5 Utah 419 | Utah | 1888
Lead Opinion
The plaintiff, respondent, brought his action against defendant, appellant, in a justice’s court on the fourth of November, 1886, for $299 for the use and occupation of land. The cause, having been removed to the district court, was heard upon the pleadings of the parties and evidence, and judgment was rendered in favor of the plaintiff for $75, interest, and costs. The defendant made a motion for a new trial, which being overruled brings the case by appeal to this court.
The appellant asks a reversal of the judgment and order, because the judgment was granted upon an offer to compromise, when the offer had been rejected. The plaintiff contends that the offer was not rejected, but that it was, before trial, accepted. While the case was still in the justice’s court, on the tweirtieth of November, 1886, the defendant sent to the plaintiff the following note, viz.:
“[Title of court and cause.] The defendant in the above-entitled action hereby offers to allow judgment to be taken against it for the sum of $75.00.
[Signed] “N. Tanner, Jr., Attorney for Defendant.
“To Williams & White, Plaintiff's Attorneys,”
To this the plaintiff’s attorney made the following reply:
“[Title of court and cause.]
Ogden, Utah, November 23, 1886.
“N. Tanner, Jr., Attorney for the Defendant: I have received a copy of your offer to compromise for $75. . Had*421 yon said $100, or will say $100, and pay costs np to judgment, it would be accepted, rather than proceed with the litigation. Please let me hear from you at once upon the subject.
“Tours truly, E. K Williams.”
Thereupon the defendant’s attorney sent the following:
“Ogden, Utah, November 24, 1886.
“R. K. Williams, Esq., City — Dear Sin: I am in receipt of yours declining the offer of $75.00, or which I understand to decline it, but think we would rather proceed than to accept your terms. Have nothing further to say upon the subject.
“Yours truly, N. TANNER, Je.”
The plaintiff’s attorney then sent the following notice:
“[Title of court and cause.] The defendant and its attorney are hereby notified to confess judgment for $75 and costs. * * * Served upon plaintiff on the twentieth instant; is accepted, and the plaintiff will proceed to take judgment.
[Signed] “Williams & White, Attorneys for Plaintiff.”
Some explanatory words are evidently omitted from this notice. Indorsed on the notice was the following:
“Service by copy acknowledged this November 29, 1886, but, the offer having been rejected, we do not now consent to judgment against us, but will proceed to trial.
[Signed] “N. Tanneb, Jr., Attorney for Defendant.”
On the same day the attorney for the defendant wrote to plaintiff’s attorneys as follows:
“Ogden, Utah, November 29,1886.
“Messrs. Williams & While, City — Gentlemen: As stated in my note of the 24th, I understand yours of a prior date to decline the offer made you. The institution does not wish to renew it; hence, when you are ready we will proceed with the case.
“N. Tanner, Jr.”
The object of this section is to authorize a compromise judgment. Its terms should be complied with, in order to authorize the entry of the judgment. It requires an offer on the one side, and an acceptance on the other side “before the trial.” The offer and acceptance “before the trial” give the court its power to grant the judgment. _ The compromise character of the offer made by the defendant was fully recognized by the plaintiff in his reply thereto, when he says: “I have received a copy of your offer to compromise.” An offer to compromise is not an admission that anything is actually due. A payment into court is an admission of an indebtedness to the extent of the payment. It is a satisfaction of the debt to the extent of the amount paid. The payment is absolute and unconditional, and does not depend upon any acceptance or rejection by the other party to make it binding. A tender likewise admits the existence and validity of the debt, unless the tender be made as an expressed measure of compromise. It is not contended by the plaintiff that it was a tender of the amount due, which is a necessity, if it is to be classed as a tender. The plaintiff, in his reply, claimed that it was not for the amount due, for he declared that, had it been for a larger amount, he might have accepted it; but even then he would
As it could not have been a payment into court, nor a tender, but simply an offer to compromise, it must be treated as an offer to compromise, and especially as the hind of offer specified in the section referred to. Upon the receipt of the offer made by defendant, the plaintiff beyond doubt had the right to immediately have judgment therefor. It is likewise evident, from the plain language of the section, that he could have delayed his acceptance until just “before the trial;” but this, until just before the trial, presupposed that in the mean time there had been no withdrawal or rejection of the offer. As to whether there could have been a withdrawal or not is immaterial, as there was nothing in the case that could be treated as a withdrawal.
The defendant recognized the letter of the plaintiff of the twenty-third of November as a rejection, and acted upon it as such, and notified the plaintiff thereof, and that thereafter he would not consent to judgment. The sole question, therefore, is whether there was a rejection of.the offer. The right of the plaintiff to reject the offer is not, and cannot be, denied. It is a general rule as to all agreements that assent of both parties is necessary, and that the party to whom an offer is made may reject át his pleasure; and thereafter there can be no agreement unless the offer be renewed. There is nothing in the section that prohibits the application of the general rule to this case. The express authority given in the section is that “plaintiff may immediately have judgment.” Inferentially, only, can it be said to leave the offer open until the trial. But the authority to accept is a privilege offered, which he may decline. The right to reject exists as long as the right to accept exists. Rejection means not only a failure to accept, but it means more. It means a repudiation of the offer.
The letter of the plaintiff, in reply to the offer of the defendant to allow judgment for $75, says: “Had you said one hundred, or will say one hundred, and pay costs up to
The plaintiff objects, however, to our consideration of the question of the making and rejection of the offer. The ground of the objection is that a judgment rendered on the offer, its acceptance, and affidavits, cannot be reviewed on motion for a new trial. The counsel evidently misconceives the purport of the language quoted from Hayne on New Trials. The orders referred to by that author were such as were made upon “the investigation of collateral matters not put in issue by the pleadings.” Hayne, New Trials, p. 25, sec. 1. In the case at bar it is the judgment itself that is under review, and not an intermediate order based upon the collateral matters not put in issue by the pleadings; and the motion for a new trial raises the question as to the authority of the court to give the judgment upon the evidence before it.
For the reasons which we have stated, the order and judgment of the district court are reversed, and the cause remanded, to be proceeded with in accordance with this opinion.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting.)
I cannot concurr with my associates in their view of this case. In the first place, I think the letter of plaintiff, re
I am unable, upon examination, to find any statute in this territory authorizing a defendant to make tender after
In a late case in California, decided since tbis case was beard in tbe district court, (Scammon v. Denio, 14 Pac. Rep., 98), I tbink tbe precise point in controversy bere, at least in principle, was passed upon. Tbe statute was substantially like ours, except tbat it gave tbe plaintiff five days to accept the offer, instead of up to tbe time of trial. Tbe defendant, less than five days before tbe trial, made an offer of judgment, Tbe plaintiff refused it. On tbe trial, tbe plaintiff recovered less than tbe offer. Tbe defendant claimed tbe benefit of his offer, upon tbe ground that it bad been made and refused, and the district court so held. The court, in reversing tbat judgment, say: “It will be observed tbat tbis section requires no affirmative action on tbe part of tbe plaintiff, unless be elects to accept tbe offer, and then be must give,and file a notice of acceptance. There is no provision for an affirmative refusal to accept, and be may give and file tbe notice at any time witbin five days. Tbe offer, therefore, has no effect whatever until after tbe expiration of five days, unless, before tbat, plaintiff accepts in tbe mdde provided * * * It is true tbat the court found tbat appellant refused to accept tbe offer, but, in tbe first place, there is no provision for a refusal, except by a failure to file and serve a notice of acceptance, which may be done at any time witbin five days.” Tbe court also further found, in tbat case, tbat tbe court below erred in finding tbe fact tbat there was a refusal; but it argued, as above stated, upon tbe theory tbat there was. If the case at bar is reversed, on another trial in tbe district court, it will be identical with Scammon v. Denio. Tbe defendant will have tbe benefit of an offer of judgment, which the plaintiff is denied tbe privilege of accepting witbin tbe statutory time, by reason of the refusal before made.
Tbis discussion is not upon a case where the defendant, acting upon the refusal of the plaintiff to accept, has undertaken to withdraw his offer, and all claim of benefit under it, as though it bad never been made. It is not
I think the judgment and order appealed from should be affirmed.