ORITANI SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATION, a corporation
organized under the Banking Laws of New Jersey
v.
FIDELITY AND DEPOSIT COMPANY OF MARYLAND (A Maryland Corp.)
Fidelity & Deposit Company of Maryland, Appellant.
No. 91-5874.
United States Court of Appeals,
Third Circuit.
Submitted Under Third Circuit Rule 12(6)
June 12, 1992.
Decided March 16, 1993.
Andrew T. Fede, Contant, Scherby & Atkins, Hackensack, NJ, for appellee.
James M. Mulvaney, Joseph P. McNulty, Michael S. Stein, McElroy, Deutsch & Mulvaney, Morristown, NJ, for appellant.
Before: MANSMANN, SCIRICA and ROTH, Circuit Judges.
OPINION OF THE COURT
ROTH, Circuit Judge.
This case arises from an insurance coverage dispute stemming from an incidence of telephone fraud perpetrated against Oritani Savings and Loan (Oritani). Oritani brought suit against Fidelity and Deposit Company of Maryland (Fidelity), seeking a declaratory judgment that Fidelity is obligated to indemnify Oritani under an insurance contract, a Savings and Loan Blanket Bond, executed between the parties. The district court held that Fidelity is obligated under the policy because telephone fraud is covered under the "On Premises" coverage provision in the policy. We disagree and will reverse. Moreover, because we find that, as a matter of law, no coverage is provided, we will remand to the district court to enter judgment in favor of the appellant.
I.
During the time period at issue, Oritani and Fidelity had a valid insurance contract. The blanket bond covered "[a]ll the Insured's offices or premises in existence at the time this bond becomes effective...." The provisions of this bond provide coverage for:
(A) Loss resulting directly from dishonest or fraudulent acts of an Employee committed alone or in collusion with others;
(B)(1) Loss of property resulting directly from
(a) robbery, burglary, misplacement, mysterious unexplainable disappearance and damage thereto or destruction thereof while the Property is lodged or deposited within offices or premises located anywhere, or
(b) theft, false pretenses, common law or statutory larceny committed by a person
(i) present in an office of, or on the premises of, the Insured, or
(ii) present on the premises in which the Property is lodged or deposited.
It is undisputed that Oritani suffered a "loss of property" within the meaning of the policy. However, Fidelity contests whether this loss of property is covered under the policy.
Oritani suffered the loss from the following scheme of telephone fraud: On May 10, 1988, Jack Rowe, a vice president of Oritani responsible for processing wire transfer requests for Oritani's customers, received a telephone call from a person who identified herself as "Debbie" and said she was an employee of Oritani's branch office in Ho-Ho-Kus, New Jersey.1 "Debbie" requested that Mr. Rowe effect a wire transfer of $85,300 from an Oritani customer account which "Debbie" identified by name, account number, and all other appropriate information. Mr. Rowe executed the transfer. On May 13, 1988, a similar request for a wire transfer for $87,300 from the same correctly identified account was made by "Susan," who also claimed that she was an employee of Oritani's Ho-Ho-Kus branch office. Mr. Rowe executed this transfer as well. On May 20, 1988, Mr. Rowe learned that the Ho-Ho-Kus office had no record of these wire transfers and that the identified account had insufficient funds to cover the transfers. However, the wired funds had already been disbursed by the recipient banks; Oritani therefore suffered a loss of $172,600.
While Mr. Rowe apparently made no effort to verify whether funds existed to cover the wire transfers, he testified that he followed his normal procedure in effecting the transfers. Moreover, Oritani has admitted that Mr. Rowe was not a knowing participant in the fraudulent scheme. Oritani has investigated the incident and has been unable to determine whether the persons who made the phone calls were actually employees of Oritani and/or present in Oritani's branch office. The parties concede that Mr. Rowe did believe that "Debbie" and "Susan" were employees of Oritani calling from the Ho-Ho-Kus branch office.
Oritani initially claimed that Fidelity breached its obligations under Insuring Agreement (B) of the insurance contract by refusing to provide coverage for Oritani's loss ("Count One") and that Fidelity's denial of coverage constituted bad faith ("Count Two"). Fidelity moved for summary judgment which was denied by the district court. See Oritani Savings & Loan Ass'n v. Fidelity & Deposit Co. of Md.,
II.
The district court had jurisdiction over this diversity case under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). Appellate jurisdiction for this appeal from a final order of the district court is predicated upon 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
This court's review of a grant of summary judgment is plenary. See Erie Telecommunications, Inc. v. City of Erie,
A court may grant summary judgment only when the submissions in the record "show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). In determining whether summary judgment is appropriate, "[t]he evidence of the non-movant is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
This appeal involves the construction of the parties' insurance contract. The parties do not dispute the material facts giving rise to this case. Under New Jersey and federal law, questions of contract construction are questions of law subject to plenary review on appeal. See Cooper Labs. v. International Surplus Lines,
III.
New Jersey law prescribes construing an insurance contract to comport with the parties' intent and reasonable expectations. See McNeilab, Inc. v. North River Ins. Co.,
Even when insurance contracts are not patently or technically ambiguous, New Jersey requires courts to construe "contracts in accordance with the reasonable expectations of the insured." Id. The parties' reasonable expectations must be examined when "the phrasing of the policy is so confusing that the average policyholder cannot make out the boundaries of coverage." State Dept. of Envt'l. Protection v. Signo Trading Int'l, Inc.,
The crucial policy language provides the following coverage:
On Premises
(B)(1) Loss of Property resulting from ...
(b) theft, false pretenses, common law or statutory larceny committed by a person
(i) present in an office of, or on the premises of, the Insured, or
(ii) present on the premises in which the Property is lodged or deposited.
It is undisputed that the telephone fraud at issue involved false pretenses. Moreover, Oritani has conceded that it cannot prove that the persons making the telephone calls to Mr. Rowe were physically present in its offices or on its premises. Nevertheless, the district court held that this "On Premises" provision was ambiguous and that coverage had to be afforded. The district court found first that the language of section (B)(1)(b)(i) could modify either the word "person" or the phrase "false pretenses" and second, that the word "present" in section (B)(1)(b)(i) could mean either "physically present" or "constructively present." See Oritani I,
We find that reading the language of section (B)(1)(b)(i) to modify "false pretenses" rather than "person" "strain[s] the language of the policy to find an ambiguity where there is none in order to grant coverage that does not exist." McNeilab,
Second, the position of the modifying language within section (B)(1)(b) strongly indicates that the word "person" is the object of modification. The modifying language directly follows the word "person" and descriptively clarifies that word.2 If the drafters had meant to say that either the "person" committing false pretenses or the false pretenses itself were to be "present" in the described locations, the modifying language would have directly followed the enumerated crimes and preceded the word "person." In such a construction, the modifying language would apply both to the crime itself and to a person committing that crime. Furthermore, the outline format of section (B)(1)(b) confirms this analysis. Subsections (b)(i) and (b)(ii) both function as descriptive phrases that follow directly from the word "person" as the object of description.
Moreover, the drafting history of the blanket bond bolsters the conclusion that subsection (b)(i) was designed, and has been understood by the banking industry, to modify only the word "person." The bond involved in the present case was substantially revised in 1980. The "On Premises" clause in the new bond is quite different from that in the bond's previous version. The previous clause afforded the following coverage:
ON PREMISES
(B) Any loss of property through robbery, burglary, common-law or statutory larceny, theft, false pretenses, hold-up, misplacement, mysterious disappearance, damage thereto or destruction thereof, whether effected with or without violence or with or without negligence on the part of any of the Employees, and any loss of subscription, conversion, redemption or deposit privileges through the misplacement or loss of Property, while the Property is (or is supposed to be) lodged or deposited within any offices or premises located anywhere, except in an office hereinafter excluded or in the mail or with a carrier for hire, other than an armored vehicle company, for the purpose of transportation.
(emphasis added). Fidelity contends that this previous bond provision afforded coverage for loss through false pretenses based solely upon the location of the propertyaken, while the current bond provision affords coverage for loss through false pretenses based upon the location of the person taking the property. A comparison of the language of the current bond and the previous bond reveals the merit of Fidelity's contention. Subsection (B)(1)(b) of the current bond specifically includes the phrase "committed by a person" with following descriptions of locations, while the previous bond had no language referring to the location of the person committing false pretense. Additionally, Insuring Agreement (B) of the previous bond afforded coverage for losses from crimes such as "robbery and burglary" in the same way as losses from "false pretenses." In the current bond, however, losses of property from "robbery and burglary" are covered under section (b)(1)(a) when the "Property is lodged or deposited within offices or premises located anywhere," while loss of property from "false pretenses" is covered under section (B)(1)(b) only when "committed by a person" on the premises of the Insured or in which the property is located. The current separation of "false pretenses" from "robbery and burglary" indicates that coverage for these crimes is determined differently.
Banking industry publications emphasize that the 1980 revisions to Insuring Agreement (B) indeed represent a shift from a property-based to a person-based construction of the "On Premises" clause. One bank vice president explained that in the new clause, "[t]he risks of theft, false pretenses, common law or statutory larceny have been restricted to crimes perpetrated by a person present in an office or on the premises. The old bond form did not contain this requirement...." John Robert James, A Banker's Look at the Revised Blanket Bond, Risk Management, Jan. 1981, at 22. The American Bankers Association's Digest of Bank Insurance (4th ed. 1981) similarly states that, under the revised bond, coverage for losses from "[t]heft, false pretenses, or larceny ... are limited to those involving acts committed by a person present in an office or on the premises of the insured bank ... [or] present on the premises in which the Property is lodged or deposited." Id. at 1.3.11.
The district court relied upon a number of cases that construed previous versions of the blanket bond and found for the insured party even when false pretenses had not occurred on the insured's property. See Oritani I,
Moreover, the district court reasoned that if Fidelity's construction were adopted "such that the phrase 'on the premises of the insured' required a person committing the false pretense to be present at the insured's office, the phrase 'on the premises of the insured' in the policy would be surplusage." Id. at 521. We disagree. First, the terms are not identical. One leading dictionary defines "premises" as "a tract of land with the building thereon," and "office" as "a place where a particular kind of business is transacted or a service is supplied." Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary 820, 928 (1984). Therefore, "premises" could have a broader scope than "office." Second, Fidelity plausibly asserts that since both terms were included in the "On Premises" clauses of previous bonds, both terms were needed in the current version to assure full coverage. Finally, some courts have found a distinction between "premises" and "office" in the context of the banking industry. See, e.g., First Nat'l Bank in Plant City, Fla. v. Dickinson,
We also find incorrect the district court's determination that the word "present" is ambiguous because it could refer either to actual presence or to constructive presence. "Present" is not defined in the blanket bond. "In the absence of a specific definition in an insurance policy, the words used by the insurer must be interpreted in accordance with their ordinary, plain and usual meaning." Killeen Trucking, Inc. v. Great Am. Surplus Lines Ins. Co.,
That which is established by the mind of the law in its act of construing facts, conduct, circumstances, or instruments. That which has not the character assigned to it in its own essential nature, but acquires such character in consequence of the way in which it is regarded by a rule or policy of law....
Id. at 313. Furthermore, the definition of "presence" relied upon by the district court partly states: "The existence of a person in a particular place at a given time particularly with reference to some act done there and then. Besides actual presence, the law recognizes constructive presence...." Id. at 1183. These definitions recognize a clear distinction between actual presence, the ordinary use of the term, and constructive presence, a legal creation.
The district court supplemented its linguistic analysis by reference to the use of the term "constructive presence" in the criminal field and to Bank of Dade v. Fidelity and Deposit Co. of Md.,
Moreover, Bank of Dade is inapposite to the present case. Bank of Dade interpreted the previous version of the "On Premises" clause, which based coverage on the location of property lost through a crime such as false pretenses. See
Far more relevant is Southern Nat'l Bank of N.C. v. United Pac. Ins. Co.,
Under SNB's theory, a person who used a telephone or computer link from anywhere in the world to make a misrepresentation to a bank and who later received money in hand as a result of the deceit would be deemed to have been on the same premises as the money when he or she used false pretenses. Such a theory would directly contravene the purpose of the "on premises" language. Commentators, including those in the banking industry, have emphasized that the "on premises" requirement is designed to exclude coverage for losses from fraud perpetrated by telephone or computer, except in those rare instances where the perpetrator phones or uses a computer hook-up from the property of the bank itself or from the property of a custodian entrusted by the bank to safeguard the funds.
Id. at 332.
We find this reasoning persuasive. Numerous banking industry publications have stated that the provisions at issue exclude coverage for the kind of telephone fraud involved in the present case. The American Bankers Association, Digest of Bank Insurance (4th ed. 1981), expressly states:
Generally, false pretenses occur during a face-to-face meeting between a bank employee or other custodian and a party to the fraud. Unless this happens on the premises of the insured bank, the loss is not now covered under Insuring Agreement (B). Losses involving false pretenses by a telephone call are not covered, unless it can be proved that the call came from a person who was on the premises of the insured bank....
Id. at 438. See also James, at 22 ("... the [bond's] revised wording clearly indicates that loss from crimes perpetrated off the premises by telephone or other means is not covered."). The district court's "constructive presence" analysis comports with neither principles of New Jersey insurance law nor the understanding of the banking industry.
We conclude that there is no patent ambiguity in Section (B)(1)(b) of the Bankers' Blanket Bond. The descriptive language in subsection (b)(i) reasonably may be construed as modifying only the word "person." Moreover, we find that the word "present" in subsection (b)(i) is unambiguous.
Having determined that no ambiguity exists in the relevant policy language, we must now examine whether denying coverage would deprive the average policyholder of a reasonable expectation of coverage. In light of the relevant drafting history and statements of the banking industry previously discussed, we find that the average banking institution would not reasonably expect coverage in the present case.
The doctrine of reasonable expectations protects insureds from the exigencies of insurance companies' superior bargaining power and technical expertise in drafting insurance contracts. See Meier,
We find that the average banking institution would not reasonably expect coverage recognized as unavailable by the banking industry. Indeed, New Jersey law proscribes us from straining to construe insurance policies to provide insurance coverage to sophisticated and powerful insureds who have significant bargaining power and expertise in drafting insurance contracts. See Werner Indus., Inc. v. First State Ins. Co.,
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we find that, as a matter of law, no coverage is afforded under the Blanket Bond. We will, therefore, reverse the decision of the district court and remand this case to the district court to enter judgment in favor of appellant.
Notes
Oritani did, in fact, have a branch office in Ho-Ho-Kus. Mr. Rowe did not recall whether there was anyone named "Debbie" working in that office at that time
For an illuminating discussion of the relationship between syntactical structure and language interpretation, see William Strunk, Jr. & E.B. White, The Elements of Style 28-31 (3d ed. 1979) ("The position of the words in a sentence is the principal means of showing their relationship.")
Therefore, the present case is far different from those where a sophisticated insured challenged a standard insurance industry policy that was subject to no bargaining. See, e.g., New Castle County v. Hartford Accident and Indem. Co.,