55 F. 854 | U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Eastern Wisconsin | 1893
(charging jury.) The trial in which, we have been engaged has taken considerable of your time, and of the time of the court, and is an important one, both to the public and the private parties here litigant; and if, with the assistance of counsel and of the court, you can arrive at a just conclusion upon the merits of this controversy, the Lime expended in the trial will have been well employed. A large mass of testimony has been taken, to which you have given careful and intelligent attention. Notwithstanding that large mass of evidence, the propositions of law involved are not many, and are not, as the court views them, extremely difficult of solution. And if you will carefully listen to such charge as the court thinks it its duty to address to you, and will endeavor to apply the law as the court shall give it 3 0 you. to the facts as you may ascertain them to be, I think you
In 1849 a dam was constructed across the “Menasha channel,” as it is called, or the outlet of Winnebago lake. That dam was constructed by private parties under authority of the legislature of the state. It remained substantially as it was constructed, with reference to its effect upon the waters of Lake Winnebago, down to 1866, or say the 1st of January, 1867. This proceeding by the plaintiff here having been commenced in the year 1887, the owners of that dam, whether the private owners or their successor’s, (finally the United States of America,) had acquired by prescription the right to maintain that dam, and to set back the waters of Lake Winnebago to the height that that dam would set them back, and no one had a right to dispute the right of the owner of the dam to so set back those waters. They had been set back, if at all, by that dam, for a period of 20 years, from 1849; and, if the waters of Lake Winnebago or of Fox river have not been set back by any improvements or additions to the dam to a greater height than they were set back in 1866 by the dam of 1849, there can be no recovery here by the plaintiff, because the right so to set them back had become fixed by prescription, — by the fact that they had been so set back for a period of 20 years.
In 1872 this dam was purchased by the government of the United States of America, and it had the right to set back the waters of Lake Winnebago and of the Fox river as they were set back by the dam it then purchased at that time. The United States of America, being sovereign, cannot be sued with respect to anything that it'does, except by its own consent; and on the 3d day of March, 1875, by an act of the congress of the United States, approved by the president of the United States on that day, the government provided that whenever, in the prosecution and maintenance of the improvement of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, it became necessary or proper, in the judgment of the secretary of war, to mke possession of land, or right of way over lands for canals and cut-offs, or to use any earth, quarries, or other material lying adjacent to the line of the improvement, and needful for its prosecution or maintenance, possession might be taken by the officers of the United States, and they might use the same, after first paying, or securing to be paid, to the owner, the value thereof, to be ascertained in the mode pointed out by the laws of the state of Wisconsin. And it was further provided that “in case any land or other property is now, or shall be, flooded or injured by means of any part of the works of said improvement heretofore or hereafter constructed, for which compensation is now, or shall become, legally owing, and in the opinion of the officer in charge it is not prudent that the dam or dams be lowered, the amount of such compensation may be ascertained in like manner.” Under that provision of law the plaintiff has taken the necessary steps to have its claim that its lands are flowed, by reason of this improvement, over and above what they were flowed in 1866 by the dam of 1849, determined in this proceeding, and the sovereign, having assented, by
The plaintiff acquired title to the premises in question in the spring of 1883, — to the part on the east bank of the river, in May; and the part on the west bank of the river, in June. The discrepancy in the time of acquiring the title does not cut much, if any, figure in this case, and we may take it as the spring of 1883. The court has ruled during the trial that the plaintiff, if entitled to any damages at all, is limited to those damages which accrued between the time that it took title to the property, in the spring of 1883, and the time when this act was repealed by the congress of the United States, — February 3, 1888; and it so charges you now, that the claim of the plaintiff, if valid in the law or in fact, must be limited to the years 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, and 1887, because the sovereign power, having withdrawn its consent to be sued, and to be held responsible for these damages, cannot be compelled to respond in a court of justice beyond the time when it has withdrawn its consent. But, as to any injury inflicted during the time that that consent was effectual, it can be held responsible.
The first question for yon to consider is whether the Menasha dam, during the period between 1883 and 1888, raised the waters at the Paine mill to a greater height than that water was maintained in 1866 by the dam of 1849. If it did not, then your verdict should be for the defendant, and you need inquire no further with respect to the other questions in the case. This question, gentlemen, depends upon several considerations. The court does not propose to enter elaborately into any discussion of the .facts of the case, because it has observed that you have given to them an intelligent attention, and have taken great interest in the facts as they have been disclosed to you, and they have been ably argued to you by counsel on both sides, hut I shall content myself with calling your attention, to certain facte which may aid you in arriving at a determination of that question; and I desire to say here that, in whatever the court may say upon the facts of the case, it does not wish you to understand that it expresses any opinion as to how the fact should be determined as to whether or not the waters were raised by the dam in question. That is a question of fact for you to determine upon the evidence, as it shall convince your judgment.
In 1875, after the United States government had become the owner of this dam, proprietors of mills interested in maintaining this dam performed certain work upon it, presumably without the knowledge of the officials of the United States. But if the government of the United Statés maintained that dam thereafter, with such additions, alterations, and elevations as private parties had made to it, the United States is responsible for the consequences, and,, if there have been any injury, is responsible to the parties injured. The dam of 1875, as so constructed and altered by private parties, was, with the movable fiushboards put upon it,
Now, certain work was done upon that dam in 1882. Mr. Herman, the engineer then actively in charge of the work, states that the flushboards were removed that had been permanently affixed, — those 15-inch flushboards; that the crest of the dam was cut down 3 inches, and movable flushboards supplied, of 18 inches in height. So that, if these flushboards were maintained on the dam permanently thereafter, that dam would be 15 inches higher than the dam of 1849. Between these dates —1875 and 1881 — these mill proprietors, or certain of them, had placed some 82 or 83 cords of stone upon the work, which, it is claimed, raised that dam higher than its crest. These stone, or some of them, were removed in 1882. It will be for you to say, gentlemen, as a question of fact,' whether these stone were all removed, or whether those that remained, if all were not removed, raised that dam above the 15 inches that it was higher than the dam of 1849. That is a question of fact, winch I need not take time to elaborate to you. It is claimed on the part of the defendant that these stone were substantially all removed, or, if not all removed, that the true height of the dam was shown by the levels taken at that time to be 15 inches higher than the dam of 1849, and no more. It is claimed on the part of the plaintiff that these stone were not all removed, and that those that were left raised, and presented an obstruction to the flowage of water, —that obstruction being higher than that 15 inches above the dam of 1849. This dam so remained until 1886, when it was in fact raised to an elevation equal to the height of those flush-boards, and that elevation made permanent, and sluice gates put at the bottom of the dam to let out the water in times of freshet and of high water. This last change would, of course, make that permanent dam higher, but for the fact that the effective result of it would depend upon the use made of those sluice gates to let out the water in time of freshet, of flood, or high water. That work was substantially done in 1886, so that only comprehends one year of the time. Some time between 1875 and 1881, — it may have been in 1867; there has been some dispute as to the time; but at some time before 1881, and after 1866, — you will remember that that dam, to one-half of its width across the river, had been converted into a permanent embankment, the height being equal to the other part of the dam with the flushboards upon it. That you will take into consideration in determining the question of whether, after 1866, dr after this ‘right of prescription accrued to the owners of the dam, a change had been made which tended to set back the waters of the lake, and of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. The “spill,” as it is termed, over the dam, had been short» ened by about one-half of its width.
And in this connection the court will advert for a moment to the order of Col. Marshall, concerning which much has been said, although, being made in October, 1886, it can have reference to but one year, — the year 1887. Col. Marshall says in his order that the sluiceways in the dam are placed by the government to prevent damage by floods in Lake Winnebago. “The term ‘flood’ is to be considered to refer to all stages of water above an ordinary high-water stage. The ordinary high-water stage will be taken as the mean high-water stage for the past 28 years, as shown by the readings of Deuchman’s gauge at the foot of Lake Winnebago; rejecting 1860, when the water was abnormally low, and 1881, when the water was excessively high. This mean annual high water for 28 years is +42 inches on Deuchman’s gauge, or +3' 6" above zero. You will, therefore,” says Col. Marshall, “begin to open the sluiceways in the Menasha dam when the water approaches within two inches of this height, or at 3' 4" on Deuchman’s gauge, and as far as the capacity of the Fox river below Menasha, and the security of the government works, will allow. You will maintain the level of Lake Winnebago at or below the ordinary high water level of 3' 6" on the Deuchman’s gauge by opening or closing the sluiceways in the Menasha dam.” That order does not require the officers to maintain it at 3' 6", but at or below 3' 6", depending upon the necessities of the works below the Menasha dam. The object of the order, as you will observe, is that the water of Lake Winnebago and of the Fox river, at mean ordinary high-water mark, shall not be above the mean annual high water for the 28 years preceding.
Mow, what did that dam of 1882 do with respect to the raising of the waters in Fox river? That depended, not wholly, as the court has observed, upon the height of the flushboards, for the flushboards may or may not have been on there at times of high water. Whether that dam would be effective to raise the water at the dam, and hold it there at the height of 15 inches above the dam of 1849, would depend in part upon whether the flushboards were on. I say in part, because, you will remember, up to 1886, one-half in the width of this dam was a per
With respect to the dam of 1886, in this connection, you will remember that the object of these sluiceways was to lovrer the water in time of freshets, and prevent floods; and you will also say, as to the year 1887, whether or not that dam of 1886 has set back the water, either by reason of the dam itself, or the management of it with respect to -the sluiceways, over and above the height to which water was set back in 1886. If you shall come to the conclusion that during those five years, from 1883 to 1888, this dam, as it was maintained from 1882 to 1888, did not set back the waters upon the premises of the plaintiff more than they were set back in 1868; if you shall find that the water was higher on the plaintiff’s premises during those years than it was in 1.866, — yet if that was caused, not by the dam, but from other causes which the court has mentioned, and the evidence of which is before you, then it will be your duty to find for the defendant, because the act of the
It is insisted on behalf of the government that the plaintiff cannot recover here for any such damages, if any were occasioned, because it is claimed that the premises which were affected by tbat rise of water, if it was raised by the dam, lie within the banks of the river, and that, therefore, the government of the United States, having the right to improve the navigation of the river, had a right to do what was necessary to he done in that regard, and that no one had a right to any part of the soil within the hanks of the river, and that no docks, wharves, piers, or structure erected within the banks of the river, and injured by this improvement of the navigation of the river, can sustain injury by reason of that improvement for which the government can be called to account. This proposition involves an interesting and important principle of law, which, as the court considers and determines it, leaves it in part a question of fact for the jury to determine upon the evidence in this case, — whether this property claimed by the plaintiff is within the banks of the river, and, if any part of it is within the banks of the river, whether that part is or is not an obstruction to the navigation of the river.
A river consists of the bed, the water, and the bank. The bed, which is a definite, and commonly a permanent, channel, is the characteristic which distinguishes the water of a river from mere surface drainage flowing without definite course or certain limits, and from water percolating through the strata of the earth, both of which are not subject to riparian rights, hut form part of the realty, and belong exclusively to the owner of the realty. The bank of a river is that elevation of land which confines the waters of the river in their natural channel when they rise the highest, and do not overflow the banks. And, in that condition of the water, the banks, and the soil which is permanently submerged, form the bed of the river. The banks are a part of the river bed; but the ■river does not include lands beyond the hanks which are covered in times of freshet or extreme floods, or swamps or low grounds which are liable to overflow, hut are reclaimable for meadows or agriculture, or which, being too low for reclamation, though not always covered with water, may he used for cattle to range upon, as natural or uninclosed pasture. Fresh-water rivers, like the Fox river, may rise and fall periodically at certain seasons, and these have defined high and low water marks. “Low-water mark” is the point to which the river recedes at its lowest stage. “High-water
Sow, apply these principles, gentlemen, to the facts in this case. It is claimed on the one side that the hank of this river on the east was about the. line of the present Lake Chore & Western Road. It is claimed upon the other side that that was not the bank of the river; that that was high ground, but that between that line and the true bank of the river was low ground, covered in times of freshet with water, but which gradually and naturally drained off, leaving" the property fit for pasture; that it grew grass; and that that land was real estate, and not the bed of the river. You are to look at the character of the vegetation which was upon that bottom land, as the court may term it, to settle in your minds whethm that was really part of the bed of the river, or whether it w&e simply low ground, which in times of freshet or of floods was overflowed, and afterwards drained. In other words, to again recur to the definition oí “high-water line,” did the water so act upon, the soil by covering it for such sufficient periods as to deprive it of vegetation, and destroy its value for agriculture? The soil which is so impressed is the soil between low-water mark and high-water mink. So yon are to determine from the evidence in this case whether high-water mark was at the elevation which the plaintiff claims was the bank, or that higher elevation by the railroad, which the defendant claims was the bank. Yon are to take these premises as they existed, and as they are shown to you by the evidence to hare existed, to determine whether the water — the ordinary mean high water of that river — remained' there, and remained there so long as to unfit that land for pasturage or agriculture, and to change entirely the soil. Was it that character of land which by action of the watex* so permanently remaining upon If, when if reaches its high-water mark, would be deprived of its usefulness as land, and become simply what we all know to be the bed of a river? If it was not so impressed by the water; if it was merely covered by freshets or by floods, which receded at once, or remained there but temporarily, and, after the water receded, grass grew upon it, — cattle pastured upon it, — then that land did not constitute the bed of the river, but ivas simply low, marshy land, title to which is in the owners of the property, and was part of the realty, which the owner of that realty had a right to improve. Oan it be said truthfully that low lands which we find along the rivers of the west, which are flooded in times of freshet, and then comparatively’dry for the remainder ci the year, are part of the river bed? Is it mot true that such lands can be cultivated, and belong to the owner, who owns at least to the water’s edge? And if you find that these premises of the plaintiff were such lands, were low lands, lying beyond the bank of the river, and not within the banks of the river, lying beyond the point of high water when the river does not overflow its banks, — for rivera frequently overflow their banks, — then it was real estate; then it was the property of the plaintiff, which it had a right to improve; and if it has
And again, gentlemen, it is claimed on the part of the United States that even assuming the bank of the river to be as claimed by the plaintiff, if the plaintiff has docked out beyond that bank, beyond high-water mark, that, as the government had a right to improve this river for the purposes of navigation, the plaintiff cannot recover for any injury to structures, docks, or to filling that have been extended beyond the bank of the river. And that brings us to the consideration of the question of riparian rights. It is not essential for the purposes of this case to determine or to declare whether or not the plaintiff owned the soil under the water to the thread of the channel; for, by reason of its ownership of the premises bounded by a navigable stream, the plaintiff possesses the rights of a riparian proprietor, among which are the right of access to the navigable part of the river from the front of its premises, and the right to make a landing, a dock, a wharf, or a pier for its own use, or for the use of the public, subject, however, to such restrictions as may, by law, be imposed for the protection of the rights of the public. But in so doing the plaintiff must take care that it does not encroach upon navigable waters, and that vessels, and the commerce employed in navigating the stream, are not impeded in their passage, nor precluded from the use of all parts of the stream which are navigable in fact. This right, as Mr. Chief Justice Ryan, of the supreme court of Wisconsin, aptly defined it, "necessarily implies some intrusion into navigable water at peril of obstructing navigation. This intrusion is expressly permitted to aid navigation, and expressly prohibited to obstruct navigation. It is impossible,” he says, “to give a general rule limiting its extent. That will always depend upon the condition under which the right is exercised; the extent and uses of the navigable water; the nature, extent, and object of the structure itself. A structure in aid of navigation which would be a reasonable intrusion into the waters of Lake Michigan would probably be an obstruction of navigation in any navigable river within the state. A logging boom which would be a reasonable intrusion into the waters of the Mississippi river would probably be an obstruction of navigation in most or all the logging streams within the state. The width of a river may justify a liberal exercise of the right of intrusion, or may exclude it altogether. Its extent is purely a relative question.” The construction of a dock extending through shoal water only so far as was necessary to reach the navigable part of the river is not within the protection of the state statute to which the court has been referred, forbidding the obstruction of navigable rivers without authority from the legislature.
You will therefore consider if there has been any intrusion into. this river by the plaintiff’s premises, beyond this high-water line, as you may determine it. You will consider the object, the nature, and the extent of that intrusion, and whether it obstructs the navigation of that river; whether it goes so far, and includes that part
I now come, gentlemen, to the consideration of the question of the damages which the plaintiff is entitled to recover, if at alL
There is an item here charging for raising the mill in the winter of 1886. You will determine whether the raising of that mill was rendered necessary by the increased high water upon this land caused by the Menasha dam, if it was so caused. Was that mill raised for that purpose? Was it raised to protect it against the increased high water? And in considering that you wifi consider what the stage of water was at that time; whether it was necessary, for that purpose, that it should be raised. You will consider the time when it was raised, and all the circumstances surrounding that act, and determine whether the plaintiff raised that mill because of the increased raise, if any, occasioned by the dam of 1882.
Then there is an item of repairing and raising tramways in 1886. These tramways were put ’down in 1871. You know what they were. You have seen them. You know the uses to which they were applied. You must consider their age. Consider the uses to which they have been put. You must consider the necessities of the plaintiff with respect to the means by which lumber was to be handled, and yon are to determine whether those tramways were laid down because they were injured by this increased rise of water, or whether it was done because they had become worn, and the mill required better facilities for its business. The government of the United States, while it must respond for damages actually imposed upon this property, if yon shall find it liable under the facts and the law, is not required to pay for better facilities for doing business, nor for any other injury than that it has actually occasioned. And with respect to the cost of the new tramways, which has been testified to here, the remarks which the conrt made to yon with respect to the testimony of Mr. Paine before the commissioners equally applies.
With respect to this damage to lumber in 1886. In that connection you will consider from the readings, and from the evidence
There is only one observation with respect to the west side that is peculiar to that side; that is, loss of time occasioned by mill lying idle on account of high water. First, was that mill idle because of high water, or did it remain idle because the owner was not ready to operate? If it remained idle because he could not get the right kind of logs to manufacture, or for any other purpose, if on its own motion, and at the will of its directors, it remained Idle for any purpose other than because of this extra high water, if there was any, then the government ought not to he obliged to pay for that mill remaining idle. The government is only liable if that mill remained idle because it had placed water upon those premises, by reason of this dam, higher than it would have been by the dam as it was in 3866, and only for the time it remained idle because of this additional elevation of water. As to the value of the use of the mill per day, you will, of course, be governed by the testimony, exercising your good judgment as to whether the price charged is exorbitant or not.
In tlie consideration of all the evidence in this case, gentlemen, you have heard the different witnesses under oath. You are to judge of the credibility of their evidence from their appearance and manner upon the stand. You are to inquire, and have the right to inquire, whether they are in any way interested in the result of this suit, and to take that interest into consideration in determining to what extent you will credit their evidence. It is not the volume of evidence that counts. It is the character of the evidence, and character of the witness that gives the evidence. And the court will malee this further observation to you, — not that it deems it absolutely necessary, because it thinks you are sufficiently intelligent to know that the consideration against which I shall warn you ought not in any way to influence your verdict: This is a suit between a private corporation and the government of the United States. It should be tried and determined, gentlemen, just as a suit between two private individuals. Because the United States of America is a great and wealthy nation is no reason why the plaintiff should be
So that, gentlemen, to resume, if the waters of the Fox river have not been raised, by any operation of this dam, over the extent to which they were raised by the dam of 1849 down to 38(H), then this plaintiff is not entitled to recover. If the premises of the plaintiff, claimed by the plaintiff to have been injured, are within the banks of the' river, under the principles of law which the court has declared to you, and are within the navigable part of the river, — navigable in fact, — then the plaintiff could not recover for this injury; but if this water has been raised, and the premises of the plaintiff are real estate belonging to the owner, under the law, as the court has declared it, and are not wilhin that part of the river which is within its banks, and is navigable in fact, then, to the extent that it has been injured by the additional rise of water, you should allow such damages as naturally flow from that rise, and the retention of the water upon the premises for the additional time it was retained, if it has been so retained at all. You will carefully look at all the evidence, carefully weigh it, and come to such just and conservative and honest conclusion, as the evidence compels your judgment.
Something has been said during the argument with respect to this Neenah dam. The government, whether wisely or not, has undertaken to say that the improvement of navigation in these rivers could be made only by means of dams. Of course, if there was a dam in the Menasha channel, the waters of the lake would be discharged largely through, the Ueenah channel — if there was a dam in the Menasha channel, and no dam in the bTeenah channel. The court does not consider that the i-Teenah dam cuts .any figure in this case at all. If the government has raised the water upon these premises by means of this Menasha dam, then, under the instructions I have given you, if you find the plaintiff should recover, that Neenah dam cuts no figure in the case at all, and will not be considered by you.