MEMORANDUM OF DECISION AND ORDER ON PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO REMAND AND ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO TRANSFER
I. INTRODUCTION
This action arises out of two purchase order agreements (the “Contracts”) under which the plaintiff, OsComp Systems, Inc. (“OsComp”), agreed to provide equipment and services to the defendant, Bakken Express, LLC (“Bakken”), for use in connection with Bakken’s efforts to extract natural gas in North Dakota. By its complaint, OsComp is seeking damages for breach of contract and alleged violations of Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A, as well as an order directing Bakken to return certain equipment to the plaintiff and to comply with the confidentiality provisions of the parties’ Contracts. OsComp initially filed this action in Middlesex Superior Court on March 7, 2012. On June 6, 2012, Bakken removed the case to federal court based on diversity of citizenship.
By its motion to transfer, Bakken argues that the convenience of the parties and witnesses, as well as the interests of justice, would best be served if this action were tried in Texas, where Bakken already is pursuing a lawsuit against OsComp in state court. Accordingly, Bakken requests that this court transfer the matter to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). OsComp disputes that a transfer to Texas would be convenient or just, particularly in light of the parties’ forum selection clause and the fact that Bakken concealed its Texas lawsuit from OsComp until after the instant case was filed, and it urges this court to defer to the plaintiffs choice of venue.
For all the reasons described below, this court finds that Bakken’s agreement to accept venue in the courts of Middlesex County, Massachusetts does not constitute a waiver of its right to remove this matter to federal court and does not warrant a remand of the litigation to the state superi- or court. This court farther finds that Bakken’s state court action in Texas is irrelevant to the transfer analysis, and that the interests of convenience and justice would best be served by keeping Os-Comp’s action in Massachusetts. Accordingly, and for all the reasons set forth herein, both of the parties’ motions are DENIED.
II. STATEMENT OF FACTS
The Parties
The plaintiff, OsComp, is a Delaware corporation which is engaged in the business of developing and commercializing technologies and equipment for use in extracting and compressing natural gas. (Compl. ¶ 1; Santos Aff. ¶ 2). At the time the parties negotiated the Contracts at issue in this case, OsComp’s principal place of business was in Cambridge, Massachusetts. (Santos Aff. ¶ 21). Since that time, however, the plaintiff has moved its principal place of business to Boston, Massachusetts. (Id.).
OsComp opened a small office in Houston, Texas in June 2011, and it subsequently registered to do business in Texas. (Id.; Dwyer Aff. at Ex. 1). Nevertheless, Os-Comp’s operations remain concentrated in Massachusetts. (Santos Aff. ¶ 21). Moreover, as further detailed below, OsComp
The defendant, Bakken, is a Texas limited liability company, which maintains a principal place of business in Harris County, Texas. (Dwyer Aff. Ex. 2 at ¶ 2). During the relevant time period, Bakken was engaged in a project involving the extraction of natural gas in the Williston Basin area of North Dakota. (See Santos Aff. ¶ 5; Maloney Aff. ¶ 3). Bakken asserts that various meetings and events relating to this litigation occurred in Texas, and that its witnesses are largely located in that state. (See Maloney Aff. ¶¶ 2-6).
The Contracts
In late 2010 and early 2011, OsComp and Bakken entered into two Purchase Order Contracts. (Compl. ¶ 6; Compl. Exs. A & B). Pursuant to the Contracts, OsComp agreed to provide Bakken with five natural gas compressors, along with related equipment and services, in connection with Bakken’s natural gas operations in or around the Williston Basin in North Dakota. (Santos Aff. ¶ 5; Maloney Aff. ¶ 3). Bakken agreed to pay OsComp a base price of $381,460 under the first Contract, and a base price of $1,837,640 under the second Contract. (Compl. ¶ 9; Compl. Ex. A at 1; Compl. Ex. B at 1). Additionally, to the extent the defendant requested maintenance services beyond those included in the base rate, Bakken agreed to pay OsComp for those services at the plaintiffs prevailing service rate. (Compl. ¶ 10; Compl. Ex. A at 15; Compl. Ex. B at 15). In this action, OsComp is seeking to recover at least $965,788 from Bakken for services that it claims to have provided pursuant to the parties’ Contracts. (Santos Aff. ¶ 4).
The Contracts set forth various Terms and Conditions addressing such matters as payment terms and taxes, delays in delivery, regulatory compliance, and confidentiality. (See Compl. Ex. A at 17-19; Compl. Ex. B at 17-19). Significantly, paragraph 9 of the Terms and Conditions, entitled “DISPUTE RESOLUTION,” provided that
[t]his Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts without respect to conflicts of law and may not be amended except in a writing signed by both parties. [Bakken] hereby agrees to waive any right to a trial by jury and to accept venue in the courts of Middlesex County, Massachusetts. If prevailing, OsComp shall recover all of its costs and expenses, including its attorney fees. No liability of OsComp to [Bakken] shall exceed the sum of payments made by [Bakken] to OsComp, nor include any incidental, consequential or punitive damages.
(Compl. Ex. A at 18 ¶ 9; Compl. Ex. B at 18 ¶ 9) (emphasis added). At issue is whether this provision constituted a waiver by Bakken of its right to remove this case from Middlesex Superior Court to federal court.
After entering into the Contracts with Bakken, OsComp took steps to carry out its obligations to provide Bakken with compressors and related equipment. In particular, OsComp retained a number of subcontractors, located in various states throughout the country, to manufacture and fabricate parts for the compressor units. (Santos Aff. ¶ 10; Maloney Aff. ¶ 3). At least one those subcontractors, Natural Gas Services Group, Inc. (“NGSG”), maintains its headquarters in
Failure of the Compressors
The Contracts required OsComp to design and build the compressors and related equipment based on specifications supplied by Bakken regarding the composition of the gas involved in Bakken’s natural gas extraction project. (Santos Aff. ¶ 6). Os-Comp claims that it relied on Bakken to provide accurate information as to the composition of the gas to be handled by the compressors. (Id.). OsComp further claims that the information it received from Bakken was inaccurate. (Id. ¶ 7). As a result, the compressors allegedly failed to function properly and repeatedly sustained damage. (Id. ¶ 8).
According to the plaintiff, OsComp made repairs to the damaged parts of the compressors. (Id). It also made extensive alterations, and provided additional equipment so that the compressors could handle the type of gas involved in the Williston Basin project. (Id). OsComp claims that it incurred substantial costs in connection with this work, and that it is entitled to recover such costs from Bakken under the terms of the parties’ Contracts. (Id).
Bakken disputes that OsComp has any right to recover any costs or other amounts from it. It contends that as a result of OsComp’s own failure to fulfill its obligations to the defendant under the parties’ Contracts, Bakken has sustained damages which exceed OsComp’s alleged losses. (Notice of Removal (Docket No. 1) at 3 n. 1). In particular, Bakken claims that it was damaged by OsComp’s substantial delays and cost overruns, as well as by OsComp’s failure to commission work on the fifth and final compressor more than six months after it was due to be delivered. (See Dwyer Aff. Ex. 2 at ¶¶ 7-8). As described below, these assertions are the subject of a lawsuit which Bakken filed against OsComp in Texas state court.
The Parties’ Litigation
In early 2012, the parties were engaged in communications regarding their dispute over the alleged breaches of the Contracts. (See Healan Aff. ¶¶ 3-5 and Exs. B & C thereto). Thus, on January 11, 2012, Os-Comp’s counsel wrote a letter to Bakken’s counsel in which he proposed that the parties meet to discuss the possibility of settlement. (Id ¶ 3). Bakken’s counsel responded in a letter dated February 8, 2012. (Id ¶ 4). Therein, Bakken’s counsel agreed to discuss the potential resolution of the parties’ dispute, but only if OsComp were willing to pay Bakken for its alleged damages, attorney’s fees and ex
The parties continued to discuss the possibility of settlement over the course of the next several months. (Id. ¶ 5). However, throughout the course of their discussions, Bakken’s counsel failed to advise OsComp that Bakken had already filed a complaint against OsComp in Texas state court (the “Texas Litigation”) on about February 7, 2012, a day before Bakken’s response to OsComp’s January 11, 2012 letter. (Id.; Notice of Removal ¶¶ 5, 6).
The parties’ effort to resolve them dispute was unsuccessful, and on March 7, 2012, OsComp initiated the present action against Bakken in Middlesex Superior Court. (Compl. at 1). By its complaint, OsComp alleges that Bakken failed to pay the amounts due to it under the terms of the parties’ Contracts. (See id. ¶¶ 30-33). It has asserted claims against the defendant for breach of contract (Count I), breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing (Count II), return of equipment (Count III), violations of Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A (Count IV), and injunctive relief or relief under Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93, § 42A (Count V).
On May 31, 2012, more than two months after OsComp brought its action against Bakken in Massachusetts state court, and more than three months after Bakken filed its lawsuit in Texas state court, Bakken served OsComp with its complaint in the Texas Litigation. (Healan Aff. ¶ 6). As described in that complaint, Bakken alleges, in essence, that OsComp breached its obligations under the parties’ Contracts by failing to provide Bakken with the first four compressors on time and at the agreed upon cost, and by failing to commission work on the last compressor for more than six months after it was due to be delivered. (See Dwyer Aff. at Ex. 2 ¶¶ 6-11). Bakken’s claims against Os-Comp consist of claims for breach of contract, money had and received, declaratory judgment, fraud, tortious interference with Bakken’s business relationships, business disparagement, conversion, and violations of the Texas Theft Liability Act. (Id. at Counts 1-8).
On June 6, 2012, Bakken removed Os-Comp’s case from the state court to this court on the basis of diversity jurisdiction. (Notice of Removal ¶ 7). By the parties’ present motions, OsComp is seeking an order remanding the matter to the Middle-sex Superior Court and Bakken is seeking an order transferring the case to federal district court in Texas.
Additional factual details relevant to this court’s analysis are set forth below where appropriate.
III. ANALYSIS — OSCOMP’S MOTION TO REMAND
In connection with its motion to remand, OsComp does not dispute that the requirements for establishing diversity jurisdiction have been met. Rather, it argues that the matter must be remanded to state court pursuant to the dispute resolution clause contained in the parties’ Contracts. Specifically, OsComp argues that Bakken, by agreeing to “accept venue in the courts of Middlesex County, Massachusetts” where no federal court sits, waived its right to remove the case from Middlesex Superior Court to the federal District Court. (Pl. Mem. (Docket No. 7) at 1). Bakken argues that the Contracts’ venue clause permits, but does not mandate venue in Middlesex County, and therefore does not constitute a waiver of its right of removal. It further argues that to the extent the venue clause requires that the
A. Standard of Review
“Federal courts have long enforced forum selection clauses as a matter of federal common law.”
The federal courts are in agreement that “a forum selection clause may constitute a waiver of a defendant’s right to remove an action to federal court.” See Global Satellite Commc’n Co. v. Starmill U.K Ltd.,
To date, the First Circuit has not decided whether contractual waivers of the statutory right of removal must be clear and unequivocal. See Autoridad de Energia Electrica de P.R. v. Ericsson Inc.,
B. Effect of the Forum Selection Clause on Bakken’s Right to Remove
As described above, the relevant language of the parties’ Contracts provides that “[Bakken] hereby agrees to waive any right to a trial by jury and to accept venue in the courts of Middlesex County, Massachusetts.” (Compl. Ex. A at 18 ¶ 9; Compl. Ex. B at 18 ¶ 9). OsComp argues
A “threshold question in interpreting a forum selection clause is whether the clause at issue is permissive or mandatory.” Rivera v. Centro Medico de Turabo, Inc.,
Courts considering whether there has been a waiver of the right of removal often consider whether the forum selection clause at issue is mandatory or merely permissive. See, e.g., Excell, Inc. v. Sterling Boiler & Mech., Inc.,
In the instant case, it is undisputed that the forum selection clause at issue contains no words such as “will” or “shall,” and “is not ‘mandatory’ in the sense that it obligates the parties to the exclusive venue of Middlesex County.” (Pl. Reply Mem. (Docket No. 17) at 1). In fact, the First Circuit has determined that a forum selection clause under which the parties “agree to submit to the jurisdiction of the courts” of a given forum is permissive in that it does not exclude jurisdiction in other courts. See Autoridad, de Energia Electrica,
The defendant’s agreement to “accept venue in the courts of Middlesex County, Massachusetts” is insufficient to demonstrate an intent to waive removal. See Priority Healthcare Corp. v. Chaudhuri, No. 6:08-cv-425-Orl-KRS,
OsComp’s reliance on Snapper, Inc. v. Redan,
The Undersigned agrees that any legal action or proceeding with respect to this instrument may be brought in the courts of the State of Georgia or the United States District Court, Northern District of Georgia, Atlanta Division, all as [plaintiff] may elect. By execution of this instrument, the Undersigned hereby submits to each such jurisdiction, hereby expressly waiving whatever rights may correspond to it by reason of its present or future domicile.
Snapper,
In iNet Directories, the relevant contract language provided that
[t]he Parties hereby irrevocably waive any and all objections which any Party may now or hereafter have to the exercise of personal and subject matter jurisdiction by the federal or state courts in the State of Missouri and to the laying of venue of any such suit, action or proceeding brought in any such federal or state court in the State of Missouri.
Finally, the same result is reached even if the language of the parties’ forum selection clause is deemed to create an ambiguity as to whether Bakken agreed to waive its right of removal once OsComp filed suit in state court in Middlesex County. Under such circumstances, the agreement must be construed against the drafter. See LFC Lessors, Inc. v. Pac. Sewer Maint. Corp.,
IV. ANALYSIS — BAKKEN’S MOTION TO TRANSFER
In light of this court’s conclusion that a remand is not warranted, this court next considers Bakken’s motion to transfer venue to the Southern District of Texas pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). Section 1404(a) provides: “[f]or the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice, a district court may transfer any civil action to any other district or division where it might have been brought!.]” 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). OsComp does not dispute that the action could have been brought in the Southern District of Texas, but it argues that the forum selection clause of the parties’ Contracts, as well as considerations of convenience and fairness, warrant the denial of Bakken’s motion. This court agrees for the reasons that follow.
“Section 1404(a) is intended to place discretion in the district court to adjudicate motions for transfer according to an individualized, case-by-case consideration of convenience and fairness.’” Astro-Med, Inc. v. Nihon Kohden Am., Inc.,
Application of the First-Filed Rule
Bakken argues that a transfer to the Southern District of Texas is appropriate pursuant to the so-called “first-filed rule” because it filed the Texas Litigation before OsComp initiated the instant action in Middlesex Superior Court. (Def. Mem. (Docket No. 11) at 9). Under the first-filed rule, “[w]here identical actions are proceeding concurrently in two federal courts, entailing duplicative litigation and a waste of judicial resources, the first filed action is generally preferred in a choice-of-venue decision.” Veryfine Prods., Inc. v. Phlo Corp.,
Bakken acknowledges the fact that no litigation between the parties is proceeding in Texas federal court. (Def. Mem. at 9 n. 2). Nevertheless, it argues that “[t]his does not affect the logic or fairness of applying the first-filed rule to this motion!.]” (Id.). According to Bakken, it is entitled to a Texas forum, “and once the case is transferred to the Southern District of Texas, the duplication of actions in Texas can be addressed in the state and federal courts in Texas or by agreement of the parties.” (Id.). However, Bakken has not provided any authority for its novel suggestion that the first-filed rule is applicable under such circumstances.
Moreover, even if consideration of the first-filed rule were appropriate here, this court would decline to apply it. Courts have recognized an exception to the first-filed rule where a party engages in “!p]rocedural fencing” in order to preempt the other party’s potential lawsuit against it. See McJunkin Corp. v. Cardinal Sys., Inc.,
Bakken’s conduct appears to be an attempt to preempt any litigation that Os-Comp might have filed against it. Indeed, Bakken has submitted no evidence, and has presented no arguments, to suggest otherwise. As described above, the first-filed rule has no application in such a case. Therefore, even if the rule were implicated here, this court would not factor it into the transfer analysis.
Consideration of Relevant Factors
Having concluded that the first-filed rule is not applicable to this case, this court must determine whether the convenience of the parties and witnesses, and the interests of justice, favor a change of venue. For the reasons that follow, this court finds that consideration of the relevant factors compels the conclusion that the motion to transfer venue must be denied.
Plaintiff’s Choice of Forum and Connection Between the Forum and the Litigation
As described above, there is a presumption in favor of the plaintiffs choice of forum. See Coady,
Bakken argues that OsComp’s chosen forum carries less weight because the operative facts occurred in Texas and North Dakota rather than in Massachusetts. (Def. Mem. at 5, 8). “Where the operative facts of the case have no material connection with [the] district [in which the case has been filed], plaintiffs choice of forum carries less weight.” United States ex rel. Ondis v. City of Woonsocket, R.I.,
Although the compressors at the heart of this case were installed at Bakken’s project site in North Dakota, the evidence shows that all of OsComp’s design and engineering work relating to that equipment took place in Massachusetts. (Santos Aff. ¶ 16). Accordingly, the parties held lengthy meetings at OsComp’s offices in Massachusetts to establish the engineering and design criteria to be used in connection with the construction of the compressors, and it was just before one of those meetings that Bakken provided the plaintiff with specifications regarding the natural gas that would need to be handled by the compressors. (Id. ¶¶ 14-15). As described above, OsComp claims that Bakken’s information about the composition of the gas was inaccurate and caused the equipment failures which ultimately led to the parties’ present dispute. (See Compl. ¶¶ 25-27). Accordingly, questions as to why the compressors failed and caused OsComp to incur additional costs are directly linked to the events which took place in Massachusetts.
As further described above, OsComp initially retained a Massachusetts company known as Northstar to fabricate materials and parts for the compressors, and both parties attended meetings with Northstar, which were held in Massachusetts. (Santos Aff. ¶ 12). Among the matters addressed at those meetings was the design and engineering of the compressors and the composition of the gas involved in Bakken’s natural gas extraction project. (Id.). By its claims in this action, OsComp is seeking to recover, among other things, amounts that it paid to Northstar for its work in designing and constructing the compressors. (Id.).
Finally, this lawsuit is necessarily connected to Massachusetts because it involves Bakken’s alleged failure to pay for services provided under its Contracts with a Massachusetts-based company. Accordingly, Bakken has not shown that there is no material connection between the present forum and the litigation, or that Os-Comp’s choice of forum should not weigh heavily against a transfer of venue.
Convenience of Parties and Witnesses
OsComp argues that Bakken cannot claim any inconvenience to itself from having to litigate the case in Massachusetts because it specifically agreed to accept venue here under the forum selection clause of the parties’ Contracts. (Pl. Opp. Mem. (Docket No. 18) at 11). This court finds OsComp’s argument persuasive. The Supreme Court has ruled that “[t]he presence of a forum-selection clause ... will be a significant factor that figures centrally in the district court’s calculus” under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). Stewart Org.,
This court also finds that no transfer is necessary for the convenience of the expected witnesses. “The convenience of the witnesses is probably the most important factor, and the factor most frequently mentioned, in passing on a motion to transfer under 28 U.S.C.A. § 1404(a).” United States ex rel. Ondis,
The plaintiff has identified seven expected witnesses who work and reside in Massachusetts. Those witnesses include OsComp’s CEO, Pedro Santos, who is expected to present testimony regarding discussions and negotiations between the parties, the design, engineering, manufacturing and delivery of the compressors, the gas specifications provided by Bakken, and the additional services that were provided by OsComp during its efforts to repair the compressors, among other topics. (See generally Santos Aff.). They also include three employees of OsComp, who are expected to testify about such matters as the negotiations and discussions between the parties, the manufacture and inspection of the compressors, and OsComp’s communications with one of its subcontractors, NGSG, regarding the manufacture and operation of the compressors. (See Santos Aff. ¶¶ 23-24).
In addition to its employees, OsComp expects to call as witnesses three representatives of Northstar who are residents of Massachusetts. (PI. Opp. Mem. at 14). Those witnesses are expected to provide testimony regarding meetings among Os-Comp, Bakken, and Northstar, as well as testimony concerning the design of the compressors and the gas specifications provided by Bakken. (Id.; see also Santos Aff. ¶ 12). The only other nonparty witnesses who OsComp expects to call are not located in either Massachusetts nor Texas. (See Santos Aff. ¶¶ 11, 25). Thus, OsComp does not intend to present testimony in support of its affirmative case from anyone located in Texas.
For its part, Bakken states that it intends to present testimony from three of its principals, Timothy Maloney, David Dimond and James Paul. (Def. Mem. at 7). Those individuals are expected to describe such matters as the business and science of natural gas processing, Bakken’s business in the capture and transport of natural gas, OsComp’s proposals to perform manufacturing work, the negotiations and formation of the parties’ Contracts, the malfunction of the compressors and efforts to fix them, and Bakken’s losses as a result of OsComp’s alleged failure to perform its contractual obligations, among other subjects. (Id.; see also Maloney Aff. ¶¶ 1-5). Messrs. Maloney and Paul reside in Texas. (Maloney Aff. ¶¶ 2, 5). However, Mr. Dimond lives in Seattle, Washington. (Id. ¶ 4). Therefore, Mr. Dimond would be
Bakken also intends to call three non-party witnesses from NGSG, Ed Evans, John Rowell and Greg Neihues, to discuss their efforts to make the compressors operate, and it has indicated that it may need to call a non-party witness from Cummins as well. (Def. Mem. at 7-8). According to Bakken, each of the NGSG employees is located in Texas, which is also where Cummins is located. (Id.; see also Maloney Aff. ¶¶ 3, 6). However, OsComp contends that Mr. Evans is located in Oklahoma rather than in Texas. (Santos Aff. ¶ 10). It also contends that to the extent anyone from Cummins is needed to testify, such testimony would most likely come from one of Cummins’ technical representatives, all of whom are located in Indiana. (Id. ¶11).
Based on the parties’ representations, a transfer of venue to the Southern District of Texas would not be more convenient for the identified witnesses. As described above, the expected witnesses who can be found in either Massachusetts or Texas are nearly evenly divided between the two jurisdictions. The same holds true even when only the non-party witnesses are considered and when it is assumed that Mr. Evans is located in Texas as Bakken asserts. Moreover, neither of the parties has indicated that any of the key witnesses is unable or unwilling to travel outside his home jurisdiction in order to testify at trial. “Based on the record before it, this court sees no meaningful basis to conclude that ... some witnesses will be put out significantly more than others by traveling to a distant forum.” Fairview Mach. & Tool Co., Inc. v. Oakbrook Int’l, Inc.,
Bakken notes that the presence of an OsComp office in Houston, Texas would make it easier for OsComp’s employees to travel to Texas to testify. (See Def. Mem. at 8). To the extent this would ease the burden on OsComp’s witnesses, it is not sufficient to tip the balance in favor of a Texas forum. As described above, Os-Comp’s choice of forum is entitled to significant weight, particularly in light of the parties’ election of Massachusetts in their forum selection clause. Because the presence of an office in Texas would not significantly relieve OsComp’s witnesses of the inconvenience of having to travel half way across the county, this court finds that it is insufficient to outweigh the plaintiffs decision to file suit in Massachusetts. Accordingly, convenience considerations do not support a transfer of venue.
Remaining Factors
The remaining factors that the court may consider include the location of documents, the law to be applied, and the state or public interests at stake. See World Energy Alts.,
Neither of the parties has addressed the location of documents, but Bakken notes that it may be necessary to examine the fifth, uncompleted compressor which, according to Bakken, still exists in parts at NGSG’s facility in Texas. (Def. Mem. at 8; Maloney Aff. ¶7). OsComp insists that the physical condition of the fifth compressor is not at issue in this case because there is no dispute that the fifth compressor was never assembled, and the only dispute is whether Bakken is entitled to the return of its deposit for the unfinished equipment. (PL Opp. Mem. at 17). To the extent the physical condition of the fifth compressor has any relevance to the parties’ contractual dispute, such evidence may be provided “by videotape or other such means.” Fairview Mach. & Tool, 56
With respect to the law to be applied, there is no dispute that the parties’ Contracts call for the application of Massachusetts law. (See Compl. Ex. A at 18 ¶ 9; Compl. Ex. B at 18 ¶ 9). As the courts have recognized, “there is an appropriateness in having the trial of a diversity case in a forum that is at home with the state law that must govern the case, rather than having a court in some other forum untangle problems ... in law foreign to itself.” R.W. Granger & Sons,
Finally, the parties have not identified any particular state or public interests at stake. Because there does not appear to be any public interest that would apply to one state but not the other, this factor is neutral and does not support a transfer to the Southern District of Texas.
In short, Bakken has not persuaded this court that OsComp’s choice of forum is substantially more inconvenient than the defendant’s proposed alternative or that a transfer to the Southern District of Texas would not simply shift the burden from the defendant to the plaintiff. Accordingly, this court concludes that OsComp’s choice of Massachusetts as the forum for litigating this dispute is controlling, and Bakken’s motion to transfer venue pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) is denied.
V. CONCLUSION
For all the reasons described herein, OsComp’s “Motion to Remand Action to State Court” (Docket No. 6) and Bakken’s “Motion to Transfer Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1404(a)” (Docket No. 10) are both DENIED.
Notes
. The facts are derived from the following: (1) the Complaint ("Compl.”), which is attached at Exhibit 1 to the plaintiff's Memorandum in Support of Motion to Remand Action to State Court (Docket No. 7) and as Exhibit 1 to Docket No. 21; (2) the Affidavit of Daniel J. Dwyer in Support of Defendant’s Motion to Transfer (Docket No. 12) ("Dwyer Aff.”); (3) the Affidavit of Timothy Maloney (Docket No. 13) ("Maloney Aff.”); (4) the Affidavit of Michael D. Healan (Docket No. 19) ("Healan Aff.”); and (5) the Affidavit of Pedro T. Santos (Docket No. 20) ("Santos Aff.”).
. The parties dispute whether Cummins Southern Plains, LLC, an entity whose headquarters are located in Arlington, Texas, served as one of OsComp's subcontractors. According to Bakken, OsComp engaged Cummins Southern Plains to supply engines for the compressors. (Maloney Aff. ¶ 3). However, OsComp asserts that Cummins Southern Plains, which entered into a contract with NGSG but not OsComp, "is simply the regional distributor of Cummins engines, and does no manufacturing.” (Santos Aff. ¶ 11). According to OsComp, the relevant entity, "Cummins, Inc.,” is headquartered in Indiana and manufactures engines in New Mexico. (Id.). The plaintiff further contends that any witnesses from Cummins who may be needed to testify in this case "would most likely be its technical representatives, who are located in Indiana.” (Id.).
. Both parties have relied on federal common law, as opposed to state law, to support their arguments in connection with OsComp's motion to remand. There do not appear to be any material discrepancies between Massachusetts law and federal common law regarding the validity and interpretation of forum selection clauses. See, e.g., Jacobson v. Mailboxes Etc. U.S.A.,
. This court recognizes that there are cases in which courts have found a waiver of the right of removal where the forum selection clause at issue requires venue in a county where no federal court sits. See, e.g., Yakin v. Tyler Hill Corp.,
. This court rejects OsComp's argument that Bakken’s agreement to "accept venue” in Middlesex County will be rendered meaningless if the matter is not remanded to the state court. (Pl. Mem. at 6). There is nothing unreasonable about interpreting the forum selection clause as an agreement that Middlesex Superior Court is an appropriate but not the required venue in which to litigate the case.
. In light of this court’s conclusion that a remand is inappropriate because Bakken did not clearly waive its right to remove the case to federal court, it is unnecessary to address Bakken's argument that "the courts of Middlesex County, Massachusetts” should be interpreted to include the federal district court that encompasses Middlesex County, or its argument that Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 223, § 1 precludes OsComp from maintaining an action against it in state court in Middlesex County because OsComp is no longer located in that jurisdiction. (See Def. Opp. Mem. at 6-8).