Osborne v. Ramsay

191 F. 114 | 9th Cir. | 1911

WOLVERTON, District Judge

(after stating the facts as above). The testimony submitted at the former trial was clearly analyzed by the opinion heretofore rendered, and it was found that the plaintiffs had not established the kinship alleged to exist between James Osborne, deceased, and themselves. The question then presented, and now again presented, was and is whether James Osborne was a half-brother, by a second marriage of Abraham P. Osborne, to Lewis K., Solomon E., Clark H., Horace, and Caroline Osborne. It is not disputed that these last named are the children of Abraham by a lawful marriage, and that James is not their whole brother. The sole contest is whether he is their half-brother by a subsequent lawful marriage of Abraham. When the case was here before, the court said:

“We know nothing whatever of the second wife. Her name is not given, and Hiere is no information concerning her marriage to Abraham Osborne, nor is Hiere any evidence of cohabitation or a reputation in the community where they resided or had their home that they were husband and wife, or that they were generally recognized and received as such by their neighbors and acquaintances. What there is at most is a mere tradition that Abraham Osborne was married a second time, and that by this second marriage there was issue, a boy named James.”

It is now urged on the part of plaintiffs that the additional testimony adduced at the present trial supplements the former, and that its effect is to establish a case wherein the former came short. That is to say, in the present case that a second marriage of Abraham has been established, and that James was an issue of that marriage; or, rather, that the newly adduced testimony, taken in connection with the old, is effective to show those facts.

Before proceeding to a further analysis of the testimony and a consideration of its probative effect and bearing, we will, in view of the discussion of counsel, determine the legal principles deemed applicable.

[1] Tt is a well-established exception to the general rule that hearsay testimony of a certain type is admissible to establish lineage and pedigree. This is because of the necessity of the case. In previous conditions of society and the family relations, records have not always been kept of marriages, births, and deaths, and in order to establish relationship, when a generation or more had passed away, it has been necessary to resort to family history and tradition, and to learn of those who have talked and spoken as circumstance and occasion suggested, though not under oath, of the family ties and kinship as they were supposed to exist within the knowledge or memory of the person speaking. It is perhaps not the best evidence; but where record is silent. or there is none, it is the only available evidence, and resort must be had to it to establish ancestry, line of descent, and pedigree. Cuddy v. Brown et al., 78 Ill. 415. It is a rule, which has the approval of the Supreme Court, that hearsay evidence of the kind respecting ¡pedigree and lineage is limited to members of the family, who may be supposed, and are the most likely, to have known the relationships which in reality existed in its different branches. Stein v. Bowman, 13 Pet. 209, 10 L. Ed. 129. See, to the same purpose, In re Hurlburt’s Estate, 68 Vt. 366, 35 Atl. 77, 35 L. R. A. 794. The broader statement of the rule is that statements respecting lineage, in order to be admissible, must proceed from persons “who from living in habits of intimacy with the family or from other peculiar circumstances are likely to have known the facts concerning which their declarations are. offered.” Westfield v. Warren, 8 N. J. Law, 249, 250.

Such declarations must also have been made ante litem motam, and not in anticipation of litigation or contest depending upon the family relationship.

[2] A presumption does not arise in nebula, but must be predicated upon some real or substantial basis. A ¡presumption of marriage, therefore, must be based upon facts proven. Thus, as stated in Cargile et al. v. Wood et al., 63 Mo. 501, 512:

“Where parties have cohabited together and held themselves out as man and wife, and there are circumstances from which a present contract may be inferred, the law, out of charity and in favor of innocence and good morals, will presume matrimony. The law in general presumes against vice and immorality, and on this ground holds acknowledgment, cohabitation, and reputation presumptive evidence of marriage.”

“But upon doubtful facts,” says the court in Peet v. Peet, 52 Mich. 464, 467, 18 N. W. 220, 221, “the court ought to presume a lawful marriage rather than a notorious act of immorality.”

This, it must be observed, where the parties have been living as if in lawful wedlock. • !

Thus is substantiated or established the fact of marriage, or rather thus proceeds the presumption of the fact, from general reputation or répute of marriage, which in its application to the fact of marriage is even more than hearsay. It involves and is made up of social conduct and recognition, giving character to an admitted and unconcealed cohabitation. Badger v. Badger et al., 88 N. Y. 546, 42 Am. Rep. 263.

So it is necessary, unless it be that the fact of marriage is otherwise proven, that there .be evidence both of cohabitation and reputation before such a marriage can be presumed. Proof of one alone is not sufficient to sustain the presumption. Taylor v. Taylor, 10 Colo. App. 303, 50 Pac. 1049, 1050; Smith v. Fuller (Iowa) 108 N. W. 765.

• The facts of marriage, birth, and death may also be proven by family history or tradition incident to the establishment of lineage or pedigree. 2 Wigmore on Evidence, § 1605. As is said in Westfield v. Warren, supra:

“One of these (exceptions to the general rule) is found in questions of pedigree. There, declarations of deceased members of a family as to marriages, as well as births and deaths, are admitted. The evidence of the marriage, however, is in such case but incidental to the proof of pedigree. And to such extent only, to the admission of such evidence for such purpose merely, is the exception limited.”

And again it is said by Lord Mansfield, in the Berkeley Peerage Case, 4 Camp. 401:

“In matters of pedigree, it being impossible to prove by living witnesses the relationships of past generations, the declarations of deceased members ■ of the family are admitted; but here, as the reputation must proceed on particular facts, such as marriages, births, and the like, from the necessity of the thing, the hearsay of the family as to these particular facte is not excluded.”

See, also, In re Hurlburt’s Estate, 68 Vt. 366, 35 Atl. 77, 35 L. R. A. 794, from which the above quotation from Lord Mansfield is made.

[ 3] Authorities are to be found extending the rule of repute or tradition as to marriages, births, and deaths beyond the family relationships ; but as to their soundness upon principle we are not called upon to determine at this time. So it must be with the presumption that a child is born in lawful wedlock. There must be a substantial basis upon which to predicate the presumption. There must be a marriage of a man with a woman, either actual, reputed, or traditional, with the offspring proceeding from such marriage. In this relation, the , case of In re Pickens’ Estate, 163 Pa. 14, 29 Atl. 875, 25 L. R. A. 477, is instructive. In that case there was family tradition that the mother was married to John Obenstein, and lived with him three years, prior to her marriage with Samuel Pickens, and that Benjamin Obenstein, through whom the contestants on one side claimed, was a son of such marriage. By the same tradition it was shown that the mother later married Henry Pickens. In its comments upon the case the court-says :

“There was no distinct evidence of a marriage to either, but presumably she was the lawful wife of each. Such a presumption is entirely consistent with the facts as established by the testimony; but, if conflicting presumptions arose, that in favor of innocence and legitimacy would prevail.”

Here then was a basis for deducing the status of legitimacy. The law goes even farther than this, and will presume lawful marriage to support the presumption of legitimacy, which is a presumption upon a presumption, and is not ordinarily permissible. The basis of the first presumption is that in a Christian country a lawful rather than a meretricious union must, prima facie, be taken to obtain, and therefore that the progeny, when traced to the father or the mother, without showing union by marriage, will be presumed to be legitimate. Thus, where it is shown that a certain person is the' son of a certain other person, it will be presumed, for the sake of legitimacy, that the latter was lawfully married, and that the son was born in lawful wedlock. McClaskey v. Barr (C. C.) 47 Fed. 154.

This, however, was where there was an absence of any negative evidence to dispute the fact of marriage.

See. also, Locust v. Caruthers, 23 Okl. 373, 100 Pac. 520; Keavey v. Barrett, 62 N. J. Eq. 454, 49 Atl. 1073.

[4] Keeping in mind the legal principles thus ascertained, we will recur again to the testimony. It has been substantially shown that the decedent, James Osborne, came from the locality of the Brdnx, Westchester county, N. Y., about the year 1857, by way of San Francisco, to Puget Sound, arriving there about the year 1859. This comes from his own statement, as shown by a' reputable witness. Pie was probably born in the year 1835. That fact is alleged, and does not seem to be disputed. According to his own statement, his mother died when he was quite a lad, well along in the teens. His father died later, and while he was away at sea. He went to Havre, France, on. the voyage, and was gone three or four years, perhaps longer. On his return, he did not remain long, but entered upon another voyage, westward by way of Cape Horn. Osborne also said he had some half-brothers, but that his relations. with them were not very pleasant. There is evidence in the record, traditional in character, to the effect that Abraham P. Osborne had a son named James; that James went on ’ a voyage to Havre, France; and that he went away again on a« voyage, and was not heard from afterwards; and, further, that -Abraham was married a second time; and that James was the offspring-of the union thus consummated.

This court, in its opinion in the former case, found that there was a failure of identity; that it was not satisfactorily shown that the decedent was the James Osborne, son of Abraham P. Osborne. At- # tempt was made, as here, to show by one William Cauldwell that the James Osborne that came west was a half-brother, to Lewis K. Osborne, but it resulted in proving by all reasonable probability that the Lewis K. Osborne of whom Cauldwell speaks was not the son of Abraham P., but another person altogether. Lewis K., the son, at the time of which Cauldwell speaks of first meeting James, was a man 38-years old, and James was 15. At the time James is said to have gone, to sea — <1852—James would have been 17 and Lewis K. 40 years of age, and yet Cauldwell speaks of them as the boys, Lewis and James-When the testimony of Cauldwell is read in connection with that of' Gray, it is made still more apparent that the Lewis K. whom Cauldwell knew was not the Lewis K., son of Abraham.

The more recent testimony does not serve to clear up the discrepancy, and to connect the James who came west with Lewis K., the son of Abraham. It further appears from such testimony that Abraham P. Osborne first married Electa Hickock. Two witnesses are called, namely, Angeline A. Brown and Matilda A. Warren; the former being a daughter of Betsy Ann Hickock, who was a daughter of the brother of Electa. The first of these witnesses says that she has heard her aunts, Mrs. Warren (the witness) and her sister SarahFenning, say that Abraham married Euphemia Rockwell, whom they called Phemy for short. She could not recall where Phemy was from. Abraham was a shoemaker, but witness did not know where he lived;. she. thinks her mother and aunts knew Abraham personally. Mrs. Warren relates that, from conversations with her father’s family,, her father being a brother to Electa, the wife of Abraham, she learned that Abraham married again, but not right away; that he married Phemy Rockwell, of Ridgebury, Conn., the daughter of Thomas Rockwell ; that witness’ father, mother, and aunts personally knew of the second marriage, but were not at the wedding, nor did they witness the ceremony. Then it is related that Abraham took Phemy Rockwell from Ridgebury, Conn., down to New York to work for him, before his first wife’s death, and that she took care of his wife for a year. This was about the year 1825. It is further related that Euphemia did not return from New York, but stayed at the house of Abraham after his wife’s death, and there was -quite a scandal about it, and then it was that the uncle Northrop took the children to North Salem. It further appears that Mrs. Warren’s father was in business with Abraham in New York about the time the latter’s wife died, and so continued for four or five years, and that about two years after that Abraham went away to the west, and nobody ever heard of him afterwards. This statement that Abraham went away and was not heard of again is corroborated by Longworth’s New York City Directory, which shows the presence of Abraham P. Osborne, shoemaker, in New York from 1820 to 1823, and Abraham Osborne, cord-wainer, from 1826 to 1828, hut not later. And the letter written by Lewis K. from Mobile, addressed to him in St. Louis, in 1835, would indicate that he went west. So it must have been along during the years 1820 to 1828, or thereabouts, that M rs. Warren’s father was in partnership with Abraham in New York. In about two years after the dissolution of the partnership, Abraham disappears westward, and is not heard of again. Now, James was horn about 1835. There is but meager testimony to show that Abraham ever lived in Morrisania, or Tremont, which is adjoining. William K. Osborne says that, while the boys were living with Northrop Osborne, Abraham lived in New York — William did not know exactly where, but down near Tremont, in the neighborhood of the "Bronx. Gray evidently knew nothing about him, and Cauldwell, who says he lived in Morrisania from 1849 to 1891, and was in public life a great deal of the time, says he never heard of Abraham Osborne. Yet he says there was an Osborne who, lie presumed, was the father or uncle of James, who lived opposite him. Mrs. Warren does not say that Abraham ever lived at Morrisania. In speaking of Euphemia Rockwell, she says that Abraham came up to Ridgebury, Conn., and took her down to New York to work for him, hut mentions no place in New York City. It is significant that neither Mrs. Brown nor Mrs. Warren ever heard of a son being born to the second marriage; and manifestly Mrs. Warren had a better opportunity of hearing of such a thing than any of the other witnesses.

In all the time James was known in Seattle, so far as the testimony goes, he never mentioned the name of his father, or said it was Abraham Osborne. So that in the present case, as in the former, there lacks identity of James Osborne of Seattle as the sou of Abraham Osborne, who was the father of Lewis K. Osborne, Solomon E., and others.

The case might well be dismissed here, but we will examine further relative to the alleged second marriage of Abraham, ,to Phemy Rockwell. Both Mrs. Brown and Mrs. Warren testify, from what they heard, that Abraham married Euphemia Rockwell, of Ridgebury, Conn., and that they called her Phemy for short. For corroboration of this testimony, an entry from the Rockwell and Keeler Genealogy was introduced, which shows that Thomas Rockwell, of South Salem, and Deborah, his wife, had. a daughter Permelia, "'who was a teacher in Brooklyn, hut could not he found.” For this it is claimed that Permelia was nicknamed Peine, and that this was subsequently corrupted into Pheme or Phemy, and that Permelia is the same person who married Abraham. The Rockwell and Keeler Genealogy refutes the probability of this marriage. It shows, among other things, that Chloe Osborne, a daughter of Gamaliel and Dolly Keeler Osborne, married Lewis Keeler. Gamaliel was the father of Abraham and Northrop Osborne, so Chloe was therefore their sister. The genealogy further shows that the Rockwells, the Keelers, and the Osbornes, in the generations running to the eleventh, married and intermarried many times, and yet this book, which seems to have been very carefully and exhaustively compiled, contains no mention whatever of the marriage of a Rockwell to Abraham Osborne. It is suggested that the members of the family would have no desire to perpetuate in their family history the marriage of Permelia to a man of such evil repute. It may be answered that, if Euphemia was Permelia, there was a scandal with Abraham after his wife died, and it would have shown a more regular life, to say the least, to have noted the marriage in the genealogy. We must presume, however, on the trustworthiness of the book, and that it contains all the information touching the family relationships that the authors could, by reasonable diligence and inquiry, obtain. The book itself bears the imprint of great thoroughness and detail.

But this aside, counsel say, “We claim that the question whether James Osborne’s mother was Permelia Rockwell, Euphemia Rockwell, or any other woman, is immaterial to the issues of this cause, for the reason that complainants do not claim through the blood of the mother,” and argue that James was born of some woman, that the proof is convincing and absolute that he was recognized as the son of a common father by the other children, and that James recognized the first children as his brothers and sisters, and that in such a case the law will conclusively presume that the son was born in lawful wedlock.

This brings us back to the presumptions of marriage and legitimacy of offspring. It should be remarked that James never, as appears from the testimony, recognized Lewis K. and his brothers and sister as his (James’) half brothers and sister. Andrews says:

“My recollection is lie said ¿e had some half-brothers, either one or two or more. He did not say much about them, only that his relationship with these half-brothers was not a very pleasant one. That is about all he ever said about it to me.”

Nor did he give; the names of any of them. Neither does Cauldwell, whom, from the inherent stamp of his testimony, we do not deem altogether trustworthy, even say that James ever said that Lewis K. was his brother. Cauldwell does say that Lewis K. spoke of James as his brother; but we have, heretofore discussed - the improbability as to the identity of this Lewis K. that he speaks of, as a son of Abraham. So it is that James may have had half-brothers, and yet not have been the half-brother of Lewis K., Solomon E., and the rest.

There is lacking in the case any testimony of the living together of Abraham with any woman since the death of his wife Electa, or any repute that he was. married to any one, although, if he lived in Tremont or Morrisania, it would more than likely have been within the reach of complainants to show it. So that all presumption of Abraham’s marriage to another woman on this basis is entirely wanting. There is yet left the mere tradition that he was again married. But this is refuted by the strongest probability, even conceding that James was his son.

A deep mystery hangs about the deportment and life of James. We find him residing in the city of Seattle for the space of 17 or 18 years, where he prospered and became wealthy, and at no time does he disclose the name of his father on of his mother. He let it be known that he had one or more half-brothers, but at the same time he let it be known that he was not on good terms with them. Then when he comes to write his will, which is most specific and complete in every detail, as he seemed to want it, he makes no mention of any relative of any degree. If, therefore, Euphemia Rockwell bore any relation to Abraham Osborne, and James was the .son of Abraham, the scandal which arose after the death of Electa was evidence of the relationship between Abraham and Euphemia, and in all probability James was horn out of wedlock. He probably felt the misfortune of his birth, and hence his constant and persistent effort until the day of his death to conceal from his most intimate friends and associates the identity of his parentage. So that the presumption of legitimacy, based upon the presumption of lawful wedlock, is adequately overcome by the testimony showing a probable status to the contrary.

Thus, viewing the case in all its bearings, and giving due weight to the presumption of lawful wedlock and legitimacy of offspring, we are still of the opinion that the proofs do not sustain the complaint.

The decree of the Circuit Court will therefore be affirmed.