11 N.E.2d 887 | NY | 1937
The plaintiff performed work for the defendant as a carpenter from about July 1, 1926, to August 13, 1932. Then he was discharged. While working for the defendant he received wages or salary, at first, at the rate of $200 per month, and, since August 1, 1928, at the rate of $2,500 per year. He was paid for the month of August, 1932. Alleging in his complaint that he was employed under a contract for the term of one year from July 1, 1926, and that each succeeding year his contract was renewed for another annual term, he has brought this action to recover the salary he would have *225 earned until July 1, 1933, if he had not been discharged. The defendant denied that the plaintiff was employed for an annual term, and at the trial the defendant was permitted to amend its answer by pleading affirmatively that the discharge was justified. The jury decided all disputed questions of fact in favor of the plaintiff, and judgment as demanded in the complaint was entered upon the verdict of the jury.
The plaintiff has at no time taken any examination, either competitive or qualifying, to show his fitness for appointment to a position as carpenter in the employ of the defendant Union Free School District. The Constitution of the State of New York provides that "appointments * * * in the civil service of the State, and of all the civil divisions thereof, including cities and villages, shall be made according to merit and fitness to be ascertained, so far as practicable, by examinations, which, so far as practicable, shall be competitive." (Art. V, § 6.) The Appellate Division has held that the contract of employment upon which this action is based would, if made as alleged, violate the mandate of the Constitution, and on that ground has reversed the judgment and has dismissed the complaint.
The defendant did not in its answer plead that the alleged contract was illegal nor did it ask the Appellate Division to reverse the judgment against it on that ground. The court itself raised that question, but rendered its decision only after both parties had been afforded opportunity to present argument upon it. Though there is no affirmative evidence in the record that the plaintiff did not take any examination or that the position of carpenter was not placed in the exempt class by the Civil Service Commission, the complaint is based upon the assumption that the constitutional provision does not apply to the position which the plaintiff held; the trial was conducted upon the same assumption and upon the appeals to the Appellate Division and to this court it was not disputed *226
that there has been no compliance with that provision. By placing this provision in the Constitution the People of the State have declared in unmistakable terms that merit, ascertained as therein provided, shall govern appointments and promotions in the public service, and have thus formulated and announced the public policy of the State. No administrative officer may violate the provisions of the Constitution, and no court may sanction a violation. Administrative officers may at times through inadvertence disregard a mandate of a statute or even of the Constitution. When redress is sought in the courts for an alleged wrongful discharge or removal of an employee of the State or one of its civil divisions, the court, too, may fail to note that the employment was illegal from its inception, unless the legality of the employment is challenged by the defendant. An employment which in its inception violates the provisions of the Constitution is illegal and against public policy, regardless of the good faith of the parties. It is the duty of the appropriate administrative officers of the State or its civil divisions to discontinue an illegal employment when they note its illegality, and if rights based upon such employment are asserted in the courts, the legality of the appointment should not go unchallenged by public officers; but regardless of whether the legality is challenged or not, a court must refuse to sanction such an employment which violates the mandate of the Constitution whenever the illegality becomes apparent to it. In such case the defense cannot be waived by the defendant. "The defense is allowed, not for the sake of the defendant, but of the law itself. * * * It will not enforce what it has forbidden and denounced." (Coppell v. Hull,
The primary question, then, in this case is whether the employment of the plaintiff is an "appointment in the civil service" of one of the "civil divisions" of the State, *227
within the meaning of article V, section 6, of the Constitution. In Herman v. Board of Education (
The defendant in that case was the Board of Education of Union Free School District No. 6 of the City of Lackawanna. The Education Law (Cons. Laws, ch. 16), article 33-A, regulates the organization and proceedings of Boards of Education in cities of the State, and section 872 (subd. 2-a) of that article provides, in part, that "administrative employees of a board of education, unless otherwise provided in this chapter, shall be appointed for a probationary period provided in the civil service law and regulations based thereon." In this case the defendant is the board of education of a Union Free School District of a town, not a city. The Legislature in the Education Law makes such distinctions as it deems appropriate between the boards of education in a city and boards of education in a rural district. The appellant argues that neither the Education Law nor the Civil Service Law provides for examinations for appointment *228 to administrative positions in rural school districts and that the decision in Matter of Scahill v. Drzewucki (supra) should be distinguished on that ground and is inapplicable here.
We have pointed out often that the mandate of the Constitution applies to every position in the civil service of the State and that "the Legislature may not disregard, evade or weaken the force of that mandate." (Matter of Carow v. Board ofEducation,
We may properly assume that both parties acted in good faith in making the contract. The failure of the Legislature, the Civil Service Commission and the Department of Education to provide for ascertainment of merit by examination has led local bodies to assume that appointments might be made without such examinations. Indeed, in Lorenz v. Board of Education (
We do not even now decide whether in a case where no provision has been made for examination, a board of education might not make a temporary appointment without examination. (Cf. rule XXIV of the Rules of the State Civil Service Commission for the Classified Civil Service.) We decide only that a person holding an administrative position by appointment or contract of employment without compliance with the provisions of the Constitution, has no legal right which is violated by a discharge. If there is any right to make a temporary appointment, and we repeat that we are not now deciding whether such a right exists, it can arise only from the necessities of the situation. There can be no right to make an appointment or contract which would create a legal right of tenure where the Constitution forbids the creation of such a right.
The judgment should be affirmed, without costs. (See
CRANE, Ch. J., O'BRIEN, HUBBS, LOUGHRAN, FINCH and RIPPEY, JJ., concur.
Judgment affirmed. *230