Park Hotel Co. v. Fourth Nat. Bank of St. Louis

86 F. 742 | 8th Cir. | 1898

SANBORN, Circuit Judge,

after stating the case as above, delivered tbe opinion of the court.

Unless the hotel company is estopped from contesting the validity of the note in suit, this judgment must stand or fall by the transaction of February 28, 1891. The only consideration for this note is a discount by the bank of the note of that date. If the discount of that note did not charge the hotel company with any liability to the hank, then, unless it is estopped from making this defense, it never became liable upon any of the renewals of that note, because they were without consideration, and the hank knew that fact when it toot them. We lay aside, therefore, for the moment, the question of estoppel, and turn to the consideration of the transaction of February 28, 1891. The note which the bank discounted on that day was signed, “The Park Hotel Co., by Ed. Hogaboom, Pres’t,” was payable to the order of Ed. Hogaboom, and was indorsed by him. The bank discounted it, paid the hotel company nothing on account of it, placed all the proceeds of the discount to the credit of Hogaboom, and paid them out on his check. The legal result of the transaction was that Hogaboom had made the corporation’s accommodation note, payable to his own order, and the bank had discounted it, and paid him the proceeds of it. There is no evidence in this record that Hogaboom was ever specially authorized by the hotel company to make this .note, and to discount it for his own benefit, or to make any note of the corporation payable to his own order, or any contract of the corporation with himself. The bank seeks to recover on the ground that Hoga-boom had general authority to conduct the business of the hotel company, and to make and discount its commercial paper. The briefs and arguments of counsel exhaustively discuss this question under the by-laws of the corporation and the statutes of Arkansas. There is an objection to the recovery in this case, however, which lies deeper, and is liable to be more fatal in its consequences, than any answer we might give to that question. It is that the execution of this note was not within the scope of the general power of the president to make commercial paper of the corporation. General authority to conduct the business and to issue the promissory notes of a corporation is authority to do those acts for corporate purposes, and in the interest of the corporation, only. It does not include the power to do them for the exclusive benefit of others, to the detriment of the corporation. • And while a promissory note, made by an agent or officer having such authority, in the usual form, and taken by a stranger in the ordinary course of business, carries with it the presumption that it was issued for corporate purposes, and under lawful authority, a note issued by such an agent, payable to himself, is accompanied by no such presumption, but is itself notice that it is without the scope of his general power, and that it does not bind his principal, unless its execution was specially authorized by the corporation, through its directors or officers, other than the agent to whom it is payable. Such a note is a danger signal, which the discounter or purchaser disregards at his peril. It is notice to him that, if it is contested, he cannot recover upon it, under any general authority in the agent, or at all, unless he proves that the agent was specially authorized to make that particular transaction, or to make contracts of the corporation with himself. To the general rule that the acts and contracts of a general agent, within the scope of his powers, are presumed to be lawfully done and made, there is an exception as universal and inflexible as the rule. It is that an act done or a contract made with himself by an agent on behalf of his principal is presumed to be, and is, notice of the fact that it is without the scope of his general powers, and no one who has notice of its character may safely rely or recover upon it without proof that the agent was expressly and specially authorized by his principal to do the act or to make the contract. West St. Louis Sav. Bank v. Shawnee Co. Bank, 95 U. S. 557; Bank v. Wagner (Ky.) 20 S. W. 535, 537; Smith v. Association, 78 Cal. 289, 293, 20 Pac. 677; Mor. Priv. Corp. § 517; State Nat. Bank v. Newton Nat. Bank, 32 U. S. App. 52, 58, 14 C. C. A. 61, 64, and 66 Fed. 691, 694; Bank v. Armstrong, 152 U. S. 346, 352, 14. Sup. Ct. 572; Chrystie v. Foster, 26 U. S. App. 67, 72, 9 C. C. A. 606, 609, and 61 Fed. 551, 553; Bank v. Atkinson, 55 Fed. 465, 472, 474; Claflin v. Bank, 25 N. Y. 293, 295, 299, 301; Gallery v. Bank, 41 Mich. 169, 2 N. W. 193; Chamberlain v. Wool-Growing Co., 54 Cal. 103. This exception is a striking ilHisfraiion of the policy of the law to prevent the possibility of conflict between the duty and the personal interest of an officer or agent. It prohibí Is him from acting for boih himself and his principal wherever their inreresis clash, and makes every act and contract In which he violates the inhibition voidable at the election of h.is principal. It forbids him to act at the same time as vendor and purchaser, or as lender and borrower, or as promisor and prom-isee. It forbids him to sell as the agent of his principal, and to buy for himself; to lend as the agent of his principal, and to borrow for himself; to promise as the agent of his principal, and to accept the promise; and reap the benefits himself. McKinley v. Williams, 36 U. S. App. 749, 752, 20 C. C. A. 312, 313, and 74 Fed. 94, 95, and cases cited; Donovan v. Campion, 27 C. C. A. 177, 85 Fed. 71, 73. In West St. Louis Sav. Bank v. Shawnee Co. Bank, supra, the cashier of-the bank made his own note, payable to the order of the bank, indorsed his official signature upon it, and borrowed money of one whom he told that he intended to use it to pay the bank for some stock which he had purchased of it. The lender sued the bank on the indorsement, and sought to hold it by virtue of the general power of a cashier to indorse and rediscount (lie commercial paper of the bank. The supreme court (‘.onceded the existence of the general rules that the cashier has power to indorse and re-discount (he commercial paper of the bank, and that, if he has made a bona, tide rediscount of its paper, his acts will bo binding, because of his implied power to transact such business, and then added:

“ISut certa in],v lie is not presumed to have power, by reason of Ills official position, to bind his bank as an accommodation indorser of Ids own promissory note. Such a transaction would not la: within Hie scope ol! Ids general powers, and one who accepts an indorsement oC that character, if a contest arises, must prove actual authority before he, can recover. There are no presumptions in favor of such a delega lion of power. The very form of the paper itself carries notice to a purchaser oí a possible want of power to make Ihe indorsement, and is sufficient to put him on his guard. If he fails to avail himself of the notice, and obtain the information which is thus suggested to him, It is his own fault, and, as against an innocent party, he must bear the loss.”

In Smith v. Association, 78 Cal. 289, 293, 20 Pac. 677, and Bank v. Wagner (Ky.) 20 S. W. 535, 537, the agents made the notes of their corporations, payable to their own order, and then indorsed and discounted them, as in the case at bar; and the same rule was applied. The supreme court of Kentucky said:

“Now the notes bear upon their face the conclusive evidence of the fact that they were issued by Mr. Mathews, as agent, to himself, as principal, which was notice of itself to the appellants that the notes were void at the instance of the company, which destroyed their immunity as innocent purchasers. Consequently they could not recover thereon unless they could show that the company, by its superior officer, authorized so to do, or by its board of directors, with like authority, authorized Mr. Mathews to thus issue the notes because, the appellants being, prima facie, not innocent purchasers, — the notes being void upon their face, — they, in order to recover from the company, must show that they were issued rightfully and properly by the company’s agent, which they have failed to do.”

If, therefore, we concede that Hogaboom had general power to make and discount the promissory notes of the hotel company, yet the note of February 28, 1891, was not binding upon that corporation, under its denial of its execution in its answer, because his general authority gave him no power to make a note of the corporation payable to his own order, and the bank failed to prove that he had any special authority so to do.

- There is another reason why the note of February 28, 1891, was not binding upon the hotel company. It is that it was an accommodation note, that the bank had notice of that fact when it discounted the paper, and that it was beyond the powers of the corporation to make a note of that character. The form of the note, as we have seen, deprived the bank of the immunity of an innocent purchaser, and gave it noticé that Hogaboom had no power to make it under his general authority, and that, if the corporation contested it, it must discover and prove special power in him to do so. It gave the bank notice of every fact that a reasonably diligent inquiry to find and prove Hogaboom’s special authority to make the note would have discovered, and such an inquiry would certainly have brought to its knowledge the fact that the corporation had given no such authority, but that Hogaboom had made the note for his own accommodation. Moreover, the bank knew from the transaction itself that the hotel company received no consideration for the note, and that it had actually discounted' the accommodation note of that corporation for the benefit of Ed. Hoga-boom. The fact that Hogaboom told the president of the bank, when he applied for the loan, that he was borrowing the proceeds of the note for the hotel company, and the fact that the president understood that the bank was loaning to the hotel company, are not forgotten. But this contract was not made by what these parties said or understood, but by what they did. Hogaboom presented to the bank the note of the corporation, signed by himself as its president, payable to his own order, and indorsed by himself. He informed the bank that he wanted to borrow money on it for the hotel company. That statement was notice to the bank that this note was not one which the corporation had given to Hoga-boom for value, and that it was one which he had made without paying any consideration to the corporation for it, in order to enable him to borrow money. With this knowledge, the bank discounted the note, and instead of paying its proceeds to the hotel company, which it now claims was the borrower, it placed them all to the individual credit of Hogs)boom, and paid them out. on his individual check. It is said that the hank is not liable for Hoga-boom’s misapplication of the fund. Let ilie proposition be conceded. But it was not Ilogaboom, and it was the bank, which applied the proceeds of this note to Hogaboom’s use. It was the bank, and not Hogaboom, which placed the proceeds of the discount to his individual credit, pursuant to a custom of its own, so that, in the words of its president, the indorser “can’t go back on us, and say that he did not receive a consideration for the in-dorsement.” The bank cannot escape the knowledge or the effect of that which it did itself, and it discounted a note which it knew Unit the president of the hotel company had made payable to himself, without giving any consideration therefor to the corporation, and paid all the proceeds of the discount to the individual. In other words, it discounted the accommodation note of the corporation, with knowledge of its character, and paid the proceeds of the discount to the party accommodated. Nor did it ever give any consideration hut the proceeds of this discount for the note of December 3, 1894, on which this judgment rests, or for any of the other renewals of the original note of February 28, 1891, so that they were all mere accommodation notes of the corporation; and this to the knowledge of the bank, because the bank took them, and knew well what consideration was paid for them. But it is ultra vires of a corporation to make accommodation paper, or to guaranty the payment of the obligations of others. Lyon, Potter & Co. v. First Nat. Bank of Sioux City, 85 Fed. 120, 122; National Park Bank v. German-Ameriean Mut. W. & S. Co., 116 N. Y. 281, 292, 22 N. E. 567; Central Bank v. Empire Stone-Dressing Co., 26 Barb. 23; Bridgeport City Bank v. Same, 30 Barb. 421; Farmers’ & Mechanics’ Bank v. Same, 5 Bosw. 275; Morford v. Bank, 26 Barb. 568; Genesee Bank v. Patchin Bank, 13 N. Y. 309; Ætna Nat. Bank v. Charter Oak Life Ins. Co., 50 Conn. 167; Monument Nat. Bank v. Globe Works, 101 Mass. 57; Davis v. Railroad Co., 131 Mass. 258; Culver v. Real-Estate Co., 91 Pa. St. 367; Hall v. Turnpike Co., 27 Cal. 255; Madison W. & M. Plank-Road Co. v. Watertown & P. Plank-Road Co., 7 Wis. 59; Lucas v. Transfer Co., 70 Iowa, 541, 549, 30 N. W. 771. Here, too, is the answer to the contention that the hotel company is estopped from contesting the validity of these notes. A ooniract which a, corporation lias no power to make, it has no power to ratify, and no power to estop itself from denying. Bank v. Kennedy, 167 U. R. 362, 371, 17 Sup. Ct. 831; Union Pac. Ry. Co. v. Chicago, R. I. & P. Ry. Co., 163 U. S. 564, 581, 16 Sup. Ct. 1173; Central Transp. Co. v. Pullman’s Palace-Car Co., 139 U. S. 24, 59, 60, 11 Sup. Ct. 478; Railway Co. v. Hooper, 160 U. S. 514, 524, 530, 16 Sup. Ct. 379. If the hotel company had ever received any consideration for these notes, and if the bank had not had notice that the corporation received nothing for them, those facts would have removed the notes from the category of accommodation paper, and the corporation might have been estopped from denying their validity. Lyon, Potter & Co. v. Sioux City Nat. Bank, 85 Fed. 120, 122. But the hotel company received no consideration for them, and the hank knew it; so that the notes fall without the limits of voidable contracts, and there is no basis for an estoppel. The result is that the bank was not entitled to a judgment in this case, (1) because the note on'which it sued, and the original note of which that was a final renewal, were accommodation notes of the hotel company, and hence beyond the powers of that corporation to make, or to validate by ratification or estoppel, and the bank was charged with knowledge of their character, by its discount of the original note for the sole benefit of its indorser, and by the form of that note; and (2) because it failed to prove that the president of the hotel company was specially authorized to make the original note on behalf of the corporation, payable to his own order, and to discount it, and receive the proceeds of it himself. The judgment must be reversed, and the case must be remanded to the court below, with directions to grant a new trial, and it is so ordered.