Palmer v. State, 121 Tenn. 465

121 Tenn. 465 | Tenn. | 1908

Mr. Justice Neil

delivered the opinion of the Court.

The plaintiff in error was indicted and convicted in the circuit court of Wilson county for the crime of rape, committed upon the person of Mrs. Sophronia J. Yates, and was sentenced to be hanged. He thereupon appealed to this court and assigned errors. We have fully considered the evidence, and all of the errors assigned, in a memorandum opinion filed with record, and we do not deem it necessary, in the present opinion, to refer more particularly to the facts, and to certain of the errors assigned, than in the manner just mentioned; In this opinion, prepared for publication, we shall advert to only two or three matters of la,w which arose upon the hearing.

It is insisted that the trial judge erred in passing to the counsel for the prisoner the following veniremen as competent jurors, thereby rendering it necessary for the prisoner to challenge them peremptorily, viz.: J. V. Nettles, J. S. Hamilton, Albert Hawkins, J. £>. Steed, R. W. Lannom, P. B. Smith, J. B. Young, Lea Ballinger, Jim Heran, R. B. Malone, Cates Bingham, E. P. Mitchell, Sam Lannis, and H. H. Smith. The latter was the twelfth juror, who was tendered to the prisoner’s counsel after they had exhausted all of his peremptory challenges.

Most of the veniremen referred to stand upon the same ground, and can be disposed of together; but there are peculiarities about one or two of them, and they will be mentioned specially.

J. Y. Nettles stated on his voir dire that he had not formed or expressed an opinion. Upon further examination he stated that he was a subscriber to the Lebanon Banner, and had been since, and prior to, July 4th; that he usually read the paper carefully, but did not remember reading articles about this matter; that, if he had read tile Banner news items and editorials, he would have formed an opinion which would require evidence to remove. The bill of exceptions continues: “The defendant offered to show the news items and editorials of the Banner, marked Exhibits D, E, and F, to the defendant’s affidavits for a continuance, to the venireman, asking the question if he had read them. The court refused to allow the venireman to read the articles, upon the ground that, if they were not disqualifying, they were not material, and, if disqualifying, it Avould not be proper now to disqualify a juror.”

■ It is insisted thát the trial judge erred in not permitting the counsel for the prisoner to exhibit to the proposed person the articles referred to and have him read them. We do not think there was any error in this action of the court. It is clear, from the examination of the venireman, that he had no opinion whatever as to the guilt or innocence of the prisoner. It would have been an idle thing to have him read a newspaper article in order to see if lie would form an opinion. It is said tlie court held in Ward v. State, 102 Tenn., 730, 52 S. W., 996, that it was error in the trial court not to permit such a thing to be done. The facts in that case were far different from those in the present case. In Ward’s Clase it appeared that the prisoner was on trial for one of a series of forgeries of the same character; that there had been a former trial of one of. these cases, in which the particular transaction which was the subject of the case then on trial had been testified to by the leading witness for the prosecution; that his evidence had been reported in a newspaper, and that this newspaper had been read by the venireman; and that from the facts so stated by the witness he had formed an opinion. The court held, under these' facts, that the prisoner’s counsel should have been permitted to exhibit the newspaper to the venireman and examine him . thereon; that is, it was held that the counsel for the prisoner had the right to examine the venireman touching the very newspaper report which the venireman said he had read, and from which he said he had formed an opinion, and which evidence related to the particular transaction which was the subject of the case for which the venireman was being examined as a prospective juror. In the present case, as already stated, the venireman testified that he had formed no opinion and did not remember that he had ever read the article in the paper.

J. S. Steed and several others of the persons named stated that they had read the accounts of the crime in both Lebanon papers, hut had not formed or expressed any opinion. Of course, they were not disqualified.

Cates Bingham and several others of the veniremen mentioned testified that they had formed an opinion, hut that it was based merely on rumor; that it would require evidence to remove such an opinion, but that they could go into the jury box, and do fair and impartial justice between the State and the prisoner, and decide the case upon the law and the evidence. This was the case, also, of H. H. Smith, who went upon the jury as the twelfth juror after the prisoner had exhausted all of his challenges.

The case of R. B. Malone is .thus stated in the bill of exceptions:

“R. B. Malone otherwise qualified, but said he had formed an opinion; that it was based on mere rumor; that he could go into the jury box, and cbo fair and impartial justice between the State and the defendant, and would decide the case upon the law and the evidence; that his opinion was a fixed one, which would require evidence to remove; that he had talked generally about the matter, but did not know whether he had talked with witnesses or not, but had accepted or received it as mere rumor; that he read the Lebanon Democrat.”

The determination of the question arising as to the two veniremen last mentioned requires a reference to our cases.

We have quite a number of cases upon the subject of the competency of jurors.

The following may be mentioned as cases wherein it clearly appeared that the veniremen had been disqualified by the formation of an opinion: Rice v. State, 1 Yerg., 432; Troxdale v. State, 9 Humph., 422; Riddle v. State, 3 Heisk., 401; State v. Collie, 3 Shan. Tenn. Cas., 803, 807; Carter v. State, 9 Lea, 440; Cartwright v. State, 12 Lea, 620; Hoard & Fite v. State, 15 Lea, 318; Ward v. State, 102 Tenn., 724, 52 S. W., 996; Turner v. State, 111 Tenn., 593, 69 S. W., 774.

The following cases stand upon somewhat peculiar grounds: Henry v. State, 4 Humph., 270; Moses v. State, 10 Humph., 456; Norfleet v. State, 4 Sneed, 341, 343, 344.

There are several cases concerning the effect of an opinion formed on rumor. These are Howerton v. State, Meigs, 262; Payne v. State, 3 Humph., 375; Moses v. State, 11 Humph., 232; Brakefield v. State, 1 Sneed, 215, 218, 219; McLean v. State, 1 Shan. Tenn. Cas., 478, 483, 484; Johnson v. State, 11 Lea, 47; Spence v. State, 15 Lea, 539, 543-547; Woods v. State, 99 Tenn., 182, 41 S. W., 811; Leach v. State, 99 Tenn., 584, 597, 42 S. W., 195; State v. Robinson, 106 Tenn., 204, 206, 61 S. W., 65. There is also the case of Watkins v. State, 1 Leg. Rep., 10, 2 Shan. Tenn. Cas., 206, which is out of line with the other cases upon the same subject.

We have also several cases which discuss the question of the competency of jurors in respect of matters of opinion generally. These are McGowan v. State, 9 Yerg., 184; Alfred & Anthony v. State, 2 Swan, 581; Eason v. State, 6 Baxt., 466; Conatser v. State, 12 Lea, 436; Spence v. State, supra; Woods v. State, supra; Wilson v. State, 109 Tenn., 167, 169, 170, 70 S. W., 57.

There is some conflict in the early cases. The dividing line between the early and later cases may he placed with Conatser v. State, supra, opinion hy Mr. Justice Cooper, in which that great judge discusses the prior cases, and with infinite tact and delicacy indicates the transition from the earlier to the later view. The beginning of the modern doctrine may he placed with the case of Spence v. State, supra, in an opinion hy the same eminent judge. That case contains a redaction of the Gonatser Gase. We shall not discuss or endeavor to reconcile the conflict between-the present and the early" doctrine, hut shall begin our statement of the present doctrine with the Spence Gase.

In this latter case the court said.:

“The first error relied on for reversal is in the.action of the court in pronouncing W. J. Taylor a competent juror. After the defendant had exhausted all his challenges, Taylor was presented as a juror. He stated on his voir dire that he had an opinion, formed from reading the newspapers and from • talk in the neighborhood; that it would require evidence to remove this opinion; he had heard Spence had killed Wheat abont a settlement, and that was all he had heard or read; did not know either of them; that, if taken on the jury, he would try the case on the evidence as sworn to by the witnesses, and would not try the case on what he had read or heard, and could do fair and impartial justice between the State and the defendant; that he did not remember having read the testimony give be-for the coroner’s jury.

“In Conatser v. State, 12 Lea, 436, we had occasion to review the decisions of this court upon the competency of jurors in criminal cases, and to ascertain the general principles which might be considered as settled thereby. We found that the question whether the nature and strength of a juror’s opinion are such as in law necessarily raise the presumption of partiality, is one of mixed law and fact, to be tried, as far as the facts are concerned, like any other issue of that character, -upon the evidence, and that the finding of the trial court, before whom the juror gave his testimony in person, would not be set aside by the reviewing court, except for manifest error. The burden is upon the challenger to show the actual existence of a disqualifying opinion. We held that if the opinion of the .juror go only to the fact that a person has been killed, and that the defendant killed him with a particular instrument, in a case where these facts could not be disputed, he would not necessarily have a disqualifying- opinion. We also held that, if the opinion of a juror he clearly, such as disqualifies him, no inquiry is permissible whether, notwthstanding his opinion, he will be governed by the evidence alone, but that it is otherwise when the opinion is not based upon evidence or information that disqualifies, and that the law does not regard what the juror may call an opinion as an opinion at all, unless based upon knowledge or -reliable information of facts, and the state of the mind of the juror in such case as to what weight he would give to the evidence to be introduced becomes an important element in ascertaining his competency. As a result we. held that a juror was competent in the particular case who had heard persons say that the prisoner had killed the deceased with a hoe at a road working, who did not know whether these persons were witnesses or not, nor whether they had heard the evidence or not, who had the same opinion still, which was a fixed opinion from rumor, and that it would take evidence favorable to the prisoner to remove it, but that he could disregard that opinion, and be governed in his verdict by the evidence.

“In the case before us it is conceded that, if the juror had merely said that he heard that the defendant had killed Wheat, he would, upon the statements on his voir dire, have come within the rulings of the Conatser Case. But it .is argued’that the additional statement that the killing was ‘about a settlement’ took the case out of the rule. The fact that the juror had heard that the defendant had killed the deceased with a particular instrument, if undisputed, is, as we have held, immaterial; and it is difficult to see how the additional fact of the cause of the killing, if equally undisputed, could change the result, for the cause would not ordinarily fix the blame on either party, or show the nature of the offense. That is certainly so in the present case. And the testimony, as we have seen, is that the defendant himself, at the time and always, said that the difficulty originated in his wanting to get a settlement from the deceased. But the answer to the argument is that what the witness had heard and read was mere rumor. He had not read the testimony given before the coroner’s jury, nor, so far as appears, any detailed statement. What he had read and heard was merely that defendant had killed deceased about a settlement, facts about which there was no dispute. Newspaper statements,- to disqualify a juror, must be such as fall within the disqualifying sources of information, and purport to be detailed by those who professed to know the facts. Any other statement would only amount to rumor, and it can only be rumor, whether in parol or printed. If the opinion of the juror was founded on rumor alone, then the case falls exactly within the ruling of Conatser v. State.” 15 Lea, 543-546.

In Woods v. State, 99 Tenn., 182, 41 S. W., 811, the court said, upon the same subject:

“It is contended that the record discloses several errors of law, on account of which a new trial should he granted. It is said that the trial judge made an erroneous ruling as to the competency of E. W. Epper-son, who was presented as a juror. When examined on his voir dire, Epperson said that he had head a detailed account Of the killing’ in the newspapers; that he accepted what he read as true, and from it formed an opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the accused; but that the account he read did not mention any witnesses, report any evidence, or refer to the coroner’s inquest, and that he had no information about the homicide, except what he had read in the newspapers; and, finally, that he was without bias or prejudice as to the defendant, and thought he could render a fair and impartial verdict solely on the law and the evidence, if he should become a juror in the case. The defendant, by his counsel, challenged the proposed juror on account of his opinion. The court ruled that he was competent, and the defendant thereupon challenged him peremptorily, and he was excused.

“The defendant exhausted his other twenty-three peremptory challenges, and after that peremptorily challenged another person, who was accepted by the court over defendant’s objection. Thus the defendant was compelled to take a juror whom he did not want, and whom he would have been able to avoid, had he not been forced to spend one of his twenty-four peremptory challenges upon Epperson, whom he- first challenged for cause, and -whom he now insists was incompetent. . . . A man who has prejudged the case upon its real facts is necessarily partial, and therefore incompetent to.sit as a juror at the trial. An opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the accused, however, is not always a disqualification. Some opinions are disqualifying, and others are not; the difference in effect being due to the difference in character and origin. Those opinions which are based upon personal knowledge of the facts of the case, or upon a statement of the facts made by the witnesses themselves, or by others Avho have heard the witnesses relate them, disqualify; but those formed from rumor do not disqualify. Rice v. State, 1 Yerg., 482; McGowan v. State, 9 Yerg., 184; Payne v. State, 3 Humph., 376; Moses v. State, 10 Humph., 456; Moses v. State, 11 Humph., 232; Alfred & Anthony v. State, 2 Swan, 581; Eason v. State, 6 Baxt., 466; Conatser v. State, 12 Lea, 436; Spence v. State, 15 Lea, 539.

“In Eason’s Case, ten persons, summoned as jurors, stated that they 'had formed and expressed an opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant/ from the reading of a newspaper which 'purported to give an account of the facts of. the case, but did not purport to give the testimony in the case, and that, if accepted and sworn as jurors in this case, they believed they could give a fair and impartial verdict on the law and the testimony.’ The trial judge pronounced those persons competent as jurors, and the defendant challenged them peremptorily. On appeal in error, this court reversed the ruling of the trial judge, and declared the enactment (chapter 51, p. 78, Acts 1870-71) on which it was based null and void, because in contravention of the constitutional right of trial by an impartial jury. 6 Baxt, 467, 477, 478. .

“In Conatser’s Case it was said that the newspaper account referred to in the Eason Case was treated ‘as falling within the disqualifying sources of information, probably because detailed by those who professed to know the facts,’ and that ‘whether this assumption and the adjudication that the act of legislature was unconstitutional are correct are -questions"not' now before us.’ 12 Lea, 442, 443. The latter suggestion has been regarded as raising some doubt as to the correctness of the decision in Eason’s Case.

“The Spencer Case lays doAvn the following rule: ‘Newspaper statements, to disqualify a juror, must be such as fall within the disqualifying sources of information, and purport to be detailed by those who professed to know the facts. Any other statement would only amount to rumor, whether in parol or printed.’ 15 Lea, 546.

“Tested by this rule, Epperson was, undoubtedly, competent. His information was not derived from any one of the ‘disqualifying sources.’ He had no personal knoAvledege of the facts, had heard no statement of the facts by the witnesses, nor by others to whom the Avit-nesses had related them, nor did the ‘detailed account of the killing/ which he read in the newspapers, purport to he made ‘by those Avho professed to know the facts.’ The ‘account’ he read amounted to rumor only, and it was none the less rumor because circulated by newspapers, and not by oral deliverance. It follows that the opinion entertained by the proposed juror was based on. rumor, and that he was, therefore, not disqualified by reason of that opinion. Nothing is better settled in criminal procedure in this State than that rumor is not a source of disqualification.”

To the same effect, Leach v. State, 99 Tenn., 584, 596, 597, 42 S. W., 195.

In State v. Robinson, 106 Tenn., 204, 206, 207, 61 S. W., 65, is is said:

“It is objected that Howard Smith and J. E, Robbins, two of the jurors who tried the defendant, were-incompetent to act as such. These gentlemen, on their now dire, stated that they had formed and expressed opinion-as to the merits of the case and the guilt of the defendant; that this opinion was based upon information which they relied upon and believed to be true; that they had read the newspaper accounts of the killing, but that they did not know that those from whom they obtained their, information knew or professed to know the circumstances of the case; that they had a fixed opinion, based upon this information, which they regarded as true and reliable, and one which it would require proof to remoye; that they could, however, try the case according to the law and evidence, and give the defendant a fair and impartial trial. The parties were held by the court to he competent, were accepted by the State, but challenged by the defense, and were placed on the jury oyer the protest of the defendant.

“The defendant exhausted all his challenges in making up the jury, and was forced to accept a juror oyer his peremptory challenge. This is assigned as error.

“We are of opinion that under the ruling of this court in Woods v. State, 99 Tenn., 182, 41 S. W., 811, there Ayas no error in accepting these parties as competent jurors. They could not say that the accounts which they had heard and read were given by persons who knew or professed to kno>v the facts, and they stated that they could render a verdict impartially upon the evidence, notwithstanding these preconceived opinions, which Avere formed, as we think, from rumor, and hot from any account by any one purporting or assuming to knoAV or state the facts. We think the statements they had read and heard of the facts must be treated as rumor and do not disqualify the persons from acting as jurors.”

At the same term of the court, in the case of Morrison v. State, from Robertson county, an opinion was delivered by the present chief justice; but it has been lost, and the record also has been mislaid. We have had recourse, however, to the original bill of exceptions, and the action of the lower court, which was approved in that case, is thus disclosed:

“John Dnrrett testified on his voir dire. Tliat he had a fixed opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant, founded upon reading- an account of the killing in the newspaper, and that it would require proof to remove said opinion. The court then asked the said John Durrett if he believed that he could fairly and impartially render a verdict in this case in accordance with the law and evidence. He replied that he thought he could. The court held the said John Durrett a competent juror. The defendant excepted to the action of the court in holding the said John Durrett as a competent juror.- The State passed the said John Durrett. The defendant challanged him for cause. The court overruled and disallowed the challange for cause, to which the defendant excepted. The defendant then and there challenged said John Durrett peremptorily.

“J. M. Birdwell was tendered as a competent juror. He also stated that he had a fixed opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant, which was formed from reading a detailed account of the shooting in the Robertson County News, a newspaper published at Springfield, soon after it occurred, and that it would take proof to remove said opinion. The court then asked J. M. Birdwell if he believed that he could fairly and impartially render a verdict in this case in accordance with the law and evidence. He replied that he thought he could. The court held J. M'. Birdwell competent as a juror. The State passed him. The defendant challenged him for cause. The court overruled and disallowed said challenge, to which the defendant excepted. The defendant then peremptorily challenged the said J. M. Birdwell.

“John Crosswy was tendered as a competent juror. He also stated that he had a fixed opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant, which was formed by reading an account of the killing in the Robertson County Hews soon after it occurred, and that it would. take proof to remove said opinion. The court then asked John Crosswy if he believed he could fairly and impartially render a verdict in this case in accordance with the law and evidence. He replied that he thought he could. The court held John Crosswy competent as a juror. The State passed him. The defendant challenged him for cause. The court disallowed and overruled said challenge for cause,, to which the defendant then and there excepted. The defendant peremptorily challenged John Crosswy.”

This court held that all of. the foregoing persons tendered as jurors were competent, and also held that chapter 383. p. 891, of the Acts of 1899', was constitutional. That act reads:

“That hereafter, in the trial of any criminal case, the fact that a person called as a juror has formed an opinion or impression based upon newspaper statements shall not disqualify him to serve as a juror, if he shall, upon oath, swear that he believes he can fairly and impartially render’ a verdict therein in accordance with the law and evidence, and the court shall be satisfied of the truth of such statement.”

This statute must, however, be construed in connection with the cases already quoted from, and those which are to follow, as to the kind of newspaper statements referred to.

The next case is Turner v. State, decided at the April term, 1902, and reported in the addendum to 111 Tenn., at page 593, 69 S. W., 774. In that case the court held that the. juror was ineomptent because, said the court, “it will he observed that during the course of his examination the juror stated he conversed with parties who had conversed with witnesses; that he accepted what they said as. being the facts in the case; that he does not recall their names, but the names of the witnesses were given him in those conversations; that he has an opinion well grounded and fixed, etc.; that his opinion was unfavorable to the defendant; and that it will require evidence to remove it.”

The next and last case in; our reports is Wilson v. State, 109 Tenn., 167, 169, 170, 70 S. W., 57, which was decided at the September term, 1902. In that case it appeared that the plaintiff in error had been convicted of murder in the second degree, and had been sentenced to the penitentiary and appealed. It.was urged in this court that he had not had a trial before a fair and impartial jury. Said the court upon this subject:

“The specific objection is over the fact that Richard Rider, W. H. Parmer, and four others, whose names are not given, w'ere not competent and impartial, in that they stated, when examined on their voir dire, that they had. formed and expressed opinions touching the guilt or innocence of the defendant. They stated that they had heard a great deal about the case, lived in the locality of the killing, had heard persons state how the killing occurred, but did not know whether the persons who made the statements kneAV of the facts or not; that they had formed their opinions from these statements, but that, if selected as jurors, they could and would wholly disregard these opinions, and try the case alone on the law and evidence, and do equal and exact justice between the State and the defendant; that they would, • however, go into the jury box with their opinions; and that it would take evidence to remove them. These parties were objected to as incompetent and disqualified for jury service, and were offered to be challenged for cause; but the court held them competent, and, being acceptable 1o the State, defendant was forced to peremptorily challenge them, and in this way exhausted his challenges, and was refused any others on that ground. Defendant, having exhausted all his challenges before the jury was made up, was forced to accept as a juror one C. A. Guy, Avhom he desired to challenge, and avIio was selected and impaneled as a juror over his protest and challenge.

“This matter has been often before this court, and its latest deliverance upon the questions involved is embodied in the case of Turner v. State, 111 Tenn., 593, 69 S. W., 778, 779, where the cases are reviewed and commented on at some length. It is only necessary to say tliat the opinions which disqualify a person from being a juror are such as are formed from the personal knowledge of the juror, the statements of witnesses, or of those who have heard the witnesses, and who repeat what they have heard, or from published accounts of the statements of witnesses; and opinions formed from other sources are based upon rumor, and; do not disqualify. Woods v. State, 99 Tenn., 187, 41 S. W., 811.”

It is unnecessary that we should add anything to what is said in the foregoing opinions from which we have quoted. Those opinions, in the excerpts which we have quoted, state fully and clearly the latest views of the court in this State upon the vexed subject of which they treat. It is manifest, that, under the principles that aré thus laid down, none of the jurors objected to were incompetent. The opinions of all of them must be treated as based on rumor.

It is insisted that the court below erred in failing to instruct the jury upon the subject of assault with intent to commit the specific crime of which the plaintiff in error was convicted. We do not think there was any error in this respect. There was no evidence upon which such a charge could have been based. The plaintiff in error was guilty of the' charge of which he was convicted, or of nothing. Powers v. State, 117 Tenn., 363, 372, 97 S. W., 815, Frazier v. State, 117 Tenn., 430, 441, 100 S. W., 94.

We have thus gone over the various exceptions made, just as if these matters were properly presented to us upon overruling a motion for a new trial in the lowefr court. However, in the present case, it appears that the motion for a new trial was made in connection with the motion in arrest of judgment in the following form, as shown on the record, at page 7, viz.: “Defendant by attorneys thereupon moved in arrest of judgment, and for a new trial, which was overruled by the court.”

In Freeman v. Railroad, 107 Tenn., 340, 64 S. W., 1, it is said: “It appears that its motions for a new trial and in arrest of judgment were made at the same time and in the same motion. A motion for a new trial and in arrest of judgment cannot be made together and at the same time, and a motion in arrest of judgment is a waiver of a motion for a new trial.” In the later case of Hall v. State, 110 Tenn., 365, 75 S. W., 716, it appeared that the motion was precisely the same as here. It is quoted on page 368 of 110 Tenn., and page 717 of 75 S. W.: “Comes the defendant and moves the court in arrest of judgment and for a new trial, which motion being heard is overruled.” The court said: “Evidently there was a single motion, embracing two distinct, if not incongruous, matters of procedure, and invoking the judgment of the trial judge upon it. In addition, even if this was construed as an equivalent of recital of the two motions, yet it could not be presumed that they were disposed of in proper order; for, from the statement of the record just given, we think the necessary inference is that the motion in arrest was first made, and, being so made, was disposed of first. The legal effect of the waiver of the motion for new trial is that the court is confined to error assigned upon the face of the record.”

It is insisted that there was error upon the face of the record, because the indictment was defective; hut' there was no motion to quash made in the count below. The trial judge may perhaps quash on his own motion, butt he is not bound to quash, even on motion of the prisoner. Jetton v. State, Meigs, 192; State v. Willis, 3 Head, 157.

Objections to the indictment must be made in the lower court. Glidewell v. State, 15 Lea, 135; Rodes v. State, 10 Lea, 414; Luttrell v. State, 85 Tenn., 232, 237, 1 S. W., 886, 4 Am. St. Rep., 760.

Objections to the form of the indictment are generally waived by going to trial without calling the attention of the trial judge to them. Stevenson v. State, 5 Baxt., 683; Forrest v. State, 13 Lea, 106; Scruggs v. State, 7 Baxt., 38.

There was, however, in the lower court, a motion in arrest of judgment. This motion must rest on matter of record. King v. State, 91 Tenn., 649, 20 S. W., 169; State v. Rogers, 6 Baxt., 563. Such motion is ineffective, unless it states specifically the grounds on which it is based. State v. Steele, 3 Heisk., 135; Hall v. State, 110 Tenn., 365, 75 S. W., 716. In the first of these cases, it is said: “The record does not disclose for what reason the judgment in this case was arrested. The motion in arrest is general, and specifies nothing. It is certainly the better, if not tbe only correct, practice, in civil as veil as criminal cases, formally to assign reasons in arrest of judgment npon tbe record in support of tbe motion in arrest, so that tbe attention of the court in tbe first instance may be at once directed to tbe alleged defect in tbe proceedings, and that tbe public, through all time, may, upon examination of tbe record, be informed as to the ground of its action. . . . The propriety, not to say necessity, of this practice, is more apparent when tbe cause is to be considered by a revising tribunal, whose attention should be directed at once to tbe reasons in arrest, assigned of record, instead of being compelled to make a critical, and often fruitless, examination of the record to find out tbe supposed defects.”

In Hall v. State, it is said upon this subject: “Tbe motion in arrest should state concisely the defects complained of, or tbe ruling of tbe lower court upon such motion, it is held, cannot be reviewed on appeal. . . . A motion in arrest is much in tbe nature of a demurrer, which goes to defects upon tbe face of the pleadings, and this common-law ruling requiring tbe motion in arrest to point- out to the trial court matters complained of is in accordance with tbe spirit of our legislation as to demurrers. Tbe general demurrer prevailed for many years in this State; but it was finally condemned as a vicious practice, in that it laid-a trap for trial courts and for adversary counsel. So tbe Code of 1858 abolished it, and provided that tbe demurrer must specify tbe defects relied on. We think a general motion in arrest is equally objectionable, and should be discountenanced.”

However, even if the objection made in this court to the indictment had been made in the court beloAV, in never so specific a form, it must have been held of no avail.

The indictment reads:

“State of Tennessee, Wilson County. September Term, Circuit Court, 1908.

“The grand jurors for the State and county aforesaid, on their oath, present that Cecil Palmer, on the-day of July, 1908, feloniously did have unlawful carnal knowledge of Sophronia J. Yates, a female, forcibly and against her will, and against the peace and dignity.of the State.

“Walter S. Faulkner, Attorney General.”

The objection now offered is that the indictment does not use the word “ravished” — does not charge that the prisoner “ravished” the female. It is insisted that this word was essential at the common law, and that an indictment without it is'fatally defective.

The point is not well taken. Our statute defines rape as follows: “Rape is the unlawful carnal knowledge of a woman forcibly and against her will.” Shannon’s Code, section 6451. The word “ravish” implies nothing more than that the act was done forcibly and against the will of the woman. Wikey v. Commomoealth, 104 Ky., 325, 47 S. W., 219, 220; Tway v. State, 7 Wyo., 75, 78, 79, 50 Pac., 188; Harmon v. Com., 12 Serg., & R. (Pa.), 69; O’Connell v. State, 6 Minn., 279, 284, 285 (Gil., 190); Williams v. State, 1 Tex. Cr. App., 90, 92, 93, 28 Am. Rep., 399; Gibson v. State, 17 Tex. Cr. App., 574; Fields v. State, 39 Tex. Cr. R., 488, 46 S. W., 418; Leoni v. State, 44 Ala., 110; Jackson v. State, 114 Ga., 861; 40 S. E., 989. In Tway v. State, it is said: “It is contended by plaintiff in error that thé information is insufficient because the word ‘ravish’ is not used in describing the offense. The alleged defect being in the manner in which the offense is charged, the objection should have been made by a motion to quash in the-court below. The attention of the district court was not called to it in any way, and the question is not properly before us for consideration. But the information is in the language of the statute, and is sufficient. Bishop says: ‘There are commonly employed, in setting out some crimes, certain technical words for which it is believed there are no substitutes.’ And he mentions, as one of them, ‘ravish’ in the indictment for rape. He adds: ‘So the doctrine is usually stated in the books; but the reason for it in most cases is that either the offense is now, or it was in its origin, statutory, and the statutory term must be employed to identify it; such being the rule for all indictments on statutes. For example, murder, as distinguished from manslaughter, is a statutory crime, and hence the necessity for the technical words just mentioned. Under modern statutes, under different language from the old common-law and statutory definitions, the use of the same technical words is not always essential.’ 1 Bish. Crim. Prac., section 335. And he states (volume 2, section 953) : 'Ravish’ is indispensable in the' common-law indictment, because it is in the statute of Westminster II. The word does not occur in the definition in our statute, and therefore there is no necessity for its use in describing the offense.” 7 Wyo., 78, 79, 50 Pac., 188. Neither does the word occur in the definition in our statute, and there is no necessity for its use in describing the offense. Moreover, our Code provides that, “in all cases where the common-law prescribes particular and technical language to describe an offense punished by this Code, it is sufficient to describe the offense according to the general rules laid down in this chapter.” Shannon’s Code, section 7083. That is, “the act or omission charged as the offense shall be stated with such degree of certainty as to enable the court to pronounce judgment upon a conviction according to the right of the case” (Shannon’s Code, section 7080), and “the statement of facts constituting the offense . . . shall be in ordinary and concise language without prolixity or repetition” (Shannon’s Code, section 7077). Our statutory definition of the offense contains every element necessary to constitute the crime of rape. In drawing an indictment under it, it is only necessary to add, as was done in the present case, the circumstances of time and person. The man who is charged with having unlawful carnal knowledge of a particular woman (at a time stated) forcibly and against her will is charged with the crime of rape. The use of the word “ravish,” along with the words contained in the statute, would add nothing to the charge. 'It would be mere surplusage, even with the full meaning accorded to it in the authorities we have cited, and there are. other authorities which do not allow so extensive a meaning.

It results there is no error in the judgment of the court below, and it must be affirmed.