244 F. 228 | D.N.J. | 1917
This suit is founded upon an assigned claim for commissions, exceeding in amount the sum of $3,000, and was begun in the Supreme Court of the state of New York held in the county of New York. The plaintiff is a citizen of said state and a resident of said county. The suit was removed to this court bj' the defendant, a citizen and resident of the state of New Jersey, after the state court refused to order such transfer. The plaintiff moves to remand the suit to the New York court “upon the ground that such suit does not really and substantially involve a dispute or controversy properly within the jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey.”
The claim was twice assigned. The original assignor is an alien residing in New York City, and the plaintiff’s immediate assignor is a corporation of the state of New York, and a citizen and resident of that state. The state court refused to transfer the suit to this court upon the ground that it was not pending in the district of New Jersey.
The ground for removal, as stated by the defendant, is:
‘■That the controversy Is (within the meaning of the federal statutes) between an alien and a citizen, a resident of the state of New Jersey, * * » that the right to remove * * * is given by section 28 of the Judicial Code, and that, as the case is not removable to the district where the action was pending in the state court, the right to remove the case to this district exists, even though no process for removal to this district is in terms provided by the Judicial Code.”
By the Constitution of the United States (article 3, § 2) the judicial power extends, inter alia, to controversies .between citizens of different states and between citizens of a state and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. Congress, however, determines how and to what extent this power is to be exercised. Stevenson v. Fain, 195 U. S. 165, 167, 25
Section 24 that:
“The District Courts shall have original jurisdiction as follows:
“First. Of all suits of a civil nature, at commoh law or in equity, * * * where the matter in controversy exceeds, exclusive of interest and costs, the sum or value of three thousand dollars, and * * * (b) is between citizens of different states or (c) is between citizens of a state and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. No District Court shall have cognizance of any suit * * * to recover upon any * * * chose in action in favor of any as-signee * * * unless such suit might have been prosecuted in such .court to recover upon said * * * chose in action if no assignment had been made.” Comp. St. 1916, § 991(1).
Section 28 that:
Any, “suit of a civil nature, at law or in equity, * * * of which the District Courts of the United States are given * * * jurisdiction by this title, and which * * * may hereafter be brought, in- any state court, may be removed into the District Court of the United States for the proper district by the defendant or defendants therein, being nonresidents of that state.”
Section 29 that:
“Whenever any party entitled to remove any suit mentioned in the last preceding section * * * may desire to remove such suit from a state court to the District Court of the United States, he may make and file a petition, duly verified, in such suit in such state court * * * for the removal of such suit into the District Court to be held in the district where such suit is pending.”
Section 51 that:
“No civil suit shall be brought in any District Court against any person by any original process or proceeding in any other district than that whereof he is an inhabitant; but where the jurisdiction is founded only on the fact that the action is between citizens of different states, suit shall be brought only in the district of the residence of either the plaintiff or the defendant.” Comp. St. 1916, § 1033.
The suit removed here is one over which a United States District Court would have cognizance. It is for more than $3,000, and as the plaintiff’s original assignor is an alien and the defendant is a citizen and resident of New Jersey, it could have been brought in a United States District Court in the first instance. Section 24, supra. If, however, the original assignor had sought to institute the suit in a federal court, he would have been constrained to bring it in this district unless the defendant waived his privilege of being sued in the district of his residence — -New Jersey. Sections 24, 51, supra; Galveston, etc., Ry. Co. v. Gonzales, 151 U. S. 496, 14 Sup. Ct. 401, 38 L. Ed. 248; In re Moore. 209 U. S. 490, 28 Sup. Ct. 706, 52 L. Ed. 904, 14 Ann. Cas. 1164; Hall v. Great Northern Ry. Co. (D. C.) 197 Fed. 488. As the original assignor could have brought the suit in this court, the plaintiff likewise could have done so, and, like that assignor, would have been under the same constraint to come here, if he had desired to invoke die jurisdiction of a United States court.
This alternative, in the case of diversity of citizenship, though broad in its terms, in effect was limited to the district of a state where the plaintiff or defendant had his citizenship; for, as noted, the federal jurisdiction was confined to cases where one of the parties was a citizen of the state where suit was brought. The defendant alone could remove, and he, if a citizen, was permitted to remove a suit from a state to a federal court only if it was brought against him in a court of a state whereof he was not a citizen, by one- who was a citizen of that state; and in that case the suit was removable only to the federal court of the district where said suit was pending. Act Sept. 24, 1789, c. 20, §§11 and 12, 1 Stat. 73, 78, 79. So that while the plaintiff, having such a suit against a citizen, could bring it in the federal court of the district where the defendant was an inhabitant, yet, if he exercised his choice of jurisdiction and brought it in a court of the state wherein said defendant was a citizen, or in a court of a state other than that of which the plaintiff was a citizen, the'defendant could not remove it to any federal court, but was constrained to let it remain in the court of the plaintiff’s selection.
By the act of 1875 the rights of both litigants in controversies cognizable in the United States court were enlarged. In suits founded on diversity of citizenship the plaintiff was not confined in his choice of a federal court to one whose district was in the state whereof one of the parties was a citizen, as in the act of 1789, but could bring the defendant into any in whose district he could be served with process. The right to remove such causes from a state court was extended to the plaintiff, and the removal was not confined, as in the act of 1789, to cases where the .plaintiff was a citizen of the state where the suit was commenced.
By the acts of 1887 and 1888 (M.arcb 3, 1887, c. 373, 24 Stat. 552, and August 13, 1888, c. 866, 23 Stat. 433) sections 1, 2, and 3 of the act of 1875 were amended, and the rights of both litigants were greatly restricted. The. plaintiff was confined to bringing his suit in the district where the defendant was an inhabitant, save that, where the federal jurisdiction was only that the action was between citizens of dif-feient states, he could also sue in the district where the plaintiff resided, if he could there serve the defendant with process.
In the matter of removing suits from a state court, that was confined to the defendant, and he could do so only in case he was sued in a state whereof he was nonresident. This limitation to nonresidents of the right to remove suits of the kind now in question, while it appeared for the first time in express terms in the act of 1887, is in effect the same as was imposed in the act of 1789. These acts — 1887 and 1888 — also contained the requirement that a removable suit was to be transferred into the federal court to be held in the district where such suit was pending.
A reading of sections 24 and 28 (without reference to section 29) of the Code of 1911, which, as to the matters now considered, are substantially the same as the acts of 1887 and 1888, clearly evinces that the lack of reciprocity in the right of the litigants to have the federal courts determine their controversies, shown, to exist in the act of 1789 and the acts of 1887 and 1888, is a feature of said Code. Not all suits of which the United States courts are given original cognizance can be removed into said courts. If the present suit had been instituted in a court of New Jersey, whether by the original assignor or either of said assignees, it could not have been removed into this court without the plaintiff’s consent, as the defendant is a resident of this stare. Section 28, supra; Sagara v. Chicago, R. I. & P. Ry. Co. (C. C.) 189 Fed. 220, 222; H. J. Decker, Jr., & Co. v. Southern Ry. Co. (C. C.) 189 Fed. 224, 227; Hall v. Great Northern Ry. Co. (D. C.) 197 Fed. 488; Eddy v. Chicago & N. W. Ry. Co. (D. C.) 226 Fed. 120, 124. Yet the plaintiff could have begun suit in this court in the first instance. Section 24, supra.
The words “proper district,” mentioned in section 28, if they have any effect, are words of limitation. They condition the right of removal. That section does not define what is the “proper” district. It does, however, exclude districts covering the state wherein suits of the character now considered are pending, if the defendant is a resident of that state. Is this exclusion the only restriction upon the right of removal? If so, then the inclusion of the words “for the proper
The defendant contends, however (citing cases of which the Park Square Automobile Station Case is the most directly in point) that section 29 relates merely to the process whereby the removal is effected, and that the words quoted therefrom should not be construed to operate as a limitation upon the right to remove expressly granted by section 28. However, neither section 28 nor any of its predecessors granted an unlimited right of removal, and said quoted words, in substance, are found in all the enactments granting and regulating the. right to remove.
The words “proper district” do not appear in the Judiciary Act of 1789 for the obvious reason that both the right to remove and its regulation were joined in one section — section 12, 1 Stat.’ 79. These words were first introduced in the act of 1875 (chapter 137, 18 Stat. 470), where the right to remove was granted in one section (2), and the steps whereby the removal was to be effected were made the subject of another section (3).
This method of treating this subject was adhered to in the amendatory acts of 1887 (chapter 373, 24 Stat. 552) and of 1888 (chapter 866, 25 Stat. 433), and in the codification of 1911 (Act March 3, 1911, 36 Stat. 1087). In the act of 1789 the designation of the court to which the removal was to be made, coupled as it was with the grant of power to remove, cannot be considered as anything less than a limitation -upon the exercise of said power, and something more than a mere change in paragraphing in subsequent amendatory legislation which admittedly is more restrictive upon the right to remove (Shaw v. Quincy Min. Co., 145 U. S. 444, 12 Sup. Ct. 935, 36 L. Ed. 768) is necessary to justify the conclusion that such limitation haá been withdrawn.
The question raised by the words “proper district” found in section 2 of the acts of 1875, 1887, and 1888 and section 28 of the Judicial Code, which primarily grant the right to remove, is answered by section 3 of the Acts of 1875, 1887, and 1888 and section 29 of the act of 1911, and the designation of the United States court into which a suit may be removed is as much a limitation upon the right to remove as if such requirement were coupled with the grant of said right, as it was in the first judiciary act.
In the case of the authorized removals of all other suits or proceedings from the state to the federal courts (see section 30, 31, 33, and 34 of said Code [Comp. St. 1916, §§ 1012, 1013, 1015, 1016]), the suits
Sections 36 and 39, respectively derived from sections 4 and 7 of the act of 1875 (Comp. St. 1916, §§ 1018, 1021), contemplate results and judicial action in certain contingencies that can be had only if the cause is removed to a federal court having jurisdiction over the territory where the suit was pending when removed. Section 36 provides for the retention of any attachment or sequestration of the defendant’s estate obtained in the suit while in the state court to answer any final judgment rendered in the federal court. Section 39 authorizes the federal court into which a cause is removable to issue a writ of certiorari to the state court, on refusal of its clerk to furnish a copy of the record of said cause, commanding it to make return of said'record and to enforce said writ according to law. Plow could an attachment or sequestration of the defendant’s property, secured while the suit was pending in the state court, be enforced by a federal court whose district did not cover any part of said state, or how could the federal court enforce its writ, if issued to compel a court of a state to furnish a copy of the record of a removable suit, in case it refused to do so where the district of the federal court was not in said state?
The statutes do not authorize the running of the federal court’s attaching or sequestering writs into a state other than that in which its own district is; yet sections 36 and 39 of the Code contemplate that the federal court into which the cause is removed or removable, and not another court, shall by its writs in one instance appropriate property to satisfy its final decree, and in the other compel recalcitrant officers of a state court to obey the mandatory writs of the federal court into which the cause is to be removed.
There is nothing in any olher section of the Code that warrants an interpretation of the words “proper district” contained in section 28, other than “where such suit is pending,” as mentioned in section 29.
That such a construction prevents the defendant from removing to a federal court some suits which the plaintiff could have brought in such court can make no difference; nor does the fact, that, under the following cases decided by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York: Consolidated Rubber Tire Co. v. Ferguson, 183 Fed. 756, 106 C. C. A. 330; Kamenicky v. Catterall Printing Co. (C. C.) 188 Fed. 400; Odhner v. Northern Pac. Ry. Co. (C. C.) 188 Fed. 507; Jackson v. William Kenefick Co. (D. C.) 233 Fed. 130; Doherty v. Smith (D. C.) 233 Fed. 132 — this particular suit cannot be removed into said court, though it was pending in a state court within said district.
Those cases, and some in other districts, including Waterman v. Chesapeake & O. Ry. Co. (D. C.) 199 Fed. 667, of this district, but follow Ex parte Wisner, 203 U. S. 449, 27 Sup. Ct. 150, 51 L. Ed. 264, which held that no suit over which the federal courts were given jurisdiction could be removed into a selected federal court unless that court could originally have taken cognizance thereof. This case, while
Congress is the only power that can make the rights of the litigants reciprocal in this respect, and the argument advanced that this reciprocity ought to exist should be addressed to that branch of the government. While the courts at times are required to read into legislation matters not expressly appearing’ in order that the manifest legislative purpose may not fail of- enforcement, yet' that power is never properly exercised to change what has been clearly expressed.
The motion to remand is granted, with costs.