Harry and Gail Osteen (taxpayers) appeal the United States Tax Court’s decision disallowing certain tax deductions attributable to their farming and horse breeding operation on the grounds that this activity was not engaged in for prоfit and assessing tax deficiencies and penalties for a substantial tax understatement.
*358 We hold that the Tax Court’s factual findings that the Osteens lacked a profit objective are not clearly erroneous and affirm its decisiоn on that issue. We reverse the Tax Court, however, on its assessment of the understatement penalty because there was substantial authority for the taxpayers’ position.
The facts of this case are discussed in detail in the Tаx Court’s memorandum opinion, T.C.Memo. 1993-619,
Profit Objective
A taxpayer who is carrying on a trade or business may deduct ordinary and necessary expenses incurred in connection with the operation of the business. I.R.C. § 162. An activity constitutes a “trade or business” within the meaning of section 162 if the taxpayer’s actual and honest objective is to realize a profit.
Dreicer v. Commissioner,
Section 183 specifically precludes deductions for activities “not engaged in for profit,” such as pursuing hobbies or generating losses to shelter unrelated income. I.R.C. § 183(a); S.Rep. No. 552, 91st Cong., 1st Sess. (1969), reprinted in 1969 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1645, 2133 (legislative history of § 183). Although the taxpayer’s expectation of profit does not have to be reasonable, objective facts and circumstances must indicate that the taxpayer’s intent was to make a profit. A taxpayer’s subjective statements of intent to make a profit are not sufficient. Treas.Reg. § 1.183-2(a) (1972). The regulations list nine factors to guide courts in determining whether an activity is engaged in for рrofit. These are not exclusive considerations, however, and no single factor or mathematical preponderance of factors is determinative. Treas.Reg. § 1.183-2(b) (1972).
In an opinion in which the Tax Court comprehensively analyzed the objective facts and circumstances of this case against the backdrop of each of the relevant factors, the court concluded that the Osteens did not engage in their horse breeding activity with an actual and honest objective of making a profit. This is a factual finding of the Tax Court due to be affirmed unless clearly erroneous.
Mayrath v. Commissioner,
A review of the record reveals that the Tax Court properly followed the ninе factors listed in the regulations, viewed all facts and circumstances of the case, and was not clearly erroneous in determining that the Osteens engaged in the Percheron breeding business without a bona fide profit motive. Thе Tax Court relied on facts such as the taxpayers’ inexperience in breeding Percheron horses and their failure to hire experienced assistants or bring in experienced partners, the lack of any profitability аssessment of breeding Percherons in Florida, the limited time spent managing the operation, the string of consistent losses, and the significant income Osteen earned as a bank executive which allowed him to tolerate such losses.
Substantial Understatement Penalty
The Osteens appeal the Tax Court’s assessment of section 6661 understatement penalties. The Osteens do not dispute that their tax understatements for the two years in question met the definition of “substantial *359 understatements” under this рrovision. The Osteens contend, however, that they had substantial authority to believe they could claim the farming and horse breeding losses, an exception to the imposition of understatement penalties.
26 U.S.C. § 6661, applicable during the years at issue, provided that:
(a) Addition to tax. — If there is a substantial understatement of income tax for any taxable year, there shall be added to the tax an amount equal to 25 percent of the amount of any undеrpayment attributable to such understatement.
For our purposes, section 6661(b)(2)(A) defines the “understatement” as the excess of:
(i) the amount of the tax required to be shown on the return for the taxable year, over
(ii) the amount оf the tax imposed which is shown on the return....
The understatement, for the purposes of imposing the addition, shall be reduced “by that portion of the understatement which is attributable to []the tax treatment of any item by the taxpayer if therе is or was substantial authority for such treatment....” Section 6661(b)(2)(B)(i) (emphasis added).
The application of a substantial authority test is confusing in a case of this kind. If the horse breeding enterprise was carried on for profit, all of the deductions clаimed by the Osteens would be allowed. There is no authority to the contrary. If the enterprise was not for profit, none of the deductions would be allowed. There is no authority to the contrary. Nobody argues, however, not even the Government, that because the taxpayers lose on the factual issue, they also must lose on what would seem to be a legal issue.
The Tax Court in this case, as it seems to do in most of the cases, gives little explanаtion as to why there is substantial authority in one case, but not in another: “Based on the discussion above, we are convinced that there was not substantial authority for petitioners’ position.” Order at 15.
Cf. Harston v. Commissioner,
T.C.Memo. 1990-538,
There are no court decisions that give us guidance, and the rеgulations themselves, although speaking in terms of a test, are unsatisfactory in application to an all or nothing case of this kind.
If the Tax Court was deciding that there was no substantial authority because of the weakness of thе taxpayers’ evidence to establish a profit motive, we reverse because a review of the record reveals there was evidence both ways. In our judgment, under the clearly erroneous standard of review, the Tax Court would bе due to be affirmed even if it had decided this case for the taxpayers. With that state of the record, there is substantial authority from a factual standpoint for the taxpayer’s position. Only if there was a record upon whiсh the Government could obtain a reversal under the clearly erroneous standard could it be argued that from an evidentiary standpoint, there was not substantial authority for the taxpayer’s position.
If the Tax Court was deciding there was not substantial
legal
authority for the deductions, we reverse because of the plethora of cases in which the Tax Court has found a profit motive in the horse breeding activities of taxpayers that were similar to those at hand.
E.g., Engdahl v. Commissioner,
Although it can be properly argued that those cases are distinguishable from the case at hand, as well they are because the ultimate facts were found for the taxpayer rather than against the taxpayer as in this case, they are not so dissimilar that thеy must be discarded as providing no substantial authority for the tax returns filed in this case.
As a bottom line, we find little distinction between this case and the Tax Court case of Harston. The imposition of additions to the tax under § 6661 must turn on some analysis other thаn the conclusory decision of the Tax Court. The Tax Court should articulate some consistent and workable test to justify the imposition of additions in all or nothing situations of this kind, otherwise the imposition of the addition is left to the educated reaction of the particular Tax Court judge hearing the case.
We affirm the Tax Court’s finding of tax deficiencies for lack of a profit motive, but we reverse the Tax Court’s imposition of a penalty for substantial understatement.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART.