245 Conn. 640 | Conn. | 1998
Lead Opinion
Opinion
The issues in this case concern the enforceability of oral agreements under which employees have a percentage share in profits expected to be generated by their employer’s real property development project. The plaintiffs, Jeffrey Pagano and Gary Dayton, filed a twelve count complaint charging the defendants Edgardo Ippoliti, Marcia Ippoliti, Michael Ippoliti and Eppoliti Enterprises, Inc.,
The jury reasonably could have found the following facts. Pagano had been an employee of the defendants for seven years when, in 1985, the parties entered into an oral agreement that Pagano would receive a 20 percent interest in the net proceeds of a contemplated development project on a designated parcel of property in Ridgefield. As consideration, Pagano agreed to continue to provide his services and to pay 20 percent of the interest payments on a promissory note that was part of the financing of the property. Pagano performed as promised and made additional payments on the note when it was refinanced. In 1988, the parties modified their agreement to discharge Pagano from further obligations on the refinanced note in return for his relinquishment of any right to future merit raises.
In 1989, the defendants hired Dayton to serve as the project director for the development of a life care facility on the project property. As part of Dayton’s compensation, he was promised a 2.5 percent interest
On June 8, 1993, despite some progress toward that goal, the plaintiffs and Edgardo Ippoliti had a heated
The project property was not developed further for economic reasons and because, soon after having discharged the plaintiffs, Edgardo Ippoliti suffered a heart attack. The failure of the project to materialize had an adverse financial impact on both the plaintiffs and the defendants. At the time of trial, the underlying real property was mortgaged and facing foreclosure.
The defendants have raised seven issues on appeal. The defendants maintain that they are entitled to a directed verdict or a new trial because the trial court improperly: (1) permitted the jury to consider the plaintiffs’ tort claims although they were barred by the statute of limitations; (2) permitted the jury to consider the plaintiffs’ equitable claims even though those claims were barred by the doctrines of laches and unclean hands; (3) permitted the plaintiffs to present their causes of action without joining Dawn Pagano, an indispensable party; (4) dismissed the defendants’ special defenses invoking the provisions of the statute of frauds relating to real property and to contracts not to be performed within one year; (5) allowed certain documents into evidence; (6) refused to submit to the jury certain interrogatories proposed by the defendants; and (7) refused to set aside the jury’s verdict even though
I
Several of the defendants’ contentions cannot be sustained in light of the present state of the record. Although the jury returned a general verdict in favor of the plaintiffs, its answers to interrogatories indicated its rejection of the plaintiffs’ tort and CUTPA claims. The plaintiffs so concede. At this juncture, therefore, we need not consider the merits of any antecedent rulings on the claims that the plaintiffs can no longer pursue. Further, because of the general verdict in the plaintiffs’ favor, we need not consider the merits of, or defenses to, their equitable claims as long as the plaintiffs’ verdict can be sustained on their contract counts.
II
We consider next the argument raised in the defendants’ third and fourth grounds for appeal: that the trial court improperly ruled on their various legal defenses challenging the validity of the plaintiffs’ claims for breach of contract. We are not persuaded.
To a large extent, the defendants’ arguments rest on their assertion that each of the oral contracts that the plaintiffs have sought to enforce was a contract concerning an interest in land, rather than, as the plaintiffs have maintained throughout, a contract concerning a financial interest in the proceeds of land owned outright
The conclusion that the plaintiffs did not seek to enforce contract claims for interests in real property is a decisive answer to the defendants’ argument that the judgment should be set aside because of the plaintiffs’ failure to join Dawn Pagano as a party. The defendants maintain that Dawn Pagano was an indispensable party to any proceeding to adjudicate her interest in the real property at issue. Neither of the plaintiffs sought any such adjudication. Furthermore, the fact that Dawn Pagano cosigned a loan agreement with her husband, the named plaintiff, and permitted him to draw checks on their joint bank account did not establish that she had an independent interest in the contract claim that was adjudicated. The defendants have pointed to nothing in the pleadings, or in Dawn Pagano’s trial testimony, to indicate that she had such an independent interest. Aware of the proceedings on the plaintiffs’ claims, Dawn Pagano expressly testified at trial that she had no claim separate and apart from that being pursued by Jeffrey Pagano. In these circumstances, the
The terms of the contracts that the plaintiffs consistently described, and presumably proved to the satisfaction of the jury, likewise create insurmountable obstacles for the defendants’ claims pursuant to the statute of frauds. General Statutes § 52-550 (a).
The defendants’ primary argument is that the plaintiffs’ oral contracts were unenforceable because they were agreements concerning rights in real property. General Statutes § 52-550 (a) (4). Despite the plaintiffs’ consistent assertions that their contracts conferred upon them no rights to an interest in or concerning real property, the defendants maintain that the trial court was obligated to instruct the jury about the theoretical possibility that the statute of frauds might bar the plaintiffs’ claims if those claims had been formulated differently. This argument is unpersuasive. We agree with the trial court that the plaintiffs’ contracts did not violate § 52-550 (a) (4) and that it was proper, therefore, to direct a verdict against the defendants on this ground.
Alternatively, the defendants argue that the trial court was obligated to instruct the jury that the agreements were unenforceable to the extent that they were agreements not to be performed within one year from the making thereof. General Statutes § 52-550 (a) (5). The defendants have not pointed to anything in the record that would support a finding that the plaintiffs’ contracts required performance at an express time outside of a one year period from the making of the contracts. On the contrary, the plaintiffs testified that the contracts could have been performed at any time, if further work on the development project as originally envisaged had been abandoned and instead the property had been developed by its outright resale to a third party. In these circumstances, in light of our case law limiting the scope of § 52-550 (a) (5), the contracts did not violate that part of the statute of frauds. See C. R.
Ill
The defendants’ remaining three claims for reversal assert that the trial court abused its discretion in an evidentiary ruling, in rejecting some of the defendants’ proposed interrogatories to the jury, and in denying the defendants’ motion to set aside the judgment against them. Each of these claims concerns matters in which appellate courts do not engage in plenary review, but reverse only if they are persuaded that the trial court abused its discretion to the prejudice of the party appealing from the judgment.
A
The defendants argue that the trial court improperly permitted Pagano to introduce into evidence certain
The admission of the challenged notes, memorandum and letter did not violate the defendants’ attorney-client privilege. The attorney-client privilege applies to communications: (1) made by a client; (2) to his or her attorney; (3) for the purpose of obtaining legal advice; (4) with the intent that the communication be kept confidential. Doyle v. Reeves, 112 Conn. 521, 523, 152 A. 882 (1931); see also C. Tait & J. LaPlante, Connecticut Evidence (2d Ed. 1988) § 12.5.1, p. 441. In this case, Cynthia Bates, an attorney formerly associated with Robinson & Cole, testified that Dayton, on behalf of Ippoliti Enterprises, had consulted Robinson & Cole about the establishment of the life care center.
“When two or more people consult an attorney together on a matter of joint interest . . .their communications [are] privileged as to the outside world, though not as to each other in a later controversy between
The documents in this case are, however, inadmissible hearsay. “Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered into evidence to establish the truth of the matters contained therein.” State v. Rinaldi, 220 Conn. 345, 359, 599 A.2d 1 (1991). The plaintiffs offered these documents under the business records exception to the hearsay rule. General Statutes § 52-180
The evidence at issue constitutes double hearsay. The first level of hearsay is each writing itself. As writings, the notes, memorandum and letter meet the requirements of the business records exception. They are records of an event, made in the regular course of business, within a reasonable time period. Thus, these documents would be admissible to prove that a meeting occurred between attorneys at Robinson & Cole and Dayton.
The statements attributed to Dayton that are contained in those notes, however, present a second level of hearsay. If Dayton’s statements, as recorded in Bates’ notes, were submitted for the truth of the matter asserted, they would constitute hearsay despite the business records exception. These statements are not admissible as evidence of the plaintiffs’ percentage interests in the life care center venture.
We conclude, nonetheless, that although the trial court improperly admitted these documents, their admission was harmless. “[Bjefore a party is entitled to a new trial because of an erroneous evidentiary ruling, he or she has the burden of demonstrating that the error was harmful.” Swenson v. Sawoska, 215 Conn.
In this case, it is not likely that the improper admission of these documents probably would have affected the jury’s verdict. The controverted exhibits were: (1) Bates’ handwritten notes from Dayton’s meeting with Robinson & Cole attorneys regarding possible coipo-rate structure and financing for the life care center; (2) a memorandum written by Bates to other Robinson & Cole attorneys summarizing the substance of that meeting; and (3) a cover letter written by Bates to Dayton enclosing a copy of that memorandum and organizational charts illustrating alternative corporate structures. The plaintiffs submitted these exhibits as evidence of the percentage interests held by Pagano and Dayton. Both plaintiffs, however, as well as Marcia Ippoliti, also testified at trial regarding the plaintiffs’ claimed percentage interests, and they were subject to cross-examination.
B
The defendants also argue that the trial court was required to submit to the jury all of the interrogatories
We agree with the trial court that the defendants’ proposed interrogatories were not framed in such a way as to require the submission of all forty-six questions to the jury. The case would have been different if the answers sought by the defendants would have distinguished between the plaintiffs’ various causes of action in such a way as to enable the defendants, in case of an adverse verdict, to avoid the implications of the general verdict rule.
“[T]he . . . general verdict rule provides that, if a jury renders a general verdict for one party, and no party requests interrogatories, an appellate court will presume that the jury found every issue in favor of the prevailing party. . . . The rule applies whenever a verdict for one party could reasonably be rendered on one or more distinct causes of action .... A party desiring to avoid the effects of the general verdict rule may elicit the specific grounds for the verdict by submitting interrogatories to the jury. Alternatively, if the action is in separate counts, a party may seek separate verdicts on each of the counts.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Curry v. Burns, 225 Conn. 782, 786, 626 A.2d 719 (1993). The general verdict rule does not require “interrogatories whenever there are factually distinct issues that have been litigated, even though those issues stem solely from denials of different factual allegations of the complaint.” Id., 800; see Suarez v. Dickmont Plastics Corp., 242 Conn. 255, 275-76 n.16, 698 A.2d 838 (1997); Fabrizio v. Glaser, 237 Conn. 25, 27, 675 A.2d 844 (1996).
C
The defendants’ final claim rests on their reading of the evidentiary record on which the jury rendered its verdict in favor of the plaintiffs. From the defendants’ perspective, the evidence they offered was so definitively adverse to the plaintiffs’ claims that the jury acted irrationally in returning a verdict for the plaintiffs. Further, in the light of this allegedly overwhelming evidence against the plaintiffs, the defendants maintain that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to grant their motion to set aside the jury’s verdict. We disagree.
As in many jury trials, the jury in this case was required to sort out, from evidence that was in considerable conflict, those facts that would form the basis for its verdict. It was for the jury to decide whether there was a binding contractual relationship between the parties. It was similarly for the jury to decide who terminated the contract, the plaintiffs or the defendants. The jury’s exercise of its fact-finding function included the duty to reconcile evidentiary inconsistencies. If such inconsistencies were to be sufficient to upset juiy verdicts, not many would be sustained on appeal. The trial court, having heard the testimony and observed the witnesses, was in a position far superior to ours to judge the evidentiary record as a whole. We can discern no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s denial of the motion of the defendants as a whole.
The defendants’ final claim is that, in rendering its verdict, the jury overlooked the fact that Michael Ippol-iti, in 1985, at the beginning of the contractual relationships between the parties, was only sixteen years of
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion BERDON, NORCOTT and PALMER, Js., concurred.
The defendants have been represented jointly throughout this litigation, and the jury found them to be liable jointly. Accordingly, unless the context requires the contrary, we will refer to them jointly as the defendants.
The plaintiffs also claimed fraud, misrepresentation, violation of the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act (CUTPA); General Statutes § 42-110a et seq.; unjust enrichment and promissory estoppel. The jury found against the plaintiffs on all these counts, and their merits are not before us on this appeal.
The defendants also filed counterclaims against the plaintiffs alleging breach of contract, misrepresentation and theft of documents on the part of the plaintiffs. The jury found against the defendants on each of their counterclaims. Their validity is not an issue before us on this appeal.
The defendants first agreed that Dayton would have a 2.25 percent interest, but that figure was subsequently increased. The parties also agreed that Dayton’s interest was to be vested at the rate of one third per year over the course of three years.
In 1997, during the trial in this case, Edgardo Ippoliti and Marcia Ippoliti filed a petition in bankruptcy. The trial was able to go forward because the bankruptcy judge, Shift, C. J., granted the plaintiffs relief from the stay that attached upon the filing of the petition. At the plaintiffs’ request, the jury was not informed about the existence of the bankruptcy petition.
We have listed these issues in the order in which we will address them.
See, e.g., Fabrizio v. Glaser, 237 Conn. 25, 27, 675 A.2d 844 (1996); Gajewsici v. Pavelo, 229 Conn. 829, 835, 643 A.2d 1276 (1994).
At least one defendant, Marcia Ippoliti, testified to the same effect.
The defendants mistakenly characterize the absence of an allegedly indispensable party as raising a question of subject matter jurisdiction. “[T]he plaintiffs’ failure to join [another person] as an indispensable party did not implicate the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction . . . . Nevertheless, a court may refuse to proceed with litigation if a claim cannot properly be adjudicated without the presence of those indispensable persons whose substantive rights and interests will be necessarily and materially affected by its outcome. General Statutes § 52-102 (2); Practice Book § 99 [now § 9-18].” (Citations omitted.) Hilton v. New Haven, supra, 233 Conn. 721-22.
General Statutes § 52-550 provides in relevant part: “Statute of frauds; written agreement or memorandum, (a) No civil action may be maintained in the following cases unless the agreement, or a memorandum of the agreement, is made in writing and signed by the party, or the agent of the party, to be charged: (1) Upon any agreement to charge any executor or administrator, upon a special promise to answer damages out of his own property; (2) against any person upon any special promise to answer for the debt, default or miscarriage of another; (3) upon any agreement made upon consideration of marriage; (4) upon any agreement for the sale of real property or any interest in or concerning real property; (5) upon any agreement that is not to be performed within one year from the making
With respect to review of evidentiary rulings, see, e.g., Potter v. Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., 241 Conn. 199, 259, 694 A.2d 1319 (1997); New England Savings Bank v. Bedford Realty Corp., 238 Conn. 745, 752, 680 A.2d 301 (1996).
With respect to review of jury interrogatories, see, e.g., Ubysz v. DiPietro, 185 Conn. 47, 61-62, 440 A.2d 830 (1981); Tomczuk v. Alvarez, 184 Conn. 182, 186, 439 A.2d 935 (1981); Falk v. Schuster, 171 Conn. 5, 8-9, 368 A.2d 40 (1976); see also Practice Book (1998 Rev.) § 16-18, formerly § 312.
With respect to review of denials of motions to set aside the verdict, see, e.g., Edwards v. Tardif 240 Conn. 610, 622, 692 A.2d 1266 (1997); Black v. Goodwin, Loomis & Britton, Inc., 239 Conn. 144, 168, 681 A.2d 293 (1996);
We recognize that statements made by an agent on behalf of a principal to the principal’s attorney may be protected by the principal’s attorney-client privilege. See Shew v. Freedom of Information Commission, 245 Conn. 149, 714 A.2d 664 (1998). The factual circumstances of this case, however, present a situation in which the principal and the agent, who both shared the advice of a single law firm regarding a potential joint venture, now are engaged in a dispute regarding information that they shared with that law firm. As we discuss in text, under such circumstances, attorney-client privilege does not bar introduction of the controverted information.
General Statutes § 52-180 provides in relevant part: “(a) Any writing or record, whether in the form of an entry in a book or otherwise, made as a memorandum or record of any act, transaction, occurrence or event, shall be admissible as evidence of the act, transaction, occurrence or event, if the trial judge finds that it was made in the regular course of any business, and that it was the regular course of the business to malee the writing or record at the time of the act, transaction, occurrence or event or within a reasonable time thereafter.
“(b) The writing or record shall not be rendered inadmissible by (1) a party’s failure to produce as witnesses the person or persons who made the writing or record, or who have personal knowledge of the act, transaction, occurrence or event recorded or (2) the party’s failure to show that such
In his dissent, Justice McDonald argues that the admission of these documents was harmful because they were dated October, 1989, well after the controverted December, 1988, agreement allowing Pagano to cease making monthly payments and yet retain his percentage interest. Both plaintiffs and their witness Paul Carboni, however, testified at trial that Pagano retained his percentage interest after December, 1988. We are persuaded, therefore, that the plaintiffs adduced sufficient other evidence at trial to render admission of these hearsay documents harmless on this score as well.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting. The issue in this case is whether the defendants promised the plaintiff Pagano a 20 percent interest in a projected development without requiring Pagano to continue paying 20 percent of the expenses incurred by the development. I agree that the trial court improperly admitted hearsay evidence of statements made by Dayton in October, 1989, recorded by an attorney for the development project hired by the defendants while the attorney prepared the project documents. Dayton told the attorney that Pagano had at that time a 20 percent interest in the project.
The defendants claimed that Pagano was required to continue paying 20 percent of the expenses of the total cost of the project.
I cannot agree that the admission of the hearsay was harmless because Pagano and Dayton and their witness Carboni testified at the trial and were cross-examined. The very purpose of the rules of evidence is to bar unreliable evidence offered to influence the trier of fact. Although an ancient doctrine, the hearsay rule is based on the sound principle that all testimony is best considered if subject to cross-examination, our law’s means to arrive at the truth. “For two centuries, common law judges and lawyers have regarded the opportunity of cross-examination as an essential safeguard of the accuracy and completeness of testimony.” 1 C. McCormick, Evidence (4th Ed. 1992) § 19, p. 78. Cross-examination “is beyond any doubt the greatest legal engine ever invented for the discovery of truth.” 5 J. Wigmore, Evidence (4th Ed. 1974) § 1367, p. 32. The prior, self-serving statement in the attorney’s records simply could not be subject to such cross-examination.
The fact that Pagano, Dayton and Carboni testified to the same effect does not render the hearsay harmless. The issue here is not whether the evidence supports the verdict but whether in a case involving credibility of the parties, this self-serving hearsay should have been admitted to influence the jury’s decision. The mere fact
The records were of the attorney that Edgardo Ippoliti retained to prepare the project documents. In these circumstances, the records may well have had an important, if not controlling, influence on the jury’s determination of the credibility of the parties. I would conclude the ruling was not only erroneous but clearly harmful. See Mei v. Alterman Transport Lines, Inc., 159 Conn. 307, 316-17, 268 A.2d 639 (1970).
I respectfully dissent and would remand the case for a new trial.
Marcia Ippoliti testified that Pagano had a 20 percent interest, and that Pagano lost his 20 percent interest when he ceased to pay his share of the expenses.