102 Ind. 191 | Ind. | 1885
The complaint of the appellee alleges that
“Mr. Schiffling owes me on work done on your dies, etc., $33. If you would consent to retain such amount out of any money due him from you, let me know by return mail. If you will not consent to do so, I shall have to file a mechanic's lien on the goods. He got them of me by lying; first, he said he would bring an order from you, then he would pay cash for them before he took them away. He then watched his chances and took them when the foreman was not in, and now refuses payment.''
It is also alleged that the appellee was dismissed from the service of the corporation to whom the letter was addressed, and he demanded special and general damages.
The language of the letter charges the appellee with having obtained property by corrupt and dishonest means. It is not necessary, in order to constitute even verbal slander, much less libel, that the charge that a corrupt or criminal act was committed should be made in direct terms. The question in such cases is, what meaning did the language employed convey to the mind of the person to whom it was addressed? Seller v. Jenkins, 97 Ind. 430. Words put in writing will often constitute a libel, which, if spoken, would not constitute actionable slander. We think it very clear that the corporate officers, who received and read the letter, must have understood that the writer charged the appellee with having obtained the property by fraudulent means, and, thus understood, the language was undoubtedly libellous. Hake v. Brames, 95 Ind. 161.
The letter was not a privileged communication. The information it professes to contain was volunteered, and the purpose for which it was conveyed to the appellee's employer was solely for the benefit of the writer, and was not intended
The appellant introduced Samuel Shue, and after he had been examined in chief and had been cross-examined at great length and at the close of the re-direct examination, he was asked this question: “State whether or not you reported these facts in reference to this matter to Mr. Over ? ” Upon ■objection being made, the counsel made this statement: “We offer to show that this witness communicated all these facts to Mr. Over before the 15th day of June, the day the letter was written.” In our opinion the offer was too general, for we do not believe it was the duty of the trial court to examine the mass of testimony to determine what facts were competent; on.the contrary, we think it was counsel’s duty to .specifically state the facts which they expected to show that the witness communicated to their client. There were some facts stated in the testimony of the witness that it would not have been proper to communicate to the appellant, and the court was not bound to analyze the testimony and sift out the competent from, the incompetent. This should have been done by the question and offer of the counsel.
The appellee testified that he was directed by the appellant to his foreman, Mr. Cox, and thereupon the court permitted the appellee to testify what was said to him by the foreman. In this there was no error. Where a party directs another to a third person for information or directions, he is bound by the statements of such third person.
Our eases decide that where the intent with which an act is done becomes material, it is proper to ask what it was. City of Columbus v. Dahn, 36 Ind. 330; Greer v. State, 53 Ind. 420; White v. State, 53 Ind. 595, vide p. 596; Shockey v. Mills, 71 Ind. 288 (36 Am. R. 196); Parrish v. Thurston, 87 Ind. 437, vide p. 440. We think that the question asked the appellee, and objected to by the appellant, is fairly within the principle
If it were conceded that the court erred in permitting the appellee to inquire as to the aggregate amount in value of dies that had been made by the Encaustic Tile Company within a designated period, no available error was committed, for the reason that the grounds of objection were not specifically stated. But we think no error was committed, for the reason that the testimony tended to show the amount of the-special damages sustained by the appellee.
The court refused to give the first instruction asked by the-appellant, which reads thus: “ The defendant in this cause, by his answer, admits that he wrote the letter which is alleged to be libellous, but says that the statements therein are true. By this answer the defendant only admits he wrote the letter; he does not admit that plaintiff was damaged thereby, or that he was in the employ of the Encaustic Tile Company ; but the burden is on the plaintiff to show that he was in the employ of the Encaustic Tile Company, and that he lost said employment by reason of said letter, and that he has been damaged.”
It is settled by many cases that unless the instruction as prayed is correct in terms, the court is not bound to amend- or modify it, but may rightfully refuse it.' Goodwin v. State, 96 Ind. 550, and authorities cited.
This instruction was not correct .in terms, for the answer,.
A plea of justification proceeds, and can only rightfully proceed, on the theory that all the material averments of the complaint are admitted, and this is the theory of the answer before us, and it would, therefore,'have been error to instruct the jury that it controverted one of the substantive and material averments of the complaint.
What we have said proves • that the court below did not err in instructing that the answer admitted that the appellee was in the employment of the Encaustic Tile Company, and that he was discharged from it. It is true that mere allegations of value are not admitted by a failure to controvert them, but allegations of material facts are, and the employment and discharge of the appellee were material facts.
The third instruction given by the court reads thus: “ The answer, among other things, charges and says that the plaintiff went into the shop where the dies were, while the defendant’s foreman was absent from the shop, and without the knowledge or consent of the defendant, or his foreman, took and carried said dies away from the shop and custody of the defendant. On this point I instruct you, that if the plaintiff called or sent for the dies, and if he or the person whom he sent found at the defendant’s shop any one there in charge of the shop who delivered the goods or dies to the plaintiff, or to any one sent by him for the dies, the law will presume that
We perceive no substantial error in this instruction, although it is not very well drawn.
If the principal holds out an agent or servant as possessing authority to control a shop or place of business, and a third person acts upon the faith of the appearances so created, the principal may, in such a case as this, be bound by the acts of the apparent agent within the scope of his ostensible authority, although as between the agent and his employer no such authority in fact existed. It would, it is very clear, be unjust to impute sinister motives to a third person who bad obtained an article from a person in charge of a shop without deceiving such person by false statements. We think it was proper to instruct the jury that it could not be inferred from the fact that appellee got the dies from the agent in charge of the appellant’s shop, that he “ had watched his chances,” in the sense conveyed by that phrase as used in appellant’s letter.
If the appellant had desired specific directions given to the-jury upon the subject of the effect of knowledge of private-instructions given by the principal to the agent, he should have asked the court to specifically instruct upon that .subject. We think the instruction before us is good as far as it assumes to go, and under long settled and often declared rules it must be sustained. Union M. L. Ins. Co. v. Buchanan, 100 Ind. 63.
Counsel assume that the plea of justification was, so far as that branch of it is concerned, made out by evidence that appellee secured the dies from one who had no authority to deliver them, and this we regard as an undue assumption.. The question is not whether the appellee got the dies from a person having no authority to deliver them, nor whether he-, got them without paying for them, for the language of the-letter clearly imputes to him a corrupt • and dishonest purpose, and it devolved upon the appellant to prove that this; was the appellee’s purpose. Odgers Libel and Slander, 169.
A written instrument is to be construed by the court and not by the jury. It was for the court to instruct the jury as; to whether the letter was or was not libellous. Gabe v. McGinnis, 68 Ind. 538; Young v. Clegg, 93 Ind. 371, auth. cited p. 374. It would, therefore, have been proper for the-Court to have even more explicitly instructed the jury than it
The second instruction asked by appellant is not correct, for it asks the court to say to the jury that it was their exclusive province to determine from the evidence who, if any one, was authorized to deliver the dies to the plaintiff. As we have seen, the question of authority involved an element of law, and it would have been error to leave the whole question to the jury. It is evident that to give such an instruction would mislead the jury and induce in their minds the belief that they were to decide the whole question.
Judgment affirmed.