Stevens, J.
Parker brought an action of assumpsit against Bussell before a justice of the peace, on a written statement of his cause of action by him filed before the justice, in substance as follows: — 1. That Bussell, for and in consideration of a horse, promised him, Parker, to execute and deliver to him a good and sufficient warranty deed for a certain half quarter section of land, which is described, and that he the said Bussell has wholly failed so to do; and further, that he the said Bussell had no *412interest in or title bo said land whatever, and therefore could not convey. 2. That said Bussell, in consideration of another horse and the sum of 10 dollars, promised to convey to him said Parker, a certain other half quarter section of land, which he the said Bussell represented that he held by a good and sufficient tax title, but that if his title should not be good, one John Leffier was bound to make a good title, and would do so when called on for that purpose; .when in truth and in fact said Bus-sell had no title whatever to said land, and the said John Leffler refused to make a deed, although he had been for that purpose called on. 3. A general count of indebitatus assumpsit for 100 dollars for a horse sold and delivered. 4. That said Bussell, in consideration of another horse, promised to deliver and assign to him the said Parker, a certain collector’s certificate for a certain half quarter section of land, which certificate he the said Bussell represented to be bona fide; and that he the said Bussell did transfer to him the said Parker, by an assignment on the back thereof in these words and figures, — “I assign all my right and title to the within toAsy Parker without recourse on me,”— and did deliver to him the said Parker, so assigned, a certain tax collector’s certificate in the words and figures following,— “The state of Indiana, to all who shall see these presents, greeting: know ye that William S. Bussell purchased at public auction, on the second Monday in November, 1826, eighty acres, to wit, the east half of the north-east quarter of section number 26, in township 13 north, of range 9 east, which was sold for the tax due thereon for the year 1823, of Jehu Perkins, collector of the state and county revenue of the county of Rush, for the year 1826, for which he is entitled to a deed if not redeemed in two years from the day of the sale. Witness, Jehu Perkins, collector.” But that the said certificate so assigned and delivered is not bona fide, but was obtained fraudulently from said collector, and is wholly without foundation. It is then further averred, that said Bussell never purchased any of the land in either of the counts mentioned.
The defendant appeared in his own proper person before the justice of the peace, and pleaded in abatement “that the justice of the peace in this behalf ought not to have or take further jurisdiction of the action aforesaid, because he says that the consideration of the horse mentioned in the plaintiff’s declaration, and for the price of which this suit was commenced, was a deed *413to a certain tract of land, &c. which was sold by Jehu Perkins, then collector of Rush county,'to him the said Bussell, and by him the said Bussell transferred by assignment to the said Parker in consideration of the said horse; that the title to said land 'will come in question; and that, therefore, the justice,of'the peace is forbidden by the statute to try the same, and that the Circuit Court of the county has sole and exclusive jurisdiction thereof.” He also pleaded several pleas in bar, but the justice overruled them all and rendered judgment for the plaintiff. The defendant appealed tb'the Circuit Court; and in that Court it was agreed and entered upon the record as part of the record, of the case, that the facts stated in the defendant’s plea of abatement before the justice of the peace were all true, and if upon that state of facts, taking them all to be true, the Circuit Court ■ should be of opinion that the title to the land -came in question, and that therefore the justice of the peace had no jurisdiction, the Court should render judgment in favour-of the defendant for costs, &c. Upon which the Court decided, that the title to land did come in question, and that therefore the justice of the peace had no jurisdiction, dismissed the-case,'and rendered judgment in favour of the defeiidant for costs.
To reverse that opinion of the Circuit Court the plaintiff has prosecuted this writ of error.
There was something said in the argument of this case, about the plaintiff’s statement of his cause of action being defective. In answer to that, it is sufficient to say that no formal pleadings are required before a justice of the peace.. If the statement oí the plaintiff’s cause of action, or the defendant’s defence, contain the substance of the facts and matters relied on in such form as to be fairly understood, it is sufficient. In this case that is done.
The question to be decided- by this Court is, whether the Circuit Court erred in ousting the justice of the peace of his jurisdiction of the case?
The 18th section of the act regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace, Rev. Code, 1831, p. 297, expressly declares, that justices of the peace shall have no jurisdiction “in any case where the title to lands or tenements shall come in question.” This language seems to be clear and conclusive, and appears to be broad enough to extend to every case that can arise. The plaintiff in error, however, insists that it *414can only be extended to cases in which the plaintiff, by his statement of his cause of action, brings the title of lands directly in question, as where he brings an action of trespass quare clausum fregit, or ejectment, &c. If this construction is correct, the prohibition can only be extended to aclions of ejectment, disseisin, writs of right, and such real actions as go expressly for the land itself, and not.to any action which sounds in damages; because actions which ask for a compensation in damages only, do not necessarily, as a legal consequence, put the title of land in question: that depends entirely on the defence made by the defendant. We will take, for instance, the action of trespass quare clausum fregit and injuries done to land. Such an action does not of itself bring the title of land in question, because the defendant may admit the title of the land to be in the plaintiff, but may deny the commission of the trespass. But if he plead liberum tenementum, then the title to the land must come in question, and there the justice of the peace must stop.
Massachusetts, JYezo-Yor/c, JYezo-Jersey, and perhaps all the states in the Union, have the same prohibition on the jurisdiction of justices of the peace; and their adjudications are good landmarks for us. The case of Wood v. Prescott, 2 Mass. 174, was an action of trespass for breaking and entering the plaintiff’s close, and doing injury to the fencing, &c. commenced before a justice of the peace. The defendant pleaded in bar, that at the time when, &c. he was seized and possessed of á certain close next adjoining the plaintiff’s, &c.; and that when, &c. he entered into his own close, &c. as was lawful for him to do, <fcc. The justice supposed the title of land would come in question, and refused to proceed any further; and the case finally reached the Supreme Court; and that Court said that the defendant had not put the title of land in question, but had pleaded a distinct fact, viz. that he did not enter the plaintiff’s close, but that he entered a close of his own adjoining the place in question, &c. The case of Bispham v. Inskeep, 1 Coxe, 231, was an action of trespass done to land, commenced before a justice of the peace, and the defendant pleaded liberum tenementum. That plea the Court said put an end to the jurisdiction of the justice. The case of Spear v. Bicknell, 5 Mass. Rep. 125, was an action of trespass upon land, commenced before a justice of the peace. The defendant pleaded in bar that the place in question was a common highway, &c. The justice conceived *415that this plea put the title of land in question, and refused to proceed any further. The case was finally taken to the Supreme Court, and that Court hád some doubts, but finally said that although the defendant only pleaded an easement in the land, yet it was a real franchise, which- greatly affected the plaintiff’s interest in the close; and although in common parlance, a right of way is not usually called real estate, yet it must.be so in such cases as that.
The counsel for the plaintiff in error .insists that the plea of the defendant is insufficient; that it is not possible for the statute to be so construed, as to authorise defendants in all cases before justices of the peace, to oust the. justice of his jurisdiction, by .simply saying that the title of lands will come in question. ' As to the plea of the defendant in this case, if it stood alone without the agreement entered into, it would be wholly deficient. In no case can the defendant oust the justice of his jurisdiction by simply saying that the title of lands will come in question. A plea to the jurisdiction of the Court is either to the Court itself, to the person of either the plaintiff or the defendant, to the declaration, to the'.writ, or to the action itself in bar thereof, and cannot in any case be bottomed on the defence which the defendant may say that he intends to make. Whether the title to lands will come in question, is a point which the Court must determine from the issue which may be absolutely made between the parties, or from the facts which may be developed by the evidence, and not from the.defendant’s simply saying so. If the action is an action of disseisijn, ejectment, writ of .right, &c. the nature of the action is-sufficient to show, the Court that the title-of land will come in question, but if the action only sounds in damages; it does -not necessarily follow that the title to the place in question will be put in issue. .
The construction and-meaningof the statute are plain. Justices of the peace are wisely' prohibited from investigating the titles to real estate; and in all suits instituted before them, their jurisdiction ceases the instant it is discovered that the .title to “lands and tenements” must come in question. That fact may be disclosed by the statement of the cause of action, or it may be disclosed by the facts which the defendant,.by his plea in bar to the action, may put in issue, or it may not be disclosed by the pleadings, but may afterwards be disclosed on the trial Of the case by the evidence introduced; .and as to the effect it *416will have upon the case, it is immaterial at what stage of the proceedings it is developed, for at that instant the proceedings must b.e arrested arid, the plaintiff nonsuited. In all cases in inferior Courts, if the Court has jurisdiction of the subject-matter, the special fact which ousts the jurisdiction will be a ground of nonsuit, if disclosed at any time during the trial. Trevor v. Wall, 1 T. R. 151. The case of Storms v. Snyder, 10 Johns. Rep. 109, was an action for work and labour; but the justice after hearing,the evidence, conceived that the title to land was brought in question, and nonsuited the plaintiff. In that case the Supreme Court, after examining the testimony, concluded that the justice was mistaken, that the title to land did not come in question. The case,'however, shows that although the pleadings do not disclose the fact that the title to land must come in question, yet if it afterwards comes before the Court on the .trial of the cause, .by way of evidence, it puts an end to the power of the justice to proceed any further .
J. Perry, for the plaintiff.
O. H. Smith, for the defendant.
In the present controversy there can be no difficulty. The parties have settled the question themselves.; they have expressly admitted by their voluntary agreement, that the. title to land will ‘come in. question, and they have made that agreement a part of the record; which brings the case expressly within the letter and meaning of the statutory prohibition, and puts an end to the jurisdiction of the justice of the peace.
Per Curiam.
The judgment is affirmed, with costs: