MEMORANDUM OPINION
There may be two things in life that are certain, but in class-action settlements, there is but one: attorney fees. The question now before the Court is whether those fees have properly come to an end after more than $85 million in payouts. The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation contends that they have because a settlement Wrap-Up Agreement unambiguously precludes fees after a ten-year period, which has now expired. Class Counsel, not surprisingly, disagree. The gist of their argument is that the PBGC failed to adequately process benefit payments during the fees period; as a result, Counsel assert that they have not yet received the benefit of their bargain. Because the Court agrees with the PBGC and finds no reason to amend this restriction, it will deny Class Counsel’s Motion seeking further fees.
I. Background
The two class-action lawsuits underlying this Motion are older than the majority of *202 today’s law-school students. In the late 1980s, the cases were initially assigned to then-Chief Judge Aubrey Robinson and were then transferred to Judge Richard Roberts in March 2001, where they remained until his retirement in April 2016, at which point they was assigned to this Court. In 1996, Class Counsel and the PBGC settled the consolidated cases, and in 2002 negotiated a Wrap-Up Agreement that should have put a final bow on that settlement’s work. There has instead been more litigious infighting than administrative wrapping-up between the parties ever since. Court delays, unfortunately, deserve blame as well. Now, more than a decade later, the two sides remain at loggerheads over how to interpret their Agreement. The instant Motion to enforce the Agreement’s attorney-fees provision is just one manifestation of this long-running feud.
The Court must do a bit of heavy lifting to sort through the factual and procedural baggage behind this Motion. The first section below thus briefly outlines the original Settlement Agreement and describes its implementation phase. Next, the Court provides the basic terms of the Wrap-Up Agreement and sketches the parties’ protracted dispute over the PBGC’s alleged non-compliance with it. A third section details the settlement benefits that have continued to be paid to the class members— with corresponding attorney fees to Counsel—in the midst of this entrenched dispute. Finally, the Court outlines the key events that have occurred since the PBGC stopped subtracting attorney fees from the benefit payments in September 2012.
A. Settlement Agreement and Implementation
In 1986 and 1988, two class-action lawsuits were filed against the PBGC over the termination of federally insured pension plans. See Page v. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp.,
This estimate was more than a tad low. After two extensions, the settlement-implementation phase finally came to an end in 2002 with the Settlement Fund having paid out over $922 million in benefits to class members. See Final Report, ¶ 30. The reason that amount substantially outpaced the original estimate of likely benefit payments was the “extremely diligent” efforts made by the CASB to locate missing class members, which “far exceed[ed] the requirements of the Settlement Agreement and ... the efforts of many previous class actions.” Id., ¶ 33. When these benefit payments were made, Class Counsel, in turn, received 8% of them as attorney fees under an order from this Court. See ECF No. 133-8 (Order Approving Attorney Fees) at 3. In other words, Class Counsel pocketed around $75 million in fees.
B. Wrap-Up Agreement
In April 2001, the parties worked out a Wrap-Up Agreement to close out the settlement, which this Court later approved.
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Page,
The Agreement also provided for the payment of class benefits to continue past this formal shutdown. Because the Settlement Director had calculated benefits for some class members who had not yet been located, the PBGC committed to pay benefits to these members through its own Pension Search Program if they were later found. See Wrap-Up Agreement at 1-2. The Pension Search Program is a general-pension portal that the PBGC maintains to allow “individuals who are entitled to benefits from [any] pension plans that PBGC has taken over” to enter their name and retrieve results for benefits that are owed to them under those plans. See Final Report at 9 n.l. The beneficiary may then fill out forms to confirm her identity and claim her money.
The Agreement further offered incentives to Class Counsel and private address-search firms to continue to look for these remaining class members for periods of time after the transition to the Pension Search Program. For three years, the PBGC agreed to pay 10% of benefit payments to address-search firms when a class member claiming the settlement benefit on Pension Search had been located by such a firm. Id. at 15; Wrap-Up Agreement at 9. The Agreement also provided that corresponding attorney fees would continue to be deducted from benefit payments under this new system as follows:
The modification of PBGC’s liability to pay settlement benefits to permit settlement benefit payments through PBGC’s Pension Search program after August 31, 2002, instead of through the Settlement Benefits Fund, shall not modify the U.S. District Court’s June 7, 1996 Order awarding attorneys’ fees as a percentage of class counsel’s recovery on behalf of the class. Attorneys’ fees shall continue to be deducted when settlement benefit payments are made to class members at the 8% rate provided in the U.S. District Court’s June 7, 1996 Order for a ten-year period. Thereafter, PBGC shall have no further liability to class counsel in this case.
Wrap-Up Agreement at 8.
Needless to say, the wind-down did not go smoothly. By the end of 2002, the PBGC had begun paying settlement benefits through Pension Search, and the Settlement Director had ceased its work. Several of the administrative tasks necessary to shut down the CASB, however, had not yet been completed. See Page,
These tasks were not subsequently completed, and no final discharge issued. See Page,
Class Counsel disagreed, claiming that the PBGC representatives—not Counsel— had walked out on the CASB. See ECF No. 71-2 (Memorandum in Support of Cross Motion) at 1. According to their brief, the PBGC had done so to avoid an audit of the Pension Search Program. Id. at 11-13. Counsel thought this audit necessary because a final audit in 2002 had identified some issues with the transition to the Program. See ECF No. 133-17 (Final Operational Audit) at 2 (concluding “most of [the processing issues] seem to be startup issues for the PBGC in transitioning from the Settlement Director”). These problems—as well as the remaining administrative tasks—must be resolved by the CASB, Counsel argued, before the parties could be discharged from their settlement obligations. See ECF No. 71 (Cross Motion to Enforce Settlement Agreement) at 1-3, 11-12. It thus requested that the Court refer the parties’ dispute back to the CASB. See id. at 1-3, 26. The PBGC rejoined that the CASB had no authority under the Agreement to supervise its Pension Search Program, and, accordingly, any payment-processing issues that might arise must be brought by individual beneficiaries under the Administrative Procedure Act, as provided for in the Wrap-Up Agreement. See ECF No. 73 (Reply to Opposition) at 1.
A magistrate judge ultimately decided to refer the dispute back to the CASB for resolution. See ECF No. 76 (Feb. 25, 2005, Memorandum Order by Magistrate Judge Robinson) at 2-3. This decision was eventually affirmed by Judge Roberts in July 2007, who reasoned that the “referral of the pending administrative issues to the [CASB was] appropriate because the Agreement conditioned its dissolution on the completion of the remaining administrative tasks and the parties did not dispute that those tasks had not been completed.” Page,
Over the next six years, from 2007 to 2013, Class Counsel and the PBGC continued to try to resolve their issues through the CASB with little to show for it. In short, Class Counsel continued to refuse to complete administrative closeout tasks until the PBGC agreed to an audit of Pension Search or to fund a resumption of locator searches through a third party. See ECF No. 101 at 1-5. Class Counsel further asserted that the time periods in the Agreement, “including the provisions on attorney fees,” must be extended “to account for the period between May 6, 2003 and July 31, 2007 ... during which PBGC refused to participate in the CASB.” Id. at 5. The PBGC, in turn, refused to submit to an audit or to pay for locator searches, which it thought the CASB had no authority to order or supervise, unless Class Counsel *205 released it from the other settlement disputes and closed up shop. See ECF No. 102 at 4-5. The two came close to a compromise in 2010 that would have allowed the former Settlement Director to resume class-member location services for a limited period in lieu of a Pension Search audit, but that agreement never came to fruition. See, e.g., ECF No. 135-2.
C. 2002-2012 Benefit Payments
The PBGC continued, meanwhile, to pay settlement benefits to class members through Pension Search despite this row with Class Counsel over the Wrap-Up Agreement. In December 2002, at the close of the settlement-implementation phase, the parties represented that the “total outstanding liability for benefits determined by [the Settlement Director as of November 30, 2002,] is approximately $75 million.” Final Report, ¶ 36. Of this amount, $55 million was due to class members for whom there were valid addresses and $20 million was due to class members for whom the Settlement Director had never been able to identify an address. Id. The parties thus expected that a “large portion” of this remaining liability would “likely [ ] be paid out over the next year or two as the individuals specifically listed under the Pension Search program are discovered by address search contractors or class counsel.” Id., ¶ 37.
This time their estimate proved not too far off. In fact, over the next two years, from December 2002 through November 2004, the PBGC paid out almost $39 million in settlement benefits to an additional 3,172 class members under Pension Search. See ECF No. 135-4 (Page-Collins Payments made by PBGC) at 2. In the subsequent two-year period, from December 2004 through November 2006, it also paid out nearly $7 million to another 481 class members. Id. at 2-3. All told, in fact, in the decade after the Wrap-Up Agreement transferred payment processing from the Settlement Director to the Pension Search Program, the PBGC paid out more than $111 million in benefits to almost 7,500 class members. Id. The PBGC, moreover, subtracted the 8% attorney fees required under the Wrap-Up Agreement for each payment. To put this number in perspective, this meant that from the start of the settlement through 2010, the PGBC had paid more than 900,000 individuals— over 96% of the class—benefits totaling more than $1 billion, and Class Counsel had received over $85 million in corresponding attorney fees. See ECF No. 135-2 (Final Amendment to the Settlement Agreement) at 2.
At the start of September 2012, however, the well ran dry. The PBGC stopped subtracting attorney fees from the benefits that it paid out to newly located class members that month. See ECF No. 133-12 (Email from Thompson to Menke) at 1. The benefits payments themselves also slowed to a trickle, and in some months no benefit payments were made at all. See Page-Collins Payments at 4-5.
D. Post-2012 Events
Six months later, the parties finally made some headway in their dispute. In a May 2013 court-ordered mediation, the PBGC agreed to provide an additional $250,000 to Class Counsel to locate remaining class members in exchange for the transfer of $4 million back to the PBGC in leftover Settlement Funds. See ECF No. 114 (Joint Status Report on Mar. 20, 2014), ¶ 7. With this money, Class Counsel employed the previous Settlement Director, who turned over “contact information for 380 [previously unlocated class members] due benefits totaling over $12 million.” Id., ¶2. Settlement-benefit payments, accordingly, began to rise through the summer of *206 2014 as the PBGC processed payments for these members. See Page-Collins Payment at 5. From March 2014 through February 2016, for example, the PBGC paid out a little more than $12 million in additional benefits to 441 class members. Id. In the next six months, it paid out nearly $4.6 million more to another 379 members. Id.
Class Counsel also began asking the PBGC to resume withholding the attorney fees in anticipation of this uptick in benefit payments. See, e.g., ECF No. 108, ¶ 9. Although such request would on its face appear to violate the ten-year limit on fees set forth in the Wrap-Up Agreement, Class Counsel nevertheless argued in a September 2013 email that they were entitled to these fees because the PBGC had not participated in the CASB meetings for five of the first ten years covered by that attorney-fee provision. See Email from Thompson to Menke at 1. Class Counsel thus asserted that they had not received “the benefit of the bargain negotiated in the Wrap-Up Agreement” during those years because the “PBGC [could not lawfully] take advantage of [the] ten-year period for deducting attorneys’ fees when PBGC ha[d] taken actions that prevented settlement benefits from being paid during that period.” Id. (citing contract treatises). The PBGC responded that it could not resume withdrawing attorney fees from settlement payments since the Agreement’s unambiguous ten-year term for such fees had expired. See ECF No. 108 (9/5/13 Status Report of PBGC), ¶ 9.
On December 4, 2013, Class Counsel attempted to assert a charging lien for these attorney fees on any subsequent settlement-benefit payments. See ECF No. 133-20 (Notice of Attorney Lien on Distributions). The PBGC, however, continued to maintain that it could not take the money from the settlement beneficiaries without a modification of the Agreement. See ECF No. 113 (12/19/2013 Joint Status Report), ¶¶ 29-31. The two went back and forth until, on May 19, 2014, Class Counsel filed a Notice of Attorney Charging Lien with this Court, asserting a lien against all of the PBGC’s assets. See ECF No. 115. Although the PBGC moved to strike shortly thereafter, the Court issued no ruling. Almost two years later, once the cases were reassigned to this Court, it denied the motion to strike without prejudice so as to allow the parties a chance to resolve their remaining disputes through the CASB. See 4/18/2016 Minute Order; ECF No. 128 (Order for Referral to CASB).
Class Counsel and the PBGC were unable to come to terms on the attorney-fees dispute at the CASB, and, on July 7, 2016, Class Counsel filed this Motion to Enforce the Court-Ordered Wrap Up Agreement and Charging Lien. See ECF No. 132 (Motion to Enforce). That Motion is now ripe.
II. Legal Standard
The claims of a federally “certified class may be settled, voluntarily dismissed, or compromised only with the court’s approval.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e). In approving a class-action settlement, a federal court may retain jurisdiction over the implementation of the parties’ agreement and incorporate its terms into a judicial order. Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of America,
A consent decree is interpreted according to the “ordinary principles of contract law.” United States v. W. Elec. Co.,
A district court may also modify a consent decree that it administers. Id. A modification “adjust[s] the obligations of the parties in response to unforeseen changes in circumstances, or in response to anticipated changes expressly identified by the parties upon entering the decree.” Id. (internal citation omitted). A court may not, however, “take action that purports only to interpret a decree but that in fact modifies it without adjudication.” Id. (citing United States v. ITT Cont’l Baking Co.,
In their briefs analyzing the contract issues set forth below, the parties do not contend that the law of any particular jurisdiction applies. As the Court’s analysis similarly does not require such a determination, it need not answer this question. See Western Elec.,
III. Analysis
The crux of Class Counsel’s current Motion is simple: does the Wrap-Up Agreement’s ten-year limit on attorney fees bar further recovery here? As a reminder, the clause at issue states:
The modification of PBGC’s liability to pay settlement benefits to permit settlement benefit payments through PBGC’s Pension Search program after August 31, 2002, instead of through the Settlement Benefits Fund, shall not modify the U.S. District Court’s June 7, 1996 Order awarding attorneys’ fees as a percentage of class counsel’s recovery on behalf of the class. Attorneys’ fees shall continue to be deducted when settlement benefit payments are made to class members at the 8% rate provided in the U.S. District Court’s June 7, 1996 Order for a ten-year period. Thereafter, PBGC shall have no further liability to class counsel in this case.
Wrap-Up Agreement at 8 (emphasis added).
It bears noting at the outset that Class Counsel do not ask this Court to modify the terms of the Agreement. They instead assert that the Agreement’s attorney-fees provision should be interpreted in a manner that assures they receive the full “benefit of the bargain.” See Mot. at 2-3. In particular, Counsel contend that they consented to limit the 8% fee award to benefits “paid in a ten-year period after August 31, 2002, in exchange for [the] PBGC’s promises to pay those settlement benefits in accordance with the standards the Settlement Director applied, and also with the assistance of a locator program to locate participants.” Id. at 2 (quotation marks omitted). The PBGC, according to Counsel, has not fulfilled its part of that deal. Id. at 3. In Counsel’s view, this Court should thus read the ten-year term in the attorney-fees provision to extend past a straight ten-year calendar period to compensate for the PBGC’s failure to fully comply with the Agreement’s payment-processing terms during that timeframe. Id.
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As the PBGC points out, the fundamental problem with Class Counsel’s position is that it runs counter to the “plain and unambiguous” terms of the contract. See, e.g., Travelers Indem. Co. v. Bailey,
In seeking to circumvent this plain reading, Class Counsel advance three main arguments. The sections below take up and reject each of them in turn.
A. Contract Ambiguity
Class Counsel first assert that, despite its superficial clarity, the provision is ambiguous about when the ten-year period should run. In essence, Counsel maintain that this ambiguity arises from the lack of a date in the sentence providing that the fees will run for “a ten-year period.” Reply at 5. They seek further support from the same sentence’s use of “a” ten-year period, rather than “the” ten-year period. Id. This argument is specious. To qualify as ambiguous, the contract term must be “reasonably susceptible of different constructions and capable of being understood in more than one sense.” Great Am. Ins. Co. v. Norwin Sch. Dist.,
B. Contractual Purpose
Class Counsel next argue that their interpretation of the fee provision would better fulfill the Agreement’s overarching purpose to encourage Counsel to locate additional class members. While this may be so, the asserted purposes of a consent decree cannot justify an interpretation that its “language cannot support.” Hughes v. United States,
*209 C. Prevention
Counsel’s final argument is that the ten-year limit in the attorney-fee provision should be extended because the PBGC prevented the settlement benefits— and thus the resulting fees—from being paid for some time during that period. At first blush, this argument has more legal merit than the first two. Indeed, it is horn-book law that “when a promisor wrongfully prevents a condition from occurring that condition is excused.” Shear v. Nat’l Rifle Ass’n of Am.,
This contract principle, however, is hardly a perfect fit for the contract at issue here. The doctrine of prevention is typically applied to conditional contracts— for example, in the context of suits brought by real-estate brokers seeking to compel the payment of a commission when the buyer has acted to prevent the sale of a property. See, e.g., Shear,
Setting this deficiency aside, Counsel’s argument suffers from another fatal flaw. The record does not show that the PBGC actually prevented the payment of settlement benefits during the relevant time period. Counsel first point to Defendant’s failure to participate in the CASB meetings for a period of five years from 2002-2007. The record, however, does not place sole blame for the CASB’s meltdown at the feet of the PBGC. Nor does it indicate that the PBGC failed to make payments to class members during this time period. As explained above, the evidence demonstrates quite the opposite. From September 2002 through August 2012, the PBGC made $111 million in benefit payments to an additional 7,500 class members. See Page-Collins Payments at 2-3. This sum is not only substantial, but roughly accords with the parties’ joint representations in 2002 about the likely benefits payments that the PBGC would make during this period. See Final Report, ¶¶ 36-37. The PBGC also made the vast majority of these payments prior to the resumption of the CASB meetings in 2007. The record, therefore, hardly supports the claim that the PBGC prevented the payments of settlement benefits by refusing to attend the CASB meetings.
Counsel nevertheless claim that the PBGC did prevent these payments because its failure to attend the CASB meetings avoided a follow-up audit of Pension Search. This audit was necessary, according to Counsel, to correct the payment issues identified in the final 2002 audit. The final closeout audit did, of course, identify some transitional issues at Pension Search in processing settlement payments under the terms of the Agreement. See Final Operational Audit at 2. But that closeout audit also expressly indicated that *210 most of the problems it identified were predictable run-of-the-mill issues arising from the transition to a novel payment system. Id. Counsel, moreover, provide no evidence that the delays with processing the particular payments noted in that audit festered for the entire decade during which the PBGC made deductions for attorney fees. Indeed, Class Counsel never substantiate a single example of a legitimate class benefit that was not processed and paid by the PBGC by the end of that decade.
These transitional issues also fail to support the conclusion that Counsel have been denied the “benefit of the bargain” for yet another reason. Class Counsel and the PBGC explicitly anticipated that some payment-processing issues would arise after the transition to Pension Search when they cut the deal embodied in the Agreement. The contract, in fact, provides for a means to address these inevitable problems by allowing for the filing of APA suits to enforce its payment-processing terms. See Wrap-Up Agreement at 10 (“After settlement obligations are transferred to Pension Search, there shall be a limited right of appeal to correct the payee and to enforce this agreement and the statutory protections against arbitrary agency actions under the Administrative Procedures Act, 5 U.S.C § 706.”). Given the clear contemplation of this inevitability, this Court cannot retrospectively alter the allocation of risk found in the Agreement now. On the contrary, Counsel’s failure to identify even one example of an APA action brought against the PBGC seems to further indicate that the processing issues identified in the final audit were neither widespread nor particularly egregious.
In a final salvo, Class Counsel fall back on a series of unconvincing arguments about inferences that might be drawn from various fluctuations in the benefit payments since 2002. They first point to the steadily decreasing payments made by the PBGC from 2002-2012. This decline in payments, however, is consistent with Defendant’s full compliance with the Agreement. As described above, the parties initially extended the settlement implementation phase from three to six years to hunt down more class members. By the time this phase ended, the Settlement Director had engaged in “extremely diligent” efforts to locate every class member. See Final Report, ¶ 33. The Director’s work led, in fact, to benefit payments in excess of ten times the amount of an early estimate presented to the Court. Id. at 18. The fact that benefit payments subsequently decreased and later became sporadic is to be expected. The Director, after all, had already located the members who were easiest to find. After the Agreement went into effect, moreover, no entity was guaranteed upfront compensation for working to track down the more elusive members. Address-search firms were only compensated when their efforts successfully located a class member during the first three years, and, accordingly, the PBGC paid out over $200,000 to firms in that timeframe. See ECF No. 133-1 (Declaration of Joseph Shelton), ¶ 20. After that, under the plain terms of the Agreement, only Class Counsel had a back-end incentive to locate further class members. It is reasonable to expect, then, that the monthly payments would eventually reduce to zero unless Counsel thought that investing its own funds in locator efforts would pay dividends. But that result is, again, implicitly anticipated by—not contrary to—the terms of the bargain that they struck with the PBGC in the Agreement.
Common sense likewise undercuts Class Counsel’s attempt to rely on the sudden increase in benefit payments after the Director resumed its location efforts in 2013. This uptick in payments has a more obvi *211 ous cause than the PBGC’s prevention of payments from 2002-2012; such increase occurred because the PBGC agreed to provide up-front funding for renewed address-search efforts. The PBGC, however, had no obligation to provide this money under the plain terms of the Agreement. It serves to reason, moreover, that payments to class members would increase once such a dedicated effort was again underway. The fact that payments increased thus says nothing about whether the PBGC was complying with the Agreement’s payment-processing terms from 2002-2012. Class Counsel undoubtedly would have preferred that more class members showed up during the time when it was due a cut of the benefit payments, but, under the terms of the Agreement, the onus was on them to make that happen, not the PBGC.
In the end, as the PBGC argues, Counsel are essentially seeking to modify the terms of the Agreement. At no point do they settle on a specific period during which the PBGC was allegedly not in compliance with the Agreement’s payment-processing terms. Sometimes Counsel appear to claim the Court should discount periods that coincide with the five years where the CASB was not meeting. See Mot. at 2-3. At other times, they point to 28 sporadic months after September 2002 where no benefit payment was made—i.e. the months where Class Counsel did not receive any attorney fees. See Bruce Decl., ¶ 4. At still other points, they assert that the PBGC did not comply with the payment-processing terms until the August 2013 deal to pay $250,000 upfront for renewed address searches. See Mot. at 5. Conspicuously absent from Counsel’s brief, however, is any method or measure of discounting the attorney fees that they received over the decade in which the PBGC undisputedly paid those fees. Extending the period could yield a windfall, resulting in Counsel’s receiving more than the decade they bargained for in attorney fees under the Agreement. In essence, then, Counsel hope this Court will read the ten-year period in the Agreement to extend without limit to some unknown point in the future. This Court has neither the power nor desire to sanction such an extension.
IV. Conclusion
As the period established for the payment of attorney fees under the Agreement has expired and Class Counsel have shown no grounds upon which this Court could excuse that condition, the Court will issue a contemporaneous Order denying their Motion to Enforce.