93 N.Y. 118 | NY | 1883
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *120 There was evidence tending to prove that the plaintiff paid to Halloran, the judgment debtor, a valuable and adequate consideration for the chattels in question, and took them into his possession, and he claimed to be a bona fide purchaser for value. On the part of the defense it was claimed that the sale by Halloran was made with intent on his *123 part to defraud his creditors, and that the plaintiff was chargeable with notice of this intent.
The questions of fraud and notice were submitted to the jury, and the charge of the judge on the question of notice raises the most important question on this appeal.
The judge, at the request of the plaintiff, charged the jury that it was not enough to prove that Halloran, the vendor, intended to defraud his creditors, but that Parker, the plaintiff, must also have partaken of the fraudulent intent, and he added, that the question of fact for them to pass upon was whether or not, under the evidence in the case, if Halloran intended to defraud, Parker partook of that intent, "or did hehave notice of facts in the case which would awaken the suspicion of a man of ordinary intelligence and caution, and which, if acted upon by him and investigated by him, would have enabled him to have known that Halloran had a fraudulent intent. In that case Mr. Parker would be infected with Mr. Halloran's fraudulent intent." The portion of the charge above quoted was excepted to by the plaintiff's counsel, who further requested the judge to charge that it must be shown that Parker knew of these creditors, and intended to defraud them, which request was refused and an exception taken. These exceptions bring up squarely the question whether the doctrine of constructive notice is applicable to cases of this description, or whether, in order to render a sale for a valuable consideration invalid as against the creditors of the vendor, it is necessary that the vendee should have actual knowledge or belief, or at least actual suspicion that the sale is being made with intent on the part of the vendor to hinder or defraud his creditors.
By the charge as given, and the refusal to charge, the doctrine of constructive notice was applied in all its strictness to the case in hand, and under the rule laid down by the judge, a purchaser of chattels, notwithstanding that he has paid full value for them, and has taken them into his actual possession, and may not in fact have known that the vendor was indebted, or even suspected any fraudulent intent on his part, may be charged as a party to a fraudulent scheme of his vendor, *124 provided it appears that facts were known to the vendee, which, in the opinion of the jury, should have put a man of ordinary intelligence on inquiry, and investigation would have enabled him to discover the fraud. In other words, although the vendee acted, in fact, in good faith, and did not even suspect fraud, yet, if the jury think he ought, under the circumstances, to have been suspicious, and to have looked for fraud, his innocent confidence in the integrity of his vendor must be punished by the loss of his title, and he must be charged as a party to any fraud which investigation would have disclosed.
There can be no doubt that it is legitimate for the jury in such cases to consider whether the vendee had knowledge of facts pointing to a fraudulent intent or calculated to awaken suspicion, and that actual notice of a fraudulent intent on the part of the vendor need not be established by direct proof. The fact of notice or knowledge may be inferred from circumstances. But if the doctrine of constructive notice is applicable, it is immaterial how the fact is. The jury may be satisfied that the purchaser was, in fact, entirely innocent and free from any guilty knowledge or even suspicion of fraud; but if they find that facts were known to him which were calculated to put him on inquiry, his want of diligence in making such inquiry is equivalent to a want of good faith, and the presumption of notice is a legal presumption which is uncontrovertible. Such is the rule as to constructive notice, and it has been frequently said in adjudged cases that the doctrine should not be extended.
The doctrine of constructive notice has been most generally applied to the examination of titles to real estate. It is the duty of a purchaser of real estate to investigate the title of his vendor, and to take notice of any adverse rights or equities of third persons which he has the means of discovering and as to which he is put on inquiry. If he makes all the inquiry which due diligence requires, and still fails to discover the outstanding right, he is excused; but if he fails to use due diligence, he is chargeable, as matter of law, with notice of the facts which the inquiry would have disclosed. (Williamson *125
v. Brown,
We have not been referred to any case where the doctrine of constructive notice has been applied so as to charge a purchaser of land, who has paid a valuable consideration and was, in fact, innocent of any guilty knowledge, with notice that his grantor made the conveyance with intent to defraud creditors at large, having no special lien or equity. The case of Baker v. Bliss
(
In the later case, however, of Stearns v. Gage (
In the case of Reed v. Gannon (
Both in England and in this State, up to a certain period, the doctrine of constructive notice was applied to transfers of commercial paper, and any facts sufficient to put a purchaser of negotiable paper on inquiry were held sufficient to defeat his claim to be a bona fide holder, if he neglected to make the proper inquiries. In England this doctrine was overthrown in the cases of Crook v. Jadis (5 B. Ad. 909), Backhouse v.Harrison (id. 1098), and Goodman v. Harvey (4 Adol. Ell. 870), and the law was declared that actual mala fides must be shown to the satisfaction of the jury to deprive a holder for value of the character of a bona fide holder, and that negligence in not inquiring into facts which ought to have put him on inquiry is not sufficient. In Pringle v. Phillips (5 Sandf. S.C. Rep. 157), the doctrine of constructive notice as formerly applied to transfers of negotiable paper was applied to a sale of merchandise by one who had obtained it by fraud, to a purchaser for value who claimed to be a bona fide purchaser, and the later cases in the English courts rejecting the doctrine of constructive notice, and requiring actual notice or malafides to deprive one of the character of a bona fide
purchaser, which were cited on behalf of the purchaser, were reviewed in an elaborate opinion by DUER, J., who refused to follow them, declaring them an unwarrantable alteration of the law as established by a long series of decisions. This case was followed in 1854, in Danforth v. Dart (4 Duer, 101). But in the later cases of Magee v. Badger (
The cases of Pringle v. Phillips and Danforth v. Dart, in so far as they rest upon the rules formely applied to transfers of commercial paper, must consequently be regarded as overruled by the cases last cited.
We see no reason why the same principle as to what constitutes a bona fide purchaser should not apply to purchasers for value of personal property, as are applied to transferees of negotiable paper, especially where, as in the present case, the vendor's title and legal right of disposition are unquestioned, and the ground upon which the transfer is impeached is not any defect in the chain of title, but that the vendor's motive in selling was to hinder, delay or defraud his own creditors. In such a case there is no duty of active vigilance cast upon the purchaser, for the benefit of creditors of the vendor, which should require him to suspect and investigate the motives of the vendor. If he knows or believes them to be fraudulent, he has no right to aid the vendor in his fraudulent scheme, and by so doing he makes himself a party to the fraud. But fraud should not be imputed by the application of the strict rules of constructive notice in such a case, and actual good faith should be sufficient to protect the purchaser. If it were necessary to distinguish the present from the cases of Pringle v. Phillips and Danforth v. Dart, the distinction is found in the circumstance that in those cases the plaintiff claimed to be the true owner of the goods, and to have been defrauded of them by the vendor of the defendant. Whether the doctrine of constructive notice should be applied in such cases, it is not necessary to decide for the purpose of determining the question now before us.
The judgment should be reversed and a new trial granted. costs to abide the event.
All concur.
Judgment reversed *129