201 Mo. 424 | Mo. | 1907
By suit instituted in the circuit court of the city of St. Louis, the plaintiff sought to recover of defendants, for personal injuries, medical attendance, medicines, medical appliances and nursing, the sum of $50,000. In a trial before a jury, verdict was for the defendants, and plaintiff appealed.
The petition, which is lengthy, in substance charges: That the defendant Century Building Company, a corporation, built and owns the Century Building, a large office building in the city of St. Louis; that the defendant Mississippi Valley Trust Company, a corporation, is and was the trustee in two certain deeds of trust on said building given to secure bonds of said Century Building Company in the aggregate of $750,-000; that said Mississippi Valley Trust Company, by a certain written instrument, of date December 18, 1896, was made attorney in fact irrevocable to rent said Century Building and to collect rents, pay taxes, pay ground rent, pay the interest on said bonds, and to pay all expenses connected with the maintenance, repair and management of said building, as well as the insurance thereon, and was to retain three and one-half per cent of all moneys collected, in payment of its services in this behalf; that the terms of renting and the amount to be expended upon repairs, maintenance and management, were by said contract left to the discretion of said Mississippi Valley Trust Company; that after the date of said contract and to the date of the injury to the
The petition then further charges that defendants in conducting said building as an office building, used a large freight. elevator to haul up and down- the freight, property and effects of their tenants, and permitted and invited persons to attend to said property and to ride up and down upon said elevator in so doing, and had constantly carried attendants with freight, and had extended a general invitation to> persons in charge of freight to ride upon said elevator; that on May 30,1902, this plaintiff was engaged in moving the effects of the St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad Company, from the Century Building to another place; that the plaintiff was aware of the general custom of defendants to permit attendants of freight to ride in said freight elevator and had knowledge of the general invitation which defendants extended to attendants of freight and accepted said invitation and on said date was rightfully on said elevator, and that it thereby became the duty of defendants to- use due care to carry plaintiff in said elevator safely. The negligence charged as to said elevator and its operation may be summarized as follows: 1. Negligently and carelessly constructed. 2. Negligently and carelessly allowed to .be and remain out of repair. 3. Negligently exposed to injuries from foreign bodies. 4. Negligently operated. 5-. Negligently failed to inspect said elevator and its machinery. 6. Negligently failed to have in their employ skilled and competent operators. 7. Negligently failed to have same inspected by city inspectors as required by city ordinances.
Specifically the petition says:
“And on the morning of May 30,1902, while plaintiff was under invitation from defendants rightfully*436 and lawfully upon said elevator in charge of said property of said railroad company, the operator of said car negligently conducted the car thus loaded from the seventh floor up to the eighth floor of said building and then and there suddenly, violently and negligently reversed said car, subjecting the operating machinery and the pinion of the engine and the gearing, and the cables and winding-drum, and pillow blocks, caps, bolts and screws to great and extraordinary strain, and said elevator, by reason of said negligent and violent reversing of said car by said operator, and the negligent and improper construction of said elevator, and by reason of the negligence of the defendants in failing to provide suitable machinery for raising and lowering the same, and failing to keep said machinery and appliances in good repair and failing to provide against the exposure of said machinery to breakage and injury from outside substances, and the negligence and incompetence- of defendants’ servants in managing same, and the failure of defendants to have said elevator and machinery properly inspected, protected and managed, gave way, said pinion, winding-drum and gearing, rack, pillow blocks, caps, bolts and screws broke, and said cables broke and said winding-drum and shafting jumped from its position and said elevator fell and said counter weights smashed and the pieces fell down the shaft and upon the car below, and on the load and on plaintiff, and the said elevator fell from about the seventh floor to the basement of said 'building, and the so-called safety devices by reason of defendants’ negligence aforesaid, failed to work properly, and said dogs did not grip the guides and stop the car, and said operator of said elevator negligently, carelessly and thoughtlessly did not reverse said car when he found the same was getting beyond his control, but increased the speed of said ear by pulling the cable by which the direction of the car was regulated up or down, in a manner to make it go down instead of up.”
Each defendant answered by way of general denial. Errors in the admission and exclusion of testimony, and the giving, refusing and modification of instructions are assigned, which will be noticed in the course of the opinion.
I. The first question which should be determined is the relationship of plaintiff to these defendants or either of them. That is to say, we should first determine whether the plaintiff was a passenger or a mere licensee, for the obvious reason that the determination of this question, will assist to determine many other questions involved in this record. Plaintiff contends that he occupied the relation of passenger, while defendants say he was a mere licensee. The evidence shows that there were six passenger elevators and one freight elevator in the building; that passengers generally used the passenger elevators, and all the workmen with plaintiff upon this occasion used the ' passenger elevators. There is much evidence to the effect that for at least three or four years prior to this accident, plaintiff and others in charge of freight were permitted to and did ride in this freight elevator. And to the further effect that it was the custom of persons handling freight to go up and down this elevator. Does this make plaintiff a passenger? In the running of passenger elevators it has been held in well-considered eases that the relation of passenger and carrier exists. [Goldsmith v. Holland Bldg. Co., 182 Mo. 597; Becker v. Lincoln Real Estate & Bldg. Co., 174 Mo. 246; Luckel v. Century Bldg. Co., 177 Mo. 608; Lee v. Knapp & Co., 155 Mo. 610; Hartford Deposit Co. v. Sollitt, 172 Ill. 222; Fox v. Philadelphia, 208 Pa. St. 127; Treadwell v. Whittier, 80 Cal. 574.]
In our judgment the doctrine announced in these cases is the correct .one. A person or corporation running an elevator to transport persons or property from one floor of a building to another, is just as much a carrier as a person or corporation running a railroad or stage coach. These cases hold, and rightfully, that the law governing railroads and other carriers applies with equal force to the operator of an elevator.
From the evidence it reasonably appears that for some years this freight elevator had been used by persons accompanying the freight. There can be no difference in this case and the case of a stockman accompanying his stock riding in the caboose of a freight train. He is none the less a passenger. Like a railroad company, the defendants here owed to plaintiff a duty, which is well defined in cases of passengers on freight trains. In the case of Beidler v. Branshaw, supra, a case of injury upon a freight elevator, Justice Hand said:
“The law is well settled in this State that persons operating elevators in buildings for the purpose of carrying persons from one story to another are common carriers of persons, and are required to exercise the highest degree of care and diligence in and about the operation of such elevators to prevent injury to passengers being carried thereon, and that the rules governing the liability of persons owning and operating passenger elevators in buildings apply to persons operating freight elevators when a person is rightfully upon such elevator as a passenger, and that while, from the necessary construction of a freight elevator, there cannot, in the nature of things, be the same immunity from peril upon a freight elevator as upon a passenger*439 elevator, still the same degree of care must he exercised in the operation of each class of elevators to protect persons from injury who are thereon as passengers.”
To the same effect is Springer v. Ford, 189 Ill. 430, in which the court says:
“The contention, on behalf of defendant, that the principles above announced have no .application to a person owning and operating a freight elevator, is not tenable when a passenger is lawfully and rightfully upon such elevator. Such passenger, by reason of the construction of that class of elevators, is subject to great risk and many hazards. The liability, however, of the owner or manager thereof as a common carrier is measured by the same rules, and he is held to the same degree of diligence, as that of persons owning and operating passenger elevators. ’ ’
Along the same lines is the case of McGee v. Railroad, 92 Mo. l. c. 217, where Norton, C. J., said:
“In the case before us there was abundant evidence showing that passengers were habitually carried upon defendant’s freight trains. Plaintiff having been received by defendant as a passenger on its freight train, the same degree of care was due to him that defendant owed to passengers on its regular passenger trains, except that plaintiff, in taking the freight train, accepted and traveled on it, acquiescing in the usual incidents and conduct of a freight train, managed by prudent and competent men. [Railroad v. Horst, 93 U. S. 291.]”
In Wait v. Railroad, 165 Mo. l. c. 621, Brace, P. J., says:
“It seems now to be well-settled law here, as elsewhere, that where a railroad company carries passengers for hire on its freight trains ‘it must exercise the same degree of care as is required in the operation of its regular passenger trains, the difference only being that the passenger submits himself to the inconven*440 ience and danger necessarily attending that mode .of conveyance.’ ”
And the whole subject is fully reviewed in the recent case of Hedrick v. Railroad, by Gantt, J., 195 Mo. l. c. 116, et seq.
From the eases both here and elsewhere it appears that in taking passage upon a freight train, or a freight elevator, the passenger assumes the usual hazards attending that mode of conveyance, but not those arising from the negligence of the company, which are not usual and incident to the mode of conveyance. If the freight train was ditched by defective track and' this resulted in the failure to safely transport the passenger, the company would be liable. So, too, if the accident was the result of defective machinery or inefficient conduct of the servants operating the train. In other words, the same degree of care as to the passenger is required as if he were on a passenger train, save and except the passenger assumes the usual and ordinary inconveniences and the additional hazards incident to the mode of conveyance. So with a passenger in a freight elevator. Such passenger cannot complain of the usual inconveniences incident to such a conveyance, nor can he complain of the hazards usually incident to that mode of conveyance. He can, however, complain of the negligent operation of the elevator, or of the defective machinery and appliances used in the operation thereof, and in such eases, the doctrine res ipsa loquitur applies, as is usual in cases-of passenger and carrier. Having determined the relationship of the parties and the law to govern, we dismiss this proposition and proceed to the next.
II. The trial court gave to the jury for the defendants an instruction No. 4, as follows:
“4. The court instructs the jury that the plaintiff is not entitled to recover in this case merely because the elevator in question fell and he was injured as a re-*441 suit of said fall, but in order to recover the plaintiff must first satisfy the jury, by a preponderance of the evidence, as to what caused the elevator to fall. In other words, in order to recover, the cause of the fall of the elevator must not be left to mere conjecture, but the jury must be able to determine from the evidence exactly what caused the elevator to fall. If the jury from the evidence are able to determine exactly what caused the elevator to fall, then it further devolves upon the plaintiff to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the cause was a defect or insufficiency in some part of the elevator or machinery, which was known to the defendants or by the exercise of ordinary care might have been known to the defendants. If the jury find from the evidence that the fall of the elevator was due to some cause which the defendants could not have' discovered by the exercise of ordinary care, then and in that case your verdict must be for the defendants.”
This instruction, as well as others given for the defendant, and others refused for the plaintiff, show that the court proceeded upon the theory that the doctrine res ipsa loquitur did not apply in this case, and in this there was error, unless by reason of the pleadings the plaintiff had placed himself in another position, which question we will discuss presently. Defendants by this instruction placed upon the plaintiff the burden of showing the cause of the accident, whereas in such cases it is sufficient to show the accident and the attendant circumstances and conditions, when negligence will be presumed, and thereupon the burden is shifted to defendant to show that there was no negligence in the operation and construction of the elevator. [Magoffin v. Railroad, 102 Mo. 540; Furnish v. Railroad, 102 Mo. 438; Clark v. Railroad, 127 Mo. 197; Wilkerson v. Railroad, 26 Mo. App. l. c. 152; Smiley v. Railroad, 160 Mo. l. c. 636; Och v. Railroad, 130 Mo. l. c. 52; Chouquette v. Railroad, 80 Mo. App. 520; Logan v. Railroad, 183
Such, however, does not seem to have been the theory of the trial court as indicated by this record. It is not necessary to quote more fully from the instructions. The instruction says, “but in order to recover, the plaintiff must first satisfy the jury, by a preponderance of the evidence, as to what caused the elevator to fall. ’ ’ This is diametrically opposed to all cases of a wrecked train where the relation of passenger and carrier exists, where it is usual to show the fact of a wreck, and then require the defendant to show that it was not the result of negligence upon its part. The instruction was error unless the rule should be changed by reason of the pleadings, and to this question we now proceed.
III. The petition in this case charges, in our judgment, specific acts of negligence. We have quoted the last paragraph of the petition, but in the first part of the petition is found a number of separate and distinct clauses alleging in detail the several specific acts of negligence relied upon. The paragraph quoted is rather a resume of the specific acts of negligence first pleaded. Defendants contend, and we think rightfully, that having pleaded specific acts of negligence, the plaintiff was required to prove them and could not rely upon the rule of law announced in the foregoing proposition. Where general negligence is pleaded there can be no doubt of the application of the rule stated in our paragraph two. But the courts draw a distinction between cases wherein general allegations of negligence are found and those wherein are found specific allegations of negligence. We refer now more particularly to cases wherein the relation of passenger and carrier exists. The rule which shifts the burden of proof in such cases is founded on the theory that the ■ railway company is in a position to know the facts and to show the facts, whilst the passenger is not in such position.
Our courts have held that where specific acts of negligence are pleaded it devolves upon the plaintiff to prove the acts of negligence pleaded, and that if he recover at all it must be upon the specific acts of negligence pleaded and not otherwise. [Waldhier v. Railroad, 71 Mo. 514; Price v. Railroad, 72 Mo. 414; Ely v. Railroad, 77 Mo. 34; Bunyan v. Railroad, 127 Mo. 12; Bartley v. Railroad, 148 Mo. 124; Feary v. Railroad, 162 Mo. 75; Hamilton v. Railroad, 114 Mo. App. l. c. 509; McGrath v. Railroad, 197 Mo. l. c. 105.]
In Hamilton v. Railroad, 114 Mo. App. l. c. 508, the rule is thus stated:
“A common carrier, though not an insurer of the safety of its passengers, is held to the exercise of the highest degree of care in protecting them from injury. The right of action, however, that accrues to the passenger injured while being served by the carrier, is founded in negligence, but from the character of the relation a presumption of negligence arises from the fact of injury that throws the burden upon the carrier to establish upon its part the exercise of the degree of care required. Under this rule it is unnecessary for the plaintiff, in such case, to specify in his petition the negligent acts that produced his injury. It is sufficient for him to charge, in general terms, that he w'as injured while be*444 ing carried as a passenger, as a result of the negligence of the carrier. But when the plaintiff chooses to allege in his petition the specific acts of negligence of which he complains, he assumes the burden of proving them, and as in other oases must recover, if at all, upon tbe negligence pleaded.”
In the McGrath case, supra, whilst it was not a case of carrier and passenger and we suggested for that reason that the presumption of negligence could not be indulged and the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur did not apply, after a thorough examination of the authorities above cited, we said: “In such cases where the plaintiff chooses in the petition to allege specific acts of negligence, the rule of law places the burden of proving such specific negligence upon the plaintiff, and a recovery, if had at all, must be upon the specific negligence pleaded.”
This we think announces the Missouri doctrine. So that it would appear that the trial court was authorized, under the peculiar pleadings in this case, to give the said instructions heretofore adverted to in paragraph two. If the petition had charged the relationship of passenger and carrier and a failure to safely carry, with charges of general negligence instead of detailed specific charges of negligence, the instruction numbered 4, and other instructions above mentioned, would have been wrong, but. they are not under this pleading unless we are to overturn a long list of cases in this State, and eases which we think well founded in principle.
IY. Plaintiff asked and the court refused an instruction upon the measure of care required of defendants in the operation of their elevator, in language, as follows:
“6. The expression ‘due care’ used in these instructions is defined to be care commensurate with the instrument or means being used, and danger to be ap*445 pretended, and while .the plaintiff in entering a freight elevator in the Century Building, to be carried up and down the building in it, accepted and acquiesced in the usual incidents and conduct of a freight elevator, yet the party or parties in control of said Century Building was or were bound to exercise, in the repair, guarding from accident, and management of said freight elevator that high degree of care which prudent and competent men exercise under like circumstances, and the failure by the party or parties in control of said Century Building to use that high degree of care which is exercised by prudent and competent men under like circumstances, would be a failure to exercise due care.”
The refusal of this instruction was error. It matters not where the burden of proof was under the pleadings as heretofore discussed, the measure of care Was the same. Whenever the relation of passenger and carrier exists the law requires the highest degree of care. This is true, whether the passenger is upon a passenger train or elevator or upon a freight train or elevator. The rule is firmly fixed by the freight train cases which we have cited and further discussion is unnecessary. The trial court evidently proceeded upon the theory that the plaintiff, at most, was not more than a mere licensee. This is the argument of defendants here and was no doubt their position in the lower court. For this error the cause must be reversed and upon retrial of the cause upon the proper theory, many other questions urged here can be readily eliminated. This instruction number 6 is as favorable to the defendant upon the theory of passenger and carrier, as could have been asked.
Y. Respondent insists that notwithstanding there be error, yet the verdict is for the right party and should be sustained. To say the least, with a retrial upon the right theory of the case, as in this opinion indicated, an examination of the evidence reveals a case
As the case must be reversed and remanded for the reason heretofore assigned, we think there is but one further question, which should be considered upon this appeal, and we discuss that question next.
VI. The defendant, Mississippi Valley Trust Company, urges that it is in no manner liable to plaintiff. This involves a construction of the contract between that company and the Century Building Company, and the relative positions of these two defendants under the contract as well as the law applicable thereto. The defendant says by way of brief:
“An agent is never liable to third persons for injuries resulting from the non-performance of an agent’s duties to his principal. Hence the Mississippi Valley Trust Company can, under no circumstances, be liable as agent for an injury sustained by a person injured in an elevator owned and operated by the Century Building Company.”
The identical contract involved in this case was in evidence in the case of Luckel v. Century Building Company, 177 Mo. 608. In that case the contract is set
The rule is stated thus in 2 Clark & Skyles on the Law of Agency, sec. 505: “But where an agent is guilty of misfeasance, that is, where he has actually entered upon the performance of his duties to his principal, and in doing so, fails to respect the rights of others, by doing some wrong, whether it is a wrong of omission or a wrong of commission, as where he fails or neglects to use reasonable care and diligence in the performance of his duties, he will be personally responsible to a third person who is injured by reason of such misfeasance. ’ ’
And in section 596, the same authors say:
“ (a) In general. — As has been stated above there is a distinction between nonfeasance and misfeasance or malfeasance; and this distinction is often of great importance in determining an agent’s liability to third persons. By reason of some of the cases failing to clearly notice this distinction there has been some confusion in the decisions on this point. In this connection, nonfeasance means the total omission or failure of an agent to enter upon the performance of some distinct duty or undertaking, which he has agreed with his principal to do; misfeasance means the improper doing of an act which the agent might lawfully do, or in other words, it is the performing of his duty to. his principal in such a manner as to infringe upon the rights and privileges of third persons; and malfeasance is the doing of an act which he ought not to do at all. In the fol*449 lowing sections the term misfeasance will include malfeasance. '
‘1 From these meanings, it will he seen that it is not every omission or failure to perform a duty that will constitute a nonfeasance, hut only an omission to perform such distinct duties as he owes to his principal, as distinguished from those which he owes to third persons or the public in general, as a member of society. Nonfeasance does not extend to the omission or failure, to do some act whereby a third person is injured, after he has once entered upon the performance of his contractual obligations.
“For example, if an agent undertakes to perform certain acts for another and he refuses or fails to enter upon such performance, it is a nonfeasance; but if he once begins the performance of such acts and in doing so fails or omits to do certain acts which he should have done, whereby a third person is injured, it is not a nonfeasance, but a misfeasance. Misfeasance may involve the omission to do something which ought to be done; as where an agent engaged in the performance of his undertaking, omits to do something which it is his duty to do under the circumstances, as when he does not exercise that degree of care which due regard for the rights of others requires.”
And in the same section, after discussing a few cases which announce the contrary view, the authors conclude in this language:
“The cases cited to the first two illustrations seemed to be so decided on the theory that the agent’s negligence in such cases amounts to nonfeasance; but the holdings of the cases cited to the last illustration seem to be sounder on principle, because they consider the agent’s negligence in such ease as misfeasance, and rightfully hold him liable therefor. If the distinction above noted is kept clearly in mind by the court, and nonfeasance held only to apply to cases where the agent*450 fails to enter upon the performance of his contractual obligations, and not to cases where he has entered upon such performance but neglected his duties in some respects, this confusion would not arise.”
The doctrine of the text is supported by the following pointed and well-considered cases: Osborne v. Morgan, 130 Mass. 102; Ellis v. McNaughton, 76 Mich. 237; Greenberg v. Lumber Co., 90 Wis. 225; Baird v. Shipman, 132 Ill. 16; Lough v. Davis & Co., 30 Wash. 204.
We therefore conclude that both defendants are liable in this case, if either is liable.
For the error heretofore pointed out the judgment is reversed and cause remanded to be proceeded with in accordance with the views herein expressed.