OPINION
This appeal requires us to answer a question about the “three strikes rule” of the Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g), which was left unresolved by the Supreme Court in Coleman v. Tollefson, — U.S. -,
I.
Congress enacted the PLRA in an effort to stem a rising tide of prisoner suits flooding the federal court system. See Title VIII, Pub. L. No. 104-134, 110 Stat. 1321 (1996), amending 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915-1915A; see also Woodford v. Ngo,
Among other things, the PLRA requires a prisoner who flies a civil complaint or appeal in federal court to pay the full amount of any applicable filing and docketing fees. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1). A prisoner who is indigent may be granted IFP status and thereby be excused from pre-payment of fees. IFP status does not, however, eliminate the filing and docketing fee obligations. Rather, it permits the prisoner to pay an initial partial fee followed by subsequent monthly installments until the fees are paid in full. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1), (2).
In addition, the PLRA imposes the “three strikes rule,” which “limits a prisoner’s ability to proceed I.F.P. if the prisoner abuses the judicial system by filing frivolous actions.” Abduk-Akbar,
In no event shall a prisoner bring a civil action or appeal a judgment in a civil action or proceeding under this section if the prisoner has, on 3 or more prior occasions, while incarcerated or detained in any facility, brought an action or appeal in a court of the United States that*147 was dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, unless the prisoner is under imminent danger of serious physical injury.
28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). “The ‘three strikes’ provision was ‘designed to filter out the bad claims and facilitate consideration of the good.’” Coleman,
II.
Jason Parker, an indigent prisoner,
In late 2014, Parker filed a complaint in Parker v. Nutter, No. 2:14-cv-07113 (E.D. Pa.) ("Nutter"), in which he claimed that various officials subjected him to false arrest, malicious prosecution, and the use of excessive force in the course of his arrest in December 2011. He accompanied the complaint with a motion to proceed IFP. By order entered March 19, 2015, the District Court granted the IFP motion and considered the case pursuant to the PLRA’s IFP screening provision, 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e), which directs a court to dismiss a case “at any time” if it determines that the “action or appeal is frivolous or malicious; fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted; or seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief.” Id. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i)-(iii). The District Court concluded that Parker’s claims were barred by Pennsylvania’s two-year statute of limitations and therefore dismissed the complaint with prejudice pursuant to § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). Parker did not appeal the dismissal.
Parker’s next strikes stem from two civil rights complaints that he filed in the summer of 2015, and which underlie the appeals before us. In the first complaint, Parker v. O’Connor, No. 2:15-cv-03475 (E.D. Pa.) (“O’Connor”), Parker claimed— as he had in Nutter—that officials subjected him to assault, false arrest, and malicious prosecution in the course of his December 2011 arrest. In the second complaint, Parker v. Montgomery County Correctional Facility, No. 2:15-cv-04205 (E.D. Pa.) (“MCC”), Parker claimed that prison officials interfered with his access to the courts by depriving him of prisoner account statements necessary to perfect IFP motions in his pending litigation. In both O’Connor and MCC, Parker moved to proceed IFP. He was initially denied that status without prejudice due to a failure to provide the required prisoner account statement, but in both cases, he later-filed the necessary documents. The District Court then granted the IFP motions and screened both complaints pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B).
On September 17, 2015, the District Court entered a memorandum opinion and order in each proceeding, dismissing them both. The District Court concluded that O’Connor was malicious “because it re
In MCC, the District Court concluded that, because Parker eventually received the prisoner account statements he required, he could not establish any injury: “[h]e has not described any non-frivolous cases that he was prohibited from pursuing because he could not obtain his prison account statement.” JA 19a-20a. Accordingly, the District Court dismissed MCC for failure to state a claim pursuant to § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) and, because it determined that amendment would be futile, did not grant leave to amend. This was Parker’s third strike.
Parker timely filed these pro se appeals from the O’Connor and MCC judgments. Parker filed motions to proceed IFP in both matters, as well as motions for the appointment of counsel. Because the two dismissals are Parker’s second and third strikes under § 1915(g), the Clerk of this Court directed him to file a motion demonstrating imminent danger of serious physical injury. Parker complied.
Parker’s IFP motions, counsel motions, and imminent danger motions were submitted to a panel of this Court. In response, the Court entered an order on March 24, 2016, which: (1) consolidated the appeals for briefing; (2) provisionally granted Parker’s IFP motions, solely for the purpose of considering his counsel motions, and deferred assessment of the appeal fees
Peter C. Buckley, Esq., and Ryan T. Becker, Esq., appeared as pro bono counsel for Parker.
At oral argument, counsel for Parker advised the Court that Parker has abandoned his appeal in O’Connor. That matter will therefore be dismissed in' an accompanying order. Accordingly, only MCC—Parker’s appeal of the District Court’s imposition of his third strike-remains before us. And, before we may consider whether that appeal has merit, we must decide whether Parker is entitled to IFP status for his appeal, despite the three strikes imposed by the District Court.
III.
We consider de novo issues concerning the proper application of the three strikes rule. See Millhouse,
Several years ago, in Ball v. Famiglio,
Later that, year, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit considered the same question and reached the opposite conclusion. André Lee Coleman, a Michigan prisoner, had filed three federal lawsuits that were dismissed on grounds enumerated in § 1915(g). While, his appeal of the third dismissal was pending, he filed four new lawsuits, moving to proceed in forma pauperis in each. The District Court denied him IFP status pursuant to § 1915(g) and dismissed his complaints for failure to pay the applicable fees, concluding that a dismissal counts as a strike even while it is pending on appeal The Sixth Circuit affirmed. See Coleman v. Tollefson,
In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court affirmed the Sixth Circuit’s judgment, partially abrogating our analysis in Ball and marking a sea change in the interpretation of the three strikes rule.
Before the Supreme Court, Coleman argued that use of the phrase “prior occasion” in § 1915(g) gives rise to ambiguity because it “may refer to a single moment or to a continuing event: to an appeal, independent of the underlying action, or to the continuing claim, inclusive of both the action and its appeal.” Id. The Supreme Court rejected Coleman’s view, discerning no ambiguity. “Linguistically speaking, we see nothing about the phrase ‘prior occasions’ that would transform a dismissal into a dismissal-plus-appellate-review.” Id.
According to the Supreme Court, the statute does not treat a qualifying dismissal as provisional pending appeal, but rather speaks only to whether an action or appeal “was dismissed”—a term that “does not normally include subsequent appellate activity” and which “describes ... an action taken by a single court, not ... a sequence of events involving multiple courts.” Id. The Court reasoned that this literal reading is also supported by “the way in which the law ordinarily treats trial court judgments,” inasmuch as a District Court’s judgment takes immediate effect regardless of a pending appeal. Id. at 1764. In addition, the Court concluded that its interpretation comports with the purpose of § 1915(g): “The ‘three strikes’ provision was ‘designed to filter out the bad claims and facilitate consideration of the good.’ To refuse to count a prior dismissal because of a pending appeal would produce a leaky filter.” Id. (quoting Jones,
The Supreme Court acknowledged that its interpretation creates a risk that a prisoner could be deprived of IFP status in suits filed after a District Court’s erroneous imposition of a strike but before that strike’s reversal on appeal. Id. But the Court observed that such reversals are rare and that the prisoner might be able to re-file or re-open his or her suit after the reversal in any event. Id. Coleman countered by arguing that this interpretation could give rise to a more concrete and substantial risk: it could deny a prisoner IFP status for, and therefore effectively bar appellate review of, the District Court’s imposition of the prisoner’s third strike.
The Solicitor General, who had filed an amicus brief supporting the literal reading of the statute ultimately adopted by the Court, agreed with Coleman that the ability to appeal the imposition of a third strike should be preserved. To that end, the Solicitor General offered an interpretation of the word “prior” that, he argued, could reach that result:
The Solicitor General says that we can and should read the statute to afford a prisoner in forma pauperis status with respect to a third qualifying dismissal .... He believes that the statute, in referring to dismissals ‘on three or more prior occasions,’ means that a trial court dismissal qualifies as a strike only if it occurred in a prior, different, lawsuit.
Id. at 1765.
Because the question of a prisoner’s ability to be granted IFP status for the purposes of his appeal of the imposition of a third strike was not directly before the Supreme Court, it declined to consider the issue. “We need not, and do not, now
Today, that issue is squarely before us.
IV.
Since Coleman, the only Court of Appeals to have considered this question has concluded that a prisoner is entitled to IFP status while appealing his third strike dismissal. In Richey v. Dahne,
The Richey Court’s rationale for its holding was a desire to be consistent with “the way in which the law ordinarily treats trial court judgments.” Id. (quoting Coleman,
In its brief analysis, which is noticeably lacking in discussion of the statutory language, the Richey Court appears to be primarily motivated by a policy consideration: a contrary rule would prevent courts of appeals from performing their “appellate function” by “freez[ing] out meritorious claims or ossify[ing] district court errors.” Id. (quoting Henslee v. Keller,
If Richey was not entitled to IFP status on appeal, he would have to pay the filing fee for us to reverse the district court’s erroneous third strike, which would ironically make him eligible again for IFP status in successive suits. We do not think that Congress intended such a peculiar system.
Id.
Such perceived unfairness, rather than the language of § 1915(g) itself, appears to have driven the Ninth Circuit’s decision.
V.
We are not unsympathetic to the concerns that motivated the Ninth Circuit in Richey. Yet, as a Court of Appeals, we must adhere to the apparent intent of Congress as embodied in the language of § 1915(g). We must also adhere to Coleman’s instruction to read that language
We direct oür focus to the language of the statute. See Bd. of Trustees of IBT Local 863 Pension Fund v. C&S Wholesale Grocers, Inc.,
We first observe what the statute does not do, and what the statute easily could have done if Congréss had intended it: the statute does not create an express exception to § 1915(g) treating an appeal from an order imposing a third strike differently from any other instance in which the'prisoner wishes to bring an action or appeal. There is simply no language discussing this scenario, although Congress surely must have anticipated that prisoners would file appeals from third strike dismissals.
Despite this'textual void, Parker argues, adopting the logic of the Solicitor General in his Coleman amicus brief, that “[t]he plain meaning interpretation of the phrase ‘prior occasions’ in this context is most reasonably, read to refer to lawsuits that were instituted before the current lawsuit.” Parker Br. at 19. Quoting the Solicitor General’s amicus brief in Coleman, Parker contends that the word “prior” “refer[s] to strikes imposed in prior-filed suits, not to those imposed in an earlier stage in the same suit.” Id. at 20.
We cannot square Parker’s proposed interpretation with either the language of § 1915(g) or the Supreme Court’s decision, in Coleman, As Parker acknowledges, the word “prior” simply means “earlier in time.” See Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary 936 (9th ed. 1990). A dismissal in a district court is, of course, earlier’in-time than' an appeal of that dismissal—and therefore “prior” to the appeal. Moreover,the statute speaks of “prior occasionsIn its unanimous decision, the Coleman Court recognized that “actions” and “appeals” are treated separately, and must each be considered distinct “occasions.” Coleman,
In Parker’s view, although he has had Cases dismissed on enumerated grounds on three “occasions,” only two of them were “prior” to-this appeal. To reach that result, Parker contends that “prior” does not refer to “occasions” at all, but rather to “actions or appeals filed prior to the action that is on appeal.” Parker Br. at 19. As a matter of grammar, it is clear that “prior”
Parker also contends that interpreting “prior occasions” to include all occasions, even the underlying dismissal, would render the term “prior” 'superfluous and would therefore run contrary to our duty to give effect to every word of the statute. See Loughrin v. United States, — U.S. -,
In our view, the term “prior” sets a temporal parameter, referring only to strikes accrued earlier in time than the notice of appeal. All later-accrued strikes—even if imposed after the filing of the notice of appeal but before the prisoner’s IFP motion is decided—are not “pri- or” strikes, and therefore do not “count” for purposes of the three strikes rule. Millhouse,
In sum, based-upon the plain language of § 1915(g),-we think it clear that Parker “has, on 3 or more prior occasions, ... brought an action or appeal in a court of the United States that was dismissed on grounds” enumerated in § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i) or (ii). We therefore conclude that he is subject to.the restrictions set forth in § 1915(g) for purposes .of this appeal. ' ;
VI.
We recognize that, as a practical matter, most indigent prisoners who are denied IFP status will be .unable to pre-pay .the fees. Accordingly, . our decision today means that some prisoners will be unable to challenge the imposition of a third strike, even though a wrongly imposed third strike would have long-term • consequences for that prisoner’s ability to bring cases IFP going forward. We have held, however, that requiring a- prisoner to prepay fees does not amount to a violation of the right of access to the courts. Abdul-Akbar,
More importantly, regardless of any concern we may have with this outcome, it is our duty to give effect to the plain language of the statute. See-United States v. Ron Pair Enters., Inc.,
Congress has deliberately decided to legislate on this subject by proclaiming, as public policy, a determination to reduce prisoner litigation in the federal courts. As citizens, we may disagree with the congressional wisdom, but as judges, knowing the clearly stated legislative purpose, we may not disembowel the legislative act. Federal courts ... do not have unlimited power and authority. We are limited to that which has been granted by Congress. What Congress gives it may also take away. The ability to proceed I.F.P. is not a constitutional right. Congress granted the right to proceed I.F.P. in 1892, and it has the power to limit this statutorily created right. Here it has taken away our ability as judges to grant I.F.P. status to a “three strikes” prisoner .... Congress has held trump here, and it has dealt a hand. As judges we must play it.
VII.
For all of the foregoing reasons, and as set forth in our accompanying order, we will deny Parker’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis in MCC, appeal No. 15-3449. We will also deny Parker’s motion invoking the imminent danger exception to § 1915(g).
Finally, as previously discussed, counsel advised the Court during oral argument that Parker has abandoned the O’Connor appeal. Accordingly, as set forth in the accompanying order, we will dismiss O’Connor, No. 15-3451, pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 42(b).
Notes
. Parker's six-month prisoner account statement, filed in October 2015 in support of his IFP motion, reflects a balance that is below the amount required for filing and docketing an appeal. It is almost certain that Parker is indigent and, but for the three strikes rule, would qualify for IFP status.
. Parker filed an appeal from a subsequent post-judgment motion for the appointment of counsel, but the appeal was dismissed for failure to prosecute. See Parker v. Nutter, No. 15-3203 (3d Cir. dismissed Nov. 23, 2015).
. Because the dismissals in O'Connor and MCC occurred on the same day, it is not possible to determine from the record which strike is technically Parker’s second and which is his third. We refer in this opinion to O'Connor as the second strike and MCC as the third merely for expediency,
. Our discussion in this opinion concerns Parker’s ability to proceed IFP for purposes of avoiding the pre-payment of filing and docketing fees. We have no occasion today to review the correctness of the motion panel’s earlier decision to provisionally grant Parker IFP status for the purpose of the appointment of pro bono counsel.
. We extend our gratitude to Mr. Buckley and Mr. Becker of Fox Rothschild LLP for donating their time and talent in accepting this pro bono appointment.
. Montgomery County was not served in the underlying District Court proceeding, as the complaint was dismissed pursuant to § 1915(e) prior to service. The Clerk’s order specified that participation in the appeal “will
. During oral argument, counsel advised the Court that Parker was released from prison. Because the applicability of the three strikes rule is determined as of the date that the notice of appeal is filed, Millhouse v. Heath,
. Coleman abrogates Ball only insofar as Ball addressed the issue of tabulating strikes while
. The Tenth Circuit has reached a similar conclusion, but only in unpublished decisions. Dawson v. Coffman,
. In fact, Parker appears to have received at least two additional strikes while this appeal was pending. See generally Parker v. Boring, No. 1:15-cv-01784,
. "[A] prisoner may invoke the ‘imminent danger’ exception only to seek relief from a danger which is 'imminent' at the time the complaint is filed.” Abdul-Akbar,