PARFENUK v. THE STATE
A16A0636
Court of Appeals of Georgia
JULY 13, 2016
789 SE2d 332
BRANCH, Judge.
рersonal policy preferences. A judge is charged with interpreting the law in accordance with the original and/or plain meaning of the text at issue (and all that the text fairly implies), as well as with faithfully following the precedents established by higher courts. And in failing to adhere to these constraints, [a] trial court clearly err[s].17
Given these circumstances, we vacate the trial court‘s order granting the motion to suppress and remand the case for the trial court to consider whether the state carried its burden as imposed under Georgia law.18
Judgment vacated and case remanded with direction. Dillard and Peterson, JJ., concur.
DECIDED JULY 13, 2016.
Sandra N. Wisenbaker, Solicitor-General, Amy B. Godfrey, K. Danielle Sewell, Assistant Solicitors-General, for appellant.
Stein & Ward, George A. Stein, T. Kevin Mooney, for appellee.
A16A0636. PARFENUK v. THE STATE.
(789 SE2d 332)
Michael Peter Parfenuk was convicted on two counts of child molestation as well as two counts of sexual battery that were merged into the convictions for child mоlestation for sentencing. Parfenuk was sentenced to consecutive 20-year terms for the child molestation. On appeal, he contends that the trial court erred by ruling that Parfenuk opened the door to admission of a lie detector test. He also contends that he should be sentenced only fоr sexual battery based on the rule of lenity and that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to argue the rule of lenity at sentencing. For the reasons stated below, we reverse.
Construed in favor of the verdict,1 the evidence shows that the 14-year-old female victim reported to 911, her parents, her grandmother, a counselor, and a school resource officer that Parfenuk, age 59 at the time, had kissed her and touched her on the breasts and vaginal area while she was visiting his home; she initially reported that she had been raped, but in the conversation with her mother, she clarified that Parfenuk only had touched her.2 The police were called, and Parfenuk was arrested on the day of the incident and gave a statement to the police. At trial, Parfenuk testified in his own defense, and, among other things, admitted that he told someone that he had known the victim for years and that he fulfilled two roles in her life, as a “father figure” and as a “boyfriend figurе.” Although Parfenuk did not mention doing so in the statement that he filled out for the police on the day of the incident, Parfenuk admitted at trial that he had kissed the victim on the lips. Parfenuk also testified on direct examination that he often had young girls at his home and that he often gave them a “peck on the lips.” He mаde these admissions during a lengthy narrative explanation of the sequence of events on the day of the incident, including his questioning by police. At the end of the narrative, not in response to any question, Parfenuk testified as follows:
And I spoke to Detective Bradley [while sitting in a police car outside of thе Parfenuk house]. He asked me if I‘d take a voluntarily take a lie detector test. I said yes. So I followed another officer down to the police station. We waited a few minutes.
Detective Bradley was there. He asked me some questions.
Neither party objected to Parfenuk‘s statement. Immediately thereafter, still on direct examination, Parfenuk admitted (without аgain mentioning the lie detector test) that he changed his story while being questioned by Detective Bradley, that he initially denied all touching but then admitted that he had kissed the victim on the lips.
Later, during cross-examination, the State asserted that Parfenuk had opened the door to cross-examination regarding the vоice stress test that he took, including the results of the test. The State argued that without being allowed to follow up on Parfenuk‘s testimony that he was asked to take the test and was willing to do so, “it leaves the impression with the jury that he was willing to do something but the police wouldn‘t let him. It improperly bolsters [his testimony].” The State аlso argued that the evidence was relevant because Parfenuk changed his testimony regarding kissing the victim after he failed the test. Parfenuk‘s counsel objected on the ground that Parfenuk‘s testimony did not open the door to the results of the test that were otherwise inadmissible; the court overruled the objection but noted Parfenuk‘s objection for the record. The court allowed the State to cross-examine Parfenuk about the test, during which he admitted that the officer saw two indications that he was being deceitful. The State was also allowed to recall the officer who administered the test to the stand whеre he testified that Parfenuk admitted to kissing the victim on the lips only after Parfenuk was told that the test indicated deception. The officer also testified that he administered the test in an effort to determine whether Parfenuk had touched the victim‘s genital area or breasts and that the test showed that Parfenuk wаs deceptive when he denied doing so. The trial court charged the jury on the nature of polygraph/lie detector tests, including that it was up to the jury to decide what weight to give to that evidence.
Following his conviction, Parfenuk moved for a new trial, which the court denied, and Parfenuk then appealed.
1. Construed in favor of the verdict, the evidence presented was sufficient to convict Parfenuk of child molestation and sexual battery. See
2. Parfenuk contends the trial court erred by allowing the State to cross-examine him regarding the lie detector test and to admit testimony regarding the results of the tеst.3 “The trial court has broad discretion in determining the scope and extent of cross-examination; absent a clear abuse of discretion, the action of the trial court will not be disturbed.” Williams v. State, 303 Ga. App. 222, 229 (4) (692 SE2d 820) (2010) (citations and punctuation omitted); see, e.g., Mayberry v.State, 301 Ga. App. 503, 507 (2) (687 SE2d 893) (2009) (trial court‘s decision regarding whether defendant opened the door to certain testimony upheld absent abusе of discretion). “An abuse of discretion occurs where the trial court significantly misapplies the law or clearly errs in a material factual finding.” In the Interest of R. W., 315 Ga. App. 227, 232 (3) (c) (726 SE2d 708) (2012) (punctuation and footnote omitted).
The general rule in Georgia is that the results of polygraph tests, including voice stress tests, whether favorable or unfavorable to an accused, are not admissible in evidence, as they are not considered reliable. Price v. State, 269 Ga. 373, 375 (4) (497 SE2d 797) (1998); Salisbury v. State, 221 Ga. 718, 719 (4) (146 SE2d 776) (1966); Lockett v. State, 258 Ga. App. 178, 180-181 (2) (573 SE2d 437) (2002); see, e.g., Lemons v. State, 172 Ga. App. 193 (1) (322 SE2d 521) (1984) (holding that “[t]he court did not err in excluding evidence that the defendant had offered to take a polygraph examination“) (citation omitted). As explained by the Supreme Court of Georgia, the results of a polygraph examination are inadmissible with two exceptions, by a proper stipulation of the parties, or “to explain
In essence, the State contends that Parfenuk opened the door tо the test results by testifying that he voluntarily agreed to take a lie detector test and that, after going to the police station, Detective Bradley asked him some questions. Although we find no case with these specific facts, the Supreme Court of Georgia has held that a defendant may open the doоr concerning the results of a polygraph examination of a witness by eliciting from the witness that the police made her take a polygraph and that the test indicated that she was telling the truth. Cargill v. State, 255 Ga. 616, 637-638 (22) (340 SE2d 891) (1986), overruled on other grounds by Manzano v. State, 282 Ga. 557 (651 SE2d 661) (2007). The same court has also held where defense counsel opened the door regarding whether the Statе prevented the defendant from taking lie detector tests, it was harmless, if error, to allow further evidence showing that the defendant had not requested any tests. Mullis v. State, 248 Ga. 338, 342 (15) (282 SE2d 334) (1981).
Here, however, defense counsel did not elicit testimony about the test from Parfenuk and Parfenuk did not reveal the test results, yet the State was allowed to introduce the results of the tests, not just information about a request for a test. Rather, Parfenuk‘s comment, which came toward the end of a lengthy narrative, appears to have been spontaneous or inadvertent. There is no indication that defense counsel solicited the testimony. And our Supreme Court has held that the mere fact that a witness informs the jury that the defendant took a lie detector test is not prejudicial to the defendant if no inference is raised as to the result or if any inferences that might be raised as to the result are not prejudicial. Lyons v. State, 271 Ga. 639, 642 (6) (522 SE2d 225) (1999); Hayes v. State, 244 Ga. App. 12, 14-15 (4) (534 SE2d 577) (2000). It follows that the same event - simply reveаling that the defendant took a lie detector test - is not prejudicial to the State if no inference is raised as to the result of the test or if any inference is not prejudicial.5 Here, immediately after mentioning the test, albeit without expressly attributing it to the test, the defendant admitted that he changed his story while bеing questioned by Detective Bradley, which prejudiced Parfenuk much more than the State.
As stated above, the State‘s second argument is that the results of the test were probative and therefore admissible because Parfenuk changed his story after taking the test. But the State introduced much more than the faсt that Parfenuk changed his story after taking the test; the trial court allowed the State to introduce the results of the test itself. Those results were highly prejudicial to Parfenuk because they indicated that he was deceptive when denying that he touched the victim‘s breasts and vaginal area.
We hold that the trial сourt erred by allowing the State to introduce the results of the voice stress tests. First, Parfenuk‘s statement that he agreed to take a test was not solicited by defense counsel, and it appeared to be spontaneous and inadvertent. Further,
3. In his remaining enumerations of error, Parfenuk contends his sentences should be vacated and the case remanded for resentencing only for sexual battery under the rule of lenity. He also contends that his trial counsel was ineffective by not arguing for applicаtion of the rule of lenity during sentencing. Because these issues are likely to recur on retrial, we will address them now. See Chancey v. Peachtree Pest Control Co., 288 Ga. App. 767, 769 (2) (655 SE2d 228) (2007). We find no error, however.
“When the statutory law establishes different punishments for the same offense, courts sometimes apply the rule of lenity to resolve the statutory ambiguity.” Rollf v. Carter, 298 Ga. 557, 557 (784 SE2d 341) (2016) (citations omitted). “The fundamental inquiry [when assеssing whether the rule of lenity applies] is whether the identical conduct[, meaning the specific conduct with which the defendant was charged,] would support a conviction under either of two [criminal statutes] with differing penalties.” McNair v. State, 326 Ga. App. 516, 519 (757 SE2d 141) (2014) (footnote omitted).
Here, Parfenuk was charged on two counts of child molestation in that he did “unlawfully рerform an immoral and indecent act, to wit: fondling the primary genital area [and, in Count 2, the breasts] of [the victim], a child under 16 years of age, with intent to arouse the sexual desires of said accused.” Thus, the State was required to and did prove that Parfenuk sought to arouse his own sexual desires by touching the victim. Seе
Judgment reversed. Ellington, P. J., and Mercier, J., concur.
DECIDED JULY 13, 2016.
Robert L. Persse, for appellant.
Richard A. Mallard, District Attorney, Keith A. McIntyre, Benjamin T. Edwards, Assistant District Attоrneys, for appellee.