Enso Ortiz was charged with armed robbery by taking money from Nelson Correa by use of a handgun and with aggravated assault upon Correa with the handgun. Ortiz was convicted on both charges, and his motion for new trial was denied. In this appeal, he argues that he was entitled to a jury instruction on the lesser included offense of robbery by sudden snatching based on testimony by Correa that Ortiz did not begin to use the handgun until after he had taken the money, and that he was entitled to a jury instruction on the lesser included offense of battery because the jury could have found that, in perpetrating the assault, he did not use the handgun as a deadly weapon. Ortiz also complains of the trial court’s response to a question posed to thе court by the jury during its deliberations. We find no merit in any of Ortiz’s claims of error and affirm.
Correa drives a taxicab in DeKalb County. On the evening of June 6, 2004, Ortiz hailed Correa’s taxi and asked Correа to drive him to Chamblee. On direct examination, Correa testified that, en route, Ortiz reached from the back seat into the driver’s seat and, while wielding a handgun in his right hand, put his left hand into Cоrrea’s pocket, took about $125 from it, and then began to hit him in the face and on his head with the gun. Thus, Correa’s testimony on direct examination was that Ortiz produced the handgun befоre taking the money from his pocket and began hitting him with the handgun after taking the money. Similarly, on cross-examination, Correa testified that Ortiz brandished the handgun before taking his money and hit him with the handgun after taking the money. In a *379 statement to police that was admitted in evidence at trial, however, Correa said that Ortiz hit him with the pistol before taking the money from his pоcket.
Additional testimony given by Correa showed that after Ortiz took the money from Correa’s pocket, Ortiz grabbed the steering wheel in an attempt to force Correa tо stop the taxi. During an ensuing struggle between the two of them, Correa’s taxi careened into a fence at the airport in Chamblee, whereupon Ortiz grabbed the taxi meter wоrth about $250 and fled. After police officers arrived on the scene and apprehended Ortiz, Correa positively identified him as the culprit. Money was recovered frоm the area in which Ortiz was taken into custody, but no gun was recovered from the scene or found in Ortiz’s possession. Evidence was presented showing that, after the incident, Correа had visible injuries and was bleeding from his head and the entire right side of his face.
Before trial, Ortiz submitted written requests for the trial court to instruct the jury on battery and robbery by sudden snatching as lessеr included offenses of the crimes charged. At the jury charge conference, the court denied these requests to charge. During its deliberations, the jury submitted a question to the court asking, “does it matter if Mr. Ortiz took the money and then afterwards produced the weapon? Would this qualify as armed robbery?” Defense counsel asked the court to answer thе jury’s first question in the affirmative and repeated his request that the court instruct the jury on the lesser included offenses. The court decided that, rather than directly responding to the quеstion, it would instruct the jurors “that to be armed robbery the property has to be taken by use of an offensive weapon.” The court adhered to its decision not to give the requested jury instructions on the lesser included offenses.
1. The court did not err in refusing to give Ortiz’s request to instruct the jury on the lesser included offense of robbery by sudden snatching.
OCGA § 16-8-41 (a) provides that
[a] person commits the offense of armed robbery when, with intent to commit theft, he or she takes property of another from the person or the immediate presence of another by use of an offensive weapon, or any replica, article, or device having the appearance of such weapon. 1
Georgia’s armed robbery statutе clearly contemplates that the offensive weapon be used as a concomitant to a taking *380 which involves the use of actual force or intimidation (constructive force) against another person. It follows that armed robbery does not occur unless the robber’s use of an offensive weapon directly or indirectly induces the possessor of property to relinquish possession to the perpetrator. 2
“This accords with the general rule in the United States that the force or intimidation essеntial to robbery must either precede or be contemporaneous with, and not subsequent to, the taking.” 3 Under OCGA § 16-8-40 (a) (3), however, a person commits the lesser offense of rоbbery “when, with intent to commit theft, he takes property of another from the person or the immediate presence of another . . . [b]y sudden snatching.”
The indictment in this case сharged Ortiz with armed robbery based on allegations that he took United States currency from the “person and immediate presence” 4 of Correa by use of a handgun. Although the indictment was thus phrased in the conjunctive, it was sufficient for the state to show that the armed robbery was committed in either way listed in the indictment, i.e., that money was taken from Correa’s person or immediate рresence. 5 The evidence showed that Ortiz took about $125 from Correa’s pocket (i.e., from his person). Before trial, Correa said that Ortiz hit him with the gun before taking the money. At trial, Correa testified only that Ortiz brandished the gun before taking the money. Either way, however, Ortiz used the weapon as a concomitant to the taking by use of force and thus was not еntitled to a jury instruction on the lesser included offense of robbery by sudden snatching. 6 And the trial court’s response to the jury’s question concerning the armed robbery charge providеd adequate clarification of the law. 7
2. The trial court did not err in refusing to instruct the jury on battery as a lesser included offense of aggravated assault.
*381 The offense of аggravated assault has two essential elements: (1) that an assault, as defined in OCGA § 16-5-20 be committed on the victim; and (2) that it was aggravated by (a) an intention to murder, rape, or to rob, or (b) use of a deadly weapon. OCGA § 16-5-20 states: (a) a person commits the offense of simple assault when he either: (1) Attempts to commit a violent injury to the person of anоther; or (2) Commits an act which places another in reasonable apprehension of immediately receiving a violent injury. 8
Thus, aggravated assault with a deadly weapon is completed when a simple assault is committed by means of a deadly weapon. 9 Under OCGA § 16-5-23.1 (a), “[a] person commits the offense of battery when he or she intentionally causes substantial physical harm or visible bodily harm to another.”
Ortiz argues that he was entitled to a jury instruction on the lesser included offense of battery because the jury could have found under the facts of this case that the gun was not being used as a deadly weapon. This argument is without merit. The evidence showed, without conflict, that Ortiz’s physical assault uрon Correa with the handgun caused Correa to bleed from his head and the entire right side of his face. Correa testified that, during the attack, he was very afraid because he thought he was going to be killed. Thus, the pistol in this case, if used in the manner testified to by Correa, was per se a deadly weapon, and “the offense was either aggravated assault or no offense at all.” 10 Moreover, “[u]nder OCGA § 16-5-21 (a) a person commits the offense of aggravated assault if the weapon used in commission of the charged act reasonably appeared to the victim to be deadly even if the weapon was not *382 actually capable of inflicting deadly harm.” 11
Judgment affirmed.
Notes
(Emphasis supplied.)
State v. Epps,
Moore v. State,
(Emphasis supplied.)
Stone v. State,
See generally
Clark v. State,
See generally
Patterson v. State,
Williams v. State,
Id.
Morris v. State,
Veal v. State,