194 Va. 148 | Va. | 1952
delivered the opinion of the court.
Rountree Corporation and Eanes Building Corporation, complainants below, filed their bill for an injunction to restrain the union and its agents, defendants below, from picketing the complainants ’ premises. The trial court refused to award the injunction, but upon presentation of the bill and defendants’ answer to two justices of this court (Code 1950, § 8-618) a temporary injunction was granted on the ground that the picketing was being carried on for an unlawful purpose. Afterwards depositions were taken and a decree was entered by the trial court holding that the picketing was unlawful and that the plaintiffs were entitled to such damages as they might show they had sustained on account thereof. Later a jury, empanelled to assess the damages, returned a verdict in favor of Rountree Corporation for $1,587.18 upon which judgment was entered and this appeal followed.
The defendants make eleven assignments of error but they present only these two issues: (1) Whether the picketing, which was concededly peaceful, was for an unlawful purpose and therefore properly enjoined; (2) if so, whether the damages allowed were adequately proved.
There is little dispute about the facts. Eanes Corporation owned premises 111-115 West Broad street, in Richmond, in which Rountree Corporation, its lessee, conducted a retail furni
The painting work had been let to O. A. Walker, who employed union labor and who began work the latter part of March, 1949. On April 8 Walker’s painters left the job and did not come back. The next day Eanes, president of the complainant companies, was informed that they were on strike. He then called Wilton B. Dickerson, inquired whether he operated a nonunion shop, and on being advised that he did, Eanes engaged him to finish the painting. Dickerson began work on April 17 and there was no interference with his work after he took over the job.
In the meantime, the defendant.Bevnolds, business agent for the union, had written a letter to Eanes, dated March 31, 1949, stating:
“We have been informed that your company js anticipating doing some painting and decorating. It would be greatly appreciated if you would consider using Union labor. My telephone number is 2-6837 and I will be glad to render any service possible.”
On April 21, 1949, four days after Dickerson and his men began work, the union began picketing in front of the Bountree premises. This picketing consisted of one picket at a time, the defendant Bowe being one of them, walking back and forth on the sidewalk in front of the store, carrying a sign reading: “This painting is unfair to the Painters and Paperhangers Local Union No. 1018, A. F. of L., member of Bichmond Trades and Labor Council.”
This picketing continued until May 6, 1949, when it was enjoined as stated. Admittedly it was orderly and peaceful at all times and in all respects. It did not obstruct entrance into or exit from the store or the use of the street and no effort was made to impede customers. No attempt was made to have Dickerson sign a union contract, nor to induce the painters to become members of the union, nor to interfere with their con-tinning to work.
There was testimony for tbe complainants to tbe effect that a delay of 30 days was experienced in completing tbe repairs and fully opening for business, of which ten days were chargeable to tbe defendants as a result of tbe picket line.
Prior to tbe picketing tbe complainants bad never been engaged in any controversy with tbe union or its members; and likewise there was no controversy between tbe painting contractor or tbe electrical contractor and their employees, and no demand of any kind bad been made on tbe complainants by tbe union. Tbe only communication between tbe union and tbe complainants was tbe letter of March 31, above quoted.
Reynolds, tbe business agent of tbe union, testified that tbe purpose of tbe picketing was “To let tbe friends of organized labor and tbe sixteen thousand members that we have here in Richmond and vicinity know who is fair and unfair to us. ’ ’ On cross-examination be was asked what be wanted to accomplish by tbe picketing, and he said, “I wanted them sixteen thousand Union boys and ladies, and tbe sympathizers of organized labor in tbe city of Richmond and vicinity, to know that that painting was being done non-union. ”
In their answer to tbe bill, tbe defendants said they desired to unionize tbe non-union painting contractor and that tbe picketing bad a twofold let friends of tbe union know that a non-union contractor was doing tbe work and to let members of tbe Richmond Building Trades Council and all organized labor of tbe vicinity know that fact.
In a written motion to dissolve tbe temporay injunction tbe defendants stated: “Tbe purpose of tbe said peaceful picketing at all times has been to inform tbe public that non-union painters were being employed to do tbe painting on tbe com
The complainants contend that communication was not the sole purpose of the picketing but that the true purpose was to compel complainants to get rid of the non-union painters, employees of Dickerson, an independent contractor, or to compel those employees to join the union as a condition of continued employment. Such purpose it is argued was unlawful and hence the picketing was properly enjoined under the doctrine of Giboney v. Empire Storage, etc., Co., 336 U. S. 490, 69 S. Ct. 684, 93 L. ed. 834, and similar cases.
In Edwards v. Commonwealth, 191 Va. 272, 60 S. E. (2d) 916, we reviewed the picketing cases decided by the United States Supreme Court beginning with Thornhill v. Alabama, 310 U. S. 88, 60 S. Ct. 736, 84 L. ed. 1093, and including the Giboney Case, as well as the three cases decided in May, 1950. We concluded from that review that the holding in the Thornhill Case had not been departed from to the effect that a statute (or an injunction) which prohibits picketing for a lawful purpose, unaccompanied by the threat or the fact of force, and limited to truthful publication of the facts of a dispute, is invalid; that regulation of picketing by the State, through legislation or court action, must have a reasonable basis in preventing disorder, restraining coercion, protecting life or property, or promoting the general welfare.
We held in the Edwards Case that the part of section 3 of the picketing statute, Acts 1946, ch. 229, p. 391, Code 1950, § 40-64, which made it unlawful for a person not a bona fide employee of the business or industry being picketed to participate in any picketing with respect to such business or industry was invalid.
McWhorter v. Commonwealth, 191 Va. 857, 63 S. E. (2d) 20, involved a prosecution under section 1 of the same act for interference with the right to work by the use of insulting lan
“We see nothing in the section of the statute here under review which supports the assertion of the defendant that it was ‘designed to end the practice, common to labor disputes, known as “picketing.” ’ It does not prohibit ‘peaceful picketing or peaceful persuasion’ in connection with labor disputes which are protected under the constitutional guaranty of freedom of speech. American Federation of Labor v. Swing, 312 U. S. 321, 61 S. Ct. 568, 85 L. ed. 855.” 191 Va. at p. 865, 63 S. E. (2d) at p. 24.
In Cafeteria Employees Union v. Angelos, 320 U. S. 293, 64 S. Ct. 126, 88 ed. 58, cited in both the Edwards and Mc-Whorter Cases, the court reversed an order enjoining the union from picketing at or near Angelos ’ place of business as' being-illegal restraint upon “the right of workers to state their case and to appeal for public support in an orderly and peaceful manner regardless of the area of immunity as defined by state policy.” That case also held that the use of the words “unfair to organized labor” is ‘‘part of the conventional give-and-take, in our economic and political controversies” and “is not to falsify facts.” See also on this point Blossom Dairy Co. v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 125 W. Va. 165, 23 S. E. (2d) 645.
In American Federation of Labor v. Swing, 312 U. S. 321, 61 S. Ct. 568, 85 L. ed. 855, also cited in the Edwards and McWhorter Cases, an injunction had been granted against picketing on the ground that “peaceful persuasion” was forbidden because those who were enjoined were not in Swing’s employ. It was held that such a ban of free communication was inconsistent with the guarantee of freedom of speech; that “The right of free communication cannot therefore be mutilated by denying it to workers, in a dispute with an employer, even though they are not in his employ.” 312 U. S. at p. 326, 61 S. Ct. at p. 570.
In Bakery and Pastry Drivers, etc. v. Wohl, 315 U. S. 769, 62 S. Ct. 816, 86 L. ed. 1178, it was said that “one need not be in a ‘labor dispute’ as defined by state law to have a right under the Fourteenth Amendment to express a grievance in a labor
The principles announced in the cases cited are, we think, controlling in the case in judgment.
Clearly the picketing was conducted in a manner that offended no established rule and was legal unless it was for an unlawful purpose.
This that was said in Senn v. Tile Layers Protective Union, 301 U. S. 468, 57 S. Ct. 857, 81 L. ed. 1229, is applicable here: “The sole purpose of the picketing was to acquaint the public with the facts and, by gaining its support to induce Senn to unionize his shop. There was no effort to induce Senn to do an unlawful thing. There was no violence, no force was applied, no molestation or interference, no coercion. There was only the persuasion incident to publicity. * *
Building Service Employees International Union v. Gazzam, 339 U. S. 532, 70 S. Ct. 784, 94 L. ed. 1045, was cited in the Edwards Case as upholding an injunction against peaceful picketing because it was for the unlawful objective of having the employer coerce his employees’ selection of a bargaining-representative. It was there said that picketing is in part an exercise of the right of free speech, “But since picketing is more
The court distinguished the Swing Case, pointing out that peaceful picketing for any lawful purpose was not prohibited by the decree under review, and that “Respondent does not contend that picketing per se has been enjoined but only that picketing which has as its purpose violation of the policy of the State. There is no contention that picketing directed at employees for organization purposes would be violative of that policy. * * * The injunction granted was tailored to prevent a specific violation of an important state law.”
The record here fails to disclose any violation of the picketing statute dealt with in the Edwards and McWhorter Cases; or any violation of the Right to Work statute (ch. 2, Acts 1947, extra session, p. 12; Code 1950, § 40-68 if.) held valid in Finney v. Hawkins, 189 Va. 878, 54 S. E. (2d) 872; or violation of any other statute; nor do we think it violated a State policy. It is not the public policy of this State to prohibit all picketing. Only certain types are prohibited by the picketing-statute referred to. By the 1952 amendment of that statute, Acts 1952, ch. 674, p. 1123, courts of equity were authorized to enjoin interference with lawful picketing when necessary to prevent disorder, etc.
We hold that the picketing in question was lawful, and, that being true, it was not a basis for the assessment of damages against the defendants. “One has no constitutional right to a ‘remedy’ against the lawful conduct of another.” Senn v. Tile Layers Protective Union, supra.
The decree appealed from is therefore reversed and final decree for the defendants will be entered.
Reversed and final decree.