court’s opinion correctly holds that Parker is barred from attacking on appeal a jury instruction that he requested. Whatley v. State, 270 Ga. 296, 300 (10) (d) (
A new trial is the appropriate remedy when the trial court commits reversible error. See OCGA § 5-5-20 et seq. Compare OCGA § 17-9-61 (motion in arrest of judgment must be based upon a non-amendable defect appearing on the face of the record). The error in Jackson was the jury’s return of mutually exclusive verdicts of guilt. Because this Court granted the appellant therein a new trial, the verdicts must necessarily be attributable to reversible error on the part of the trial court. The only such error identified was that, “[a]fter discussing the matter with counsel, the trial court instructed the jury that it could return a guilty verdict on every count if it found the State had proven its case beyond a reasonable doubt as to each count. [Cit.]” Jackson v. State, supra at 410 (2), fn. 2. It was undisputed that such charge was given over the express objection of the State. The Jackson Court recognized that the charge had been induced by defense counsel, who “argu[ed] erroneously, that any conflict in the verdict could be corrected at sentencing.” (Emphasis supplied.) Jackson v. State, supra at 410 (2), fn. 2. However, we held that “[ijnduced error cannot serve to render a void judgment valid.” (Emphasis supplied.) Jackson v. State, supra at 410 (2), fn. 2.
Therefore, Jackson acknowledged that the erroneous verdicts were induced by a charge requested by the defense, but concluded that the case nevertheless fell within a limited exception to the general rule, set forth in Whatley v. State, supra at 300 (10) (d), that such error is not reversible. Under Jackson, when the accused requests an instruction that results in the jury’s return of mutually exclusive verdicts, the error, even though induced, will mandate a reversal on appeal. Thus, Jackson clearly supports a proposition contrary to the holding in Whatley v. State, supra at 300 (10) (d), that an appellant cannot successfully rely on induced error on appeal. However, since this case does not involve mutually exclusive verdicts, it is controlled adversely to the appellant by the induced error principle set forth in Whatley, rather than by the narrow exception to that rule established in Jackson.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring.
I concur fully in the majority opinion and write only to point out that, contrary to the position taken in the other concurring opinion, nothing in Division 2 of Jackson v. State,
I am authorized to state that Justice Thompson and Justice Hines join in this concurrence.
The transcript in Jackson reveals that, contrary to the misleading language in the other concurrence, the charge given by the trial court was agreed upon by the prosecution as well as the defense. Although a senior district attorney initially objected to the charge (correctly recognizing that it created the potential for a mutually-exclusive verdict), her objection was implicitly abandoned when her superior, the deputy chief assistant district attorney, in discussion with the trial court and defense counsel, agreed with the defense that the charge should be given, disagreeing only on how any conflict in the verdict should be resolved upon sentencing.