This case presents the question whether a landlord can be liable for injuries to a third party from an attack off the rental property by the tenant’s dog.
Defendant (landlord) rented a house to her daughter (Hoffard). Hoffard’s dog attacked plaintiffs minor daughter (Rosa) whеn she was playing in a parking lot adjacent to landlord’s rental property. Plaintiff, as guardian
ad litem
for Rosa, brought an action against landlord for damages that resulted from the attack by Hoffard’s dog. The trial court granted summary judgment for landlord.
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The Court of Appeals reversed and remanded.
Park v. Hoffard,
On review of a summary judgment, we determine whether the moving party is entitled to judgment аs a matter of law. The moving party must show that there is no genuine issue of material fact. ORCP 47C;
Tolbert v. First National Bank,
At the time of the attack, plaintiff and his wife operated a grocery store adjacent to landlord’s rental property in Portland. For about 10 years, landlord had been *628 renting the property to Hoffard on a month-to-month tenancy without a written rеntal agreement. Landlord resided in Newport.
About one year after she began renting from landlord, Hoffard acquired a labrador retriever. Landlord’s property, except for the driveway, was surrounded by a three-foot fence. The dog usually was kept penned up, but occasionally was free to roam, and there was evidence that the dog could jump over the fence. In 1987, after the dog bit a child, Multnomah County quarantined the dog and then returned it and posted a “potentially dangerous dog” sign on landlord’s property. At least two other attacks occurred during 1988 and 1989, and landlord was aware that Hoffard’s dog had bitten another child before the dog bit Rosa. Landlord was also aware that the “potentially dangerous dog” sign had been posted before the dog bit Rosa. On July 4, 1989, while Rosa was playing in the parking lot behind her parents’ store, the dog bit her.
The trial court concluded that landlord was entitled to summary judgment, because a landlord owes no duty to third persons who are bitten off the rental property by a tenant’s animal, even if the landlord knows that the аnimal is dangerous. The trial court also concluded that landlord was not negligent, because any foreseeable risk of injury in this case was created by the negligent tenant, not by landlord. The Court of Appeals disagreed. In reversing the summary judgment, the Court of Appeals held that a jury question was presented regarding landlord’s liability where “[a] trier of fact could find that defendant knew of the dog’s dangerous propensities, had sufficient control over the harboring of the dog and would not have expected [tenant] to take necessary precautions voluntarily and, therefore, that defendant’s failure to act was unreasonable.”
Park v. Hoffard, supra,
In
Fazzolari v. Portland School Dist. No. 1J,
*629 “In short, unless the parties invoke a status, a relationship, or a partiсular standard of conduct that creates, defines, or limits the defendant’s duty, the issue of liability for harm actually resulting from defendant’s conduct properly depends on whether that conduct unreasonably created a foreseeable risk to a protectеd interest of the kind of harm that befell the plaintiff. The role of the court is what it ordinarily is in cases involving the evaluation of particular situations under broad and imprecise standards: to determine whether upon the facts alleged or the evidence presented no reasonable factfinder could decide one or more elements of liability for one or the other party.”
Thus, we must first determine whether there is a “status, a relationship, or a particular standard of conduct that creates, defines, or limits the defendаnt’s duty.”
This court has looked to definitions of standards of conduct in the American Law Institute’s Restatements of the Law to help define duty,
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while at the same time recognizing the need to temper the Restatement rules where they are based on outmoded understandings of legаl relationships. For example, in
Bellikka v. Green,
This court has not had occasion to address the precise question presented in this case, viz., whether a landlord can *630 be held liable for injuries to a third party from an attack by a tenant’s dog off the rental property. With respect to activities after the landlord transfers possession, Restatement (Second) of Torts § 379A (1965) provides:
“A lessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm to persons outside of the land caused by activities of the lessee or others on the land after the lessor transfers possession if, but only if,
“(a) the lessor at the time of the lease consented to such activity or knew that it would be carried on, and
‘ ‘ (b) the lessor knew or had reason to know that it would unavoidably involve such an unreasonable risk, or that special precautions necessary to safety would not be taken.”
Comment a to Section 379A provides:
“The rule stated in this Section is closely related to that stated in § 837 as to the liability of the lessor for a nuisance on the land, and should be read together with that Section. The Comments to § 837 are applicable so fаr as they are pertinent.”
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 837(l)(a) (1979) is similar to Restatement (Second) of Torts § 379A(a) (1965). 4 Restatement (Second) of Torts § 837(l)(a) provides liability for a nuisance caused by an activity on the leased premises if, among other conditions, “at the time of the lease the lessor consents to the activity or knows or has reason to know that it will be carried on.” Comment g to Restatement (Second) of Torts § 837(1) (a) provides:
“Lease renewed. If at the time that the lessor renews the lease he knows that activities are being carried on or that
“A lessor of land is liable for an invasion of another’s interest in the use and enjoyment of other land, occurring while the lessor continues as owner of the land, which is caused by an activity carried on upon the leased land while the lease continues, if the lessor would be liable under the rule stated in § 822 had the activity been carried on by him, and if
“(a) at the time when the lease was made, renewed or amended, the lessor consented to the carrying on of the activity, or knew that it would be carried on, and
“(b) the activity, as the lessor should have known, necessarily involved or was already causing such an invasion.” *631 physical conditions have been created upon the leased land that are causing an unreasonable interference with the use and enjoyment of another’s land, he is liable for the continuance of the interference after the renewal.” 5
Because
comment g
is pertinent to Section 379A, it is applicable in interpreting that section. Thus, under Section 379A, the landlord can be hable for physical harm to persons off the rental property caused by activities of the lessee or others on the rental property only if, at the time of the original lease or lease renewal,
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the landlord consented to the activity or knew that it would be carried on. This is essentially the conclusion that the Court of Appeals reached without discussing the Restatement.
Park v. Hoffard, supra,
This action arose because of the special relationship between a landlord and a tenant. That rеlationship has implications for a landlord’s tort liability to persons injured off the rental property by some action or inaction of the tenant to the extent that a landlord has control over the tenant. The landlord’s ability to control the activities of the tеnant most commonly results from the landlord’s ability to decide *632 whether to rent or lease a property to a tenant in the first place, whether to renew a lease or a periodic tenancy, or whether to terminate a tenancy at will or other tenancy that the landlord is able to terminate unilaterally. We conclude that, with respect to a tenant’s activity of harboring a dog, Restatement (Second) of Torts § 379A, quoted supra, states an appropriate rule with respect to a landlord’s liability for physical harm tо persons off the rental property caused by a tenant’s dog. That is, a landlord can be liable for such harm only if (1) the landlord, at the time of entering into a lease, at the time of renewing a lease or a periodic tenancy, or at any time during a tenanсy at will or other tenancy that the landlord is able to terminate unilaterally, consents to such activity or knows that it will be carried on, and (2) the landlord knows or has reason to know that the activity will unavoidably involve an unreasonable risk of harm to persons off the rentаl property.
In response to landlord’s motion for summary judgment, plaintiff cited portions of landlord’s deposition showing that the tenancy was a periodic month-to-month tenancy, that landlord was aware of the sign that was posted on the rental property that warned of a dangerous dog, and that landlord was aware that the sign was posted because tenant’s dog had bitten a boy before the incident involving plaintiff. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, a jury could find that landlord consented to or knew of tenant’s dangerous activity and that landlord knew or had reason to know that the activity would unavoidably involve an unreasonable risk of harm to persons off the rental property. Summary judgment for defendant was not warranted. 7
The decision of the Court of Appeals is affirmеd as modified. The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and the case is remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings.
Notes
Plaintiff also sued tenant (Julie Hoffard). Pursuant to ORCP 67B, the trial court ordered final judgment to be entered as to the claims against landlord (Charlene K. Hoffard, nka Charlene K. Thomas). Only the judgment for landlord is on review in this case.
Together with
Kimbler v. Stillwell,
The Restatements provide guidance, but are not necessarily authoritative.
Anderson v. Fisher Broadcasting Co.,
At the time Restatement (Second) of Torts § 379A (1965) was published, Restatement (Second) of Torts § 837 (1979) was not yet published. Restatеment of Torts § 837 (1939) provided:
This comment is nearly identical to comment f to Restatement of Torts § 837(a). See supra, note 4.
Restatement (Second) of Property § 18.4 (1977) states a rule nearly identical to Restatement (Second) of Torts § 379A, Just as comment a to § 379A incorporates comment g to Restatement (Second) of Torts § 837, so comment a to Restatement (Second) of Properly § 18.4 incorporates comments pertinent to Restatement (Second) of Torts § 837, including comment g, relating to lease renewal. See supra, notes 4 and 5. In addition, comment g to Restatement (Second) of Property § 18.4 specifically refers by analogy to comment i of Restatement (Second) of Property § 17.1, which provides in part:
“The rule of this section is applicable where the landlord renews a lease, or allows a periodiс tenancy to continue into the next period, when at the time of the renewal or at the beginning of the next period the leased property is in a condition which, if such condition existed at the time of the original leasing, would subject the landlord to liability under the rule оf this section. It is of no consequence that the landlord does not physically take possession of the property between the terms and make a new delivery of possession to the tenant. A renewal of a lease or a continuation of a pеriodic tenancy into a new period is treated the same as a complete termination of the lease, followed by resumption of possession by the landlord and then transfer of possession from the landlord to the tenant, not only for the purposes оf the rule of this section, but also for the purposes of § * * * 18.4.”
In order to establish liability, plaintiff must establish all of the elements of negligence. Establishing a special relationship between landlord and tenant and affecting third persons helps establish duty. Plaintiff must also establish that defendant breached the duty in a way that caused defendant harm.
See Fazzolari v. Portland School Dist. No. 1J,