The appellant, Dean James Pantazes, appeals from a $41,750 judgment entered upon a jury’s verdict in the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County (Mason, J.), in favor of his brother, Michael Pantazes, and his sister-in-law, Melanie Pantazes. Appellant asks the Court to consider:
I. Whether the appellee’s claims for defamation and malicious prosecution were barred by a release which apрellee executed pursuant to Md.Ann.Code, Art. 27 § 737 (1987), “Expungement of Police and Court Records.”
II. Whether the damages awarded by the jury are duplicitous.
FACTS
In January 1985 Michael Pantazes (Michael) was contacted by an employee of the Budget Rent-A-Car Company (Budget) who demanded payment for damage which Michael had allegedly inflicted on one of Budget’s cars. The employee told Michael that Dean Pantazes (Dean) had informed Budget that Michael was the one who damaged the car. Later, in February 1985, Michael was summonsed by the Sheriff’s Department for Prince George’s County and served with a statement of charges which alleged that he “did willfully and maliciously destroy, injure and molest the right side of 1985 Lincoln the property of Budget Rent-A-Car.” Attached thereto was an “Application for Statement of Charges”, signed by one of Budget’s employees, alleging that Dean saw Michael scratch the car.
When Michael appeared in the District Court on March 8, 1985, the criminal charges against him were dismissed by the State. Shortly thereafter, Michael filed a “Petition for Expungement of Records” pursuant to Md.Ann.Code, Art. 27 § 737 1 which included, in accordance with the statute, *715 the following: 2
GENERAL WAIVER AND RELEASE
I, Michael Pantazes, hereby release and forever discharge the Montgomery County Policе Department, all of its officers, agents and employees and any and all other persons from any and all claims which I may have for wrongful conduct by reason of my arrest, detention or confinement on or about January 23, 1985.
This General Waiver and Release is conditioned on the expungement of the record of my arrest, detention, or confinement and compliance with Section 736(c) of Article 27 of the Annotated Code of Maryland, and shall be void if these conditions are not met.
[Dated] 14 March 1985
[Signed] Michael Pantazes
As a result, and in compliance with Md.Ann.Code, Art. 27 § 737(c) and Md.Rule 4-508, on July 2, 1985, the District Court for Montgomery County ordered the expungement of all police and court records with reference to Michael “pertaining to the arrest, detention or confinement on or about 1/20/85.”
On November 14, 1985, following the expungement of records, Michael filed the complaint in the case sub judice in which he alleged, inter alia, that Dean’s statements to Budget were defamatory and that Dean had maliciously caused Michael to be prosecuted for malicious destruction of property. On the third day of the trial, Dean’s counsel moved for summary judgment on the ground that the *716 Waiver and Release which Michael had signed in the ex-pungement proceeding precluded thе tort claims against Dean. The circuit court judge denied the motion because, the court reasoned, Michael had not been subjected to any “arrest, detention, or confinement,” and, therefore, the release was of no effect. The court stated that
“[i]f the general release had included the word ‘charges’, we would have been out of here yesterday morning before twelve o’clock, and I would have been twenty five cents poorer.”
At the conclusion of the trial the jury returned a verdict against Dean Pantazes and Michael DeLorenzo (the Budget employee who signed the application for statement of charges) on both the defamation and malicious prosecution counts. By way of a special verdict sheet the jury awarded the following damages:
$12,000 Malicious prosecution by both Defendants
14.000 Punitive damages for malicious prosecution by Dean
50 Defamation by Dean
700 Punitive damages for defamation by Dean
15.000 Consortium by both defendants
$41,750
I.
The Release
We discuss separately the effect of the release on the counts for malicious prosecution and for defamation.
A.
Malicious Prosecution
In
Pemrock, Inc. v. Essco Co.,
[A] general release to all mankind barred further suits against other entities involved in the occurrence which produced the settlement with one participant that led to the release. Relied on were various cases holding a *717 release of “all other рersons” did release a joint tort-feasor, including Thomas v. Erie Ins. Exchange,229 Md. 332 ; .... [182 A.2d 823 (1962)]
Peters v. Butler,
It would appear that this general rule would apply to the case
sub judice
so as to release appellant in the action for malicious prosecution. Budget, Dean Pantazes, and the law enforcement officials can all be considered as joint tort feasors
3
in the malicious prosecution. Secondly, the release of “any and all other persons” is the sort of “general release” to which the rule in
Pemrock
has been found applicable.
See Peters v. Butler,
Appellees, as did the trial court, take the position that although the release that Michael Pantazes signed is a “general release”, malicious prosecution is not related to “the occurrence which produced” the release with the State,
Peters,
The flaw in appellees’ reasoning is that they treat the signing of the “General Waiver and Release” as if it were part of a criminal proceeding in which they, knowing of a potential ambiguity in the State’s position, can remain silent and later сapitalize on that ambiguity. For example, consider the trial testimony of the attorney who represented and advised Michael Pantazes at the time of the expungement process:
I knew from the evidence, and from my investigation, from the paperwork that, to my knowledge, there was no arrest, no detention, or no confinement on the date in question. And thus, there could be no release tо anybody including Mr. Dean Pantazes, for having caused the arrest, detention, or confinement, because there was no such cause of action civilly could be based upon that since it never happened.
THE COURT: If you don’t comply with the statute, you’re not entitled to the expungement.
THE WITNESS: If—that is not the way I read it—if there was a proper objection by the State’s Attorney to the form of the releasе, number one; number two, if the Court sustains the objection by the State’s Attorney in the petition for expungement, then in that event, one is not entitled to the release, if the Court rules that way.
In this State, however, releases are normally construed and applied according to the rules of contract law,
Bernstein v.
*719
Kapneck,
The State and Michael Pantazes, in good faith, entered a mutually beneficial, bilateral agreement,
Crane Ice Cream Co. v. Terminal Freezing & Heating Co.,
In light of the understanding that the General Waiver and Release of March 14, 1985, is to be interpreted as a contract, key among the general principles applicable to the interpretation оf the agreement is that:
*720 [A] release is to be construed according to the intent of the parties and the object and purpose of the instrument, and that intent will control and limit its operation.
Shriver v. Carlin & Fulton Co.,
The written language embodying the terms of an agreement will govern the rights and liabilities of the parties, irrespective of the intent of the parties at the time they entered into the contract, unless the written languаge is not susceptible of a clear and definite understanding____” Slice v. Carozza Prop., Inc.,215 Md. 357 , 368,137 A.2d 687 , 693 (1958). “[Wjhere a contract is plain and unambiguous, there is no room for construction, and it must be presumed that the parties meant what they expressed.” Kasten Constr. v. Rod Enterprises,268 Md. 318 , 328,301 A.2d 12 , 18 (1973); Little v. First Federated Life,267 Md. 1 , 6,296 A.2d 372 , 375 (1972); Devereux v. Berger,253 Md. 264 , 269,252 A.2d 469 , 471 (1969). Thus, when interpreting [an] ... agreement, this Court is “bound to give effect to the plain meaning of the language used.” Woodham v. Woodham, supra [235 Md. 356 ], 360, 201 A.2d [674], 676 [1964]; Sands v. Sands, 252 Md. 137,249 A.2d 187 (1969).
Goldberg v. Goldberg,
Where contract language is plain and unambiguous, its meaning should be determined without referеnce to extrinsic facts or aids. Sternbergh v. Brock, 225 Pa. 279,74 Atl. 166 (1909); Kennedy v. Erkman,389 Pa. 651 ,133 A.2d 550 (1957). Words are to be given their ordinary meaning, Pines Plaza Bowling, Inc. v. Rossview, Inc.,394 Pa. 124 ,145 A.2d 672 (1958). However, if the language under consideration is ambiguous or uncertain a court must then determine the intention of the parties. In such a case a court may consider evidence of extrinsic factors: i.e., negotiations of the parties, the circumstances surrounding execution of the contract, the parties’ own *721 construction of the contract and the conduct of the parties. De-Moss v. Beryllium Corporation,358 Pa. 470 ,58 A.2d 70 (1948); Sternbergh v. Brock, supra; Kennedy v. Erkman, supra.
Mascaro v. Snelling & Snelling of Baltimore, Inc.,
First, we reject appellees’ argument that, by the express terms of the agreement,
Slice,
Giving effect to the intent of the parties, as expressed in the ordinary meaning of the words in their agreement, is not a simple task. The phrase “arrest, detention or confinement” cannot be accurately defined within the four corners of the agreement. Words like “arrest” and “detention” are vague and their definitions are context dependent. “Arrest” when used in the criminal context describes a more specific and formal act than when that term is used in a civil context.
Compare Morton v. State,
In light of the evident ambiguity in the words of the agreement, we consider the circumstances of its formation,
Mascaro,
On March 22, 1985, appellee, Michael Pantazes, petitioned the district court, under Art. 27 § 737, “to enter an Order for Expungement of all police and court records pertaining to the above arrest, detention, confinement and charges.” Section 737 specifically informed Michael that in order to proceed with the petition he would be required to waive all claims “for tortious conduct arising from the charge ” and not merely those arising from the “arrest, detention or confinement.” Section 737, in conjunction with Md.Rule 4-504(b), explained that this general waiver could be accomplished by signing the “General Waiver and Release,” Md. Rule Exp.Form 2 (1984), which is now before the Court. Therefore, in filing the release along with his § 737 petition Michael Pantazes clearly intended by that release to satisfy *723 the § 737 requirement that he release “any person from tortious conduct arising from the charge” in general; which would include his claim for malicious prosecution. He did not intend, or did the State, to make an illusory promise to release everyone from a non-existent criminal “arrest.”
We conclude, therefore, that the “occurrence which produced” the release
sub judice
was the string of circumstances beginning with the complaint tо the police through the final dismissal of the charges. Since the appellant’s acts which gave rise to the complaint for malicious prosecution
sub judice
were part of that occurrence, the release between the State and Michael Pantazes released that claim,
Pemrock,
B.
Defamation
Having determined that the General Waiver and Release was a complete defense to the claim for malicious prosecution, we must now consider what effect that agreement has on the counts for defamation. We hold, for several reasons, that it has no effect whatever.
First, the “General Waiver and Release” waives “all claims which I may have for wrongful conduct
by reason of
my arrest, detention or confinement____” The claim for defamation, based on Dean Pantazes statements to Budget, however, does not arise “by reason of” the arrest, detention, or confinement. The circumstances which gave rise to
*724
the claim for defamation preceded and exist wholly independently of the subsequent criminal charges.
Compare Krashes v. White,
Secondly, the defamation was the original tort while the malicious prosecution occurred subsequently. As this Court has held:
[RJelease of an original tort-feasor discharges subsequent tort-feasors, ... [but] the converse ... [is] not true:
“[A] wrongdoer is responsible for the reasonably foreseeable consequences of his tortious act, including the negligent conduct of others. [But] it would defy reason to hold the [subsequent tort-feasor] liable for injuries caused by the original wrong dоer, which were not the consequences of his own carelessness____” Id. [Kyte v. McMillion, 256 Md.] at 105-06,259 A.2d 532 , quoting Derby v. Prewitt,12 N.Y.2d 100 ,236 N.Y.S.2d 953 , 957-58,187 N.E.2d 556 , 560-61 (1962).
Ralkey,
II.
Duplicitous Damages
Appellant next asks whether the verdict sheet created “a duplication of damages for the appellee.”
*725
Maryland Rule 8-181(a) provides that “[o]rdinarily, the appellate court will not decide any .. .issue unless it plainly appears by the record to have been raised in or decided by the trial court ...”
See, e.g., Blum v. Blum,
Conclusion
The jury, by their special verdict sheet, awarded appellees: $750 for the defamation; which amount we affirm, and $26,000 for the malicious prosecution, which we reverse. As to the $15,000 awarded for loss of consortium, our task is more difficult because the jury did not attempt to apportion the damages between malicious prosecution and defamation.
The law provides that:
[I]n a proper case ... [the verdict] can be molded or reformed to reflect what the jury manifestly and beyond doubt intended, Davis v. Board of Education,168 Md. 74 , 78-79,176 A. 878 , 880 (1935); Diamond State Co. v. Blake,105 Md. 570 , 575-76,66 A. 631 , 633-34 (1907); Gamble v. Sentman,68 Md. 71 , 77,11 A. 584 , 585 (1887); Browne v. Browne,22 Md. 103 , 115 (1864), citing Hawkins v. Crofton, 2 Burrow 698, 699-700 (K.B.1758); 1 J. Poe, Pleading and Practice § 758, at 796 (5th ed. 1925), and cases cited in 2 J. Poe, § 758 n. 46, at 508 (6th ed. 1970)....
Montgomery Ward & Co. v. Keulemans,
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED AS TO LIABILITY AND DAMAGES FOR DEFAMATION OTHER THAN THOSE DAMAGES AWARDED FOR LOSS OF CONSORTIUM; JUDGMENT REVERSED AS TO LIABILITY AND DAMAGES FOR MALICIOUS PROSECUTION; CASE REMANDED TO THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR PRINCE GEORGE’S COUNTY FOR A JURY TRIAL ON THE ISSUE OF DAMAGES AWARDABLE FOR LOSS OF CONSORTIUM. COSTS TO BE PAID TWO-THIRDS BY APPELLANT AND ONE-THIRD BY APPELLEES.
Notes
. Subsection (c) of § 737 requires that:
(c) Time of filing.— ... (a) ... the petition may not be filed earlier than 3 years after the date the judgment or order was *715 entered or the action was taken which terminated the proceеding. However, ... the three-year waiting period does not apply ... if a person files, with the petition, a written general waiver and release, in proper legal form, of all claims he may have against any person for tortious conduct arising from the charge.
. The actual form as signed by appellee conforms to Md.Rules Exp. Form 2 (1984). This differs from Md.Rules Form 4-503.2 (1988) only in that the latter form specifically discharges the complainant by name.
. "Joint tort feasors are two or more parties who jointly commit a wrong resulting in a single injury." 3B Personal Injury § 1.03 [2] (L. Frumer & M. Friedman ed. 1986).
. In the case of “court records,” Md.Rule 4-502(c), the materials expunged would not actually be destroyed but merely removed to a “denied access area,” Md.Rule 4-512(e); however, in the case of “police records,” 4-502(h), no specific procedures for retention of expunged records are provided and if a particular police agency does not have a “denied access area” then expunged records must be "obliterated.” Md.Rule 4-502(d)(l).
. A criminal arrest consists of "the taking, seizing or detaining of the person of another,
inter alia,
by any act that indicates an intention to take him into custody and that subjects him to the actual control and will of the рerson making the arrest.”
Morton v. State,
. Appellees draw the Court’s attention to significant testimony in the record which indicates that, at the time Michael Pantazes signed the General Waiver and Release, he did not subjectively intend to release Dean Pantazes; however, the proper objective of the Court is to enforce the common understanding of the parties to the release,
Ford Motor Co. Ltd. v. M/S Maria Gorthon,
. During oral argument, appellant’s counsel referred to pages 270-274 of the transcript as a basis for preservation of this issue. The Court has reviewed this part of the transcript and finds no basis for appellant’s claim. The only objection made was a general one that a special verdict sheet would give "credence and legitimization” to the suit which appellant described as "a bunch of baloney.” The issue on appeal, duplicitous damages, was not argued before the circuit court.