Lead Opinion
By
On March 10, 2004, the Circuit Court of the City of Richmond denied Orbe’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction holding that it was “without jurisdiction to grant the motion, pursuant to Virginia Code § 53.1-232.1,” that Orbe’s claim “is a habeas corpus claim and does not lie in a declaratory judgment proceeding,” and that even “if the court had jurisdiction and declaratory judgment was the proper proceeding, the court would find that [Orbe] could not demonstrate a likelihood of success on the merits.” By order dated March 12, 2004, the Circuit Court of the City of Richmond dismissed the entire Bill of Complaint, holding that Orbe’s claim “is a habeas corpus claim which does not lie in a declaratory judgment proceeding, and that [the court] is without jurisdiction to consider habeas corpus claims brought by persons sentenced to death pursuant to Virginia Code § 8.01-654(C).”
On March 22, 2004, Orbe filed his notice of appeal from the denial of a preliminary injunction and from the dismissal of the entire Bill of Complaint. On appeal, Orbe asserts:
1. The circuit court erred in denying a preliminary injunction on the ground that it supposedly lacked jurisdiction to do so under Code § 53.1-232.1.
2. The circuit court erred in denying a preliminary injunction on the ground that the issue in Plaintiff’s bill of complaint for declaratory judgment supposedly was a habeas corpus claim.
3. The circuit court erred in denying a preliminary injunction on the ground that Plaintiff could not demonstrate a likelihood of success on the merits.
4. The circuit court erred in dismissing the complaint on the ground that the Plaintiff’s bill of complaint was a second or successive habeas petition.
Orbe requests this Court to remand the declaratory judgment action to the trial court for trial and to issue a preliminary injunction or remand to the trial court with directions to enter such an injunction prohibiting the Commonwealth from “carrying out Orbe’s execution using their current protocol.”
Orbe’s bill of complaint is not a claim for habeas relief. See Dennis Mitchell Orbe v. William Page True, Warden, decided today. Orbe’s action is one for declaratory judgment. However, it may not be sustained. Because Orbe is deemed to have selected lethal injection rather than electrocution, he has waived any challenge to the constitutionality of lethal injection under the Constitution of Virginia. Orbe’s claim is based upon Article I, Sections 9 and 11, of the Constitution of Virginia. He specifically disclaims any federal constitutional claims. Under Virginia law, he cannot use a declaratory judgment action to decide an issue he has waived by prior act.
Pursuant to the provisions of Code § 53.1-234, Orbe had the right to choose whether his execution will be by lethal injection, as it is administered in Virginia, or by electrocution. If the condemned prisoner has not
We have previously held that execution of prisoners by electrocution does not violate the Eighth Amendment’s prohibitions against cruel and unusual punishment. Bell v. Commonwealth,
When a condemned prisoner has a choice of method of execution, the inmate may not choose a method and then complain of its unconstitutionality, particularly when the constitutionality of the alternative method has been established. In Stewart v. LaGrand, a case involving a challenge to execution by lethal gas, the Supreme Court of the United States held that
Walter LaGrand, by his actions, has waived his claim that execution by lethal gas is unconstitutional. At the time Walter LaGrand was sentenced to death, lethal gas was the only method of execution available in Arizona, but the State now provides inmates a choice of execution by lethal gas or lethal injection, see Ariz. Rev. Stat. §13-704(B) (creating a default rule of execution by lethal injection). Walter LaGrand was afforded this choice and decided to be executed by lethal gas. On March 1, 1999, Governor Hull of Arizona offered Walter LaGrand an opportunity to rescind this decision and select lethal injection as his method of execution. Walter LaGrand, again, insisted that he desired to be executed by lethal gas. By declaring his method of execution, picking lethal gas over the state’s default form of execution - lethal injection - Walter LaGrand has waived any objection he might have to it.
Orbe’s circumstances are legally indistinguishable from those presented to the United States Supreme Court in LaGrand. As previously discussed, under Code § 53.1-234, Orbe could have chosen electrocution or he could have chosen lethal injection. Instead, he chose to allow the statutory default provisions to apply. The Commonwealth did not make his choice. The Commonwealth only provided the choices for him, including the choice of allowing the default provisions to apply. Orbe has waived any right he may have to complain about lethal injection as it is administered in Virginia.
The effect of his waiver removes Orbe’s claims from those that may be properly considered by declaratory judgment under Virginia law. Declaratory judgment proceedings were not available at common law. This statutory cause of action is dependent upon “cases of actual controversy.” Code § 8.01-184. Declaratory judgment is not intended to provide advisory opinions. Erie Ins. Group v. Hughes,
Additionally, a declaratory judgment action is not a substitute for an appeal or collateral attack upon conviction. Declaratory judgment “does not provide a means whereby previous judgments by state or federal courts may be reexamined, nor is it a substitute for appeal or post conviction remedies.” Shannon v. Sequeechi,
While the trial court erred in characterizing Orbe’s claim as one for habeas corpus rather than declaratory judgment, the trial court did not err in dismissing the action. It is unnecessary to address each of Orbe’s assignments of error because they are predicated upon the legitimacy of the underlying declaratory judgment action itself. Orbe’s appeal from the judgment orders of the trial court dated March 10, 2004 and March 12, 2004 is denied. All of Orbe’s other motions attendant to this appeal are denied.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
In denying the petition for appeal, the majority states that Orbe’s circumstances are “legally indistinguishable” from that in Stewart v. LaGrand,
Unlike LaGrand, where the issue was whether death by the administration of any poisonous gas was cruel and inhuman punishment, Orbe is complaining that the specific chemical protocol of the lethal injection to be used is the constitutional offender, not lethal injection per se. Moreover, the defendant in LaGrand affirmatively elected the specific method of execution of which he then complained. Contrary to the view taken by the majority, Orbe did not elect a method of execution.
The majority’s rationale is that by not exercising his right to select the method of execution, Orbe effectively selected his method of execution and, thus, waived his right to challenge the constitutionality of that method. I disagree.
Code § 53.1-234, in pertinent part, states: “The method of execution shall be chosen by the prisoner. In the event the prisoner refuses to make a choice at least fifteen days prior to the scheduled execution, the method of execution shall be by lethal injection.” The majority would add language to the statute to the effect that if “the prisoner refuses to make a choice ... he shall be deemed to have selected lethal injection.” “But, courts are not permitted to add language to a statute nor are they permitted to accomplish the same result by judicial interpretation.” Shackleford v. Commonwealth,
The plain meaning of Code § 53.1-234 is that where the prisoner fails to make the selection between the two available methods of execution within the required time, the Commonwealth makes the selection of the method of execution. In the absence of an affirmative act by the prisoner, there can be no waiver of the right to challenge the constitutionality of the method of execution. Were this not the case, then the rationale expressed by the majority would result in the inability of a prisoner to challenge this statute under any circumstances. Accordingly, I would hold that Orbe has not waived his right to challenge the constitutionality of the method of his execution.
The majority further holds that “a declaratory judgment action is not a substitute for an appeal or collateral attack upon conviction.” While I agree that this is a correct statement of the law with regard to declaratory judgments, the majority misconstrues Orbe’s request for declaratory judgment. Orbe expressly states that he is not challenging the legality of his conviction and sentence, but rather that he is challenging the
Similarly, the majority’s assertion that “[t]he issue Orbe presents in his declaratory judgment action should have been raised before the trial court in Orbe’s criminal case and on direct appeal from that judgment,” is unavailing in my opinion. I recognize that in LaGrand, the Court held that the defendant’s failure to raise the question of the constitutionality of lethal gas as a method of execution was barred by his failure to raise that claim at the time of his direct appeal. However, at the time of LaGrand’s trial, lethal gas was the only method of execution in use in Arizona. LaGrand,
there was sufficient debate about the constitutionality of lethal gas executions that Walter LaGrand cannot show cause for his failure to raise this claim. Arguments concerning the constitutionality of lethal gas have existed since its introduction as a method of execution in Nevada in 1921. In the period immediately prior to Walter LaGrand’s direct appeal, a number of states were reconsidering the use of execution by lethal gas, and two United States Supreme Court Justices had expressed their views that this method of execution was unconstitutional. In addition, lethal gas executions have been documented since 1937, when San Quentin introduced it as an execution method, and studies of the effect of execution by lethal gas date back to the 1950s.
LaGrand,
Here, the record shows that the debate about the efficacy of the specific chemical protocol of the lethal injection has only recently arisen. Moreover, the Commonwealth only provided Orbe with the particulars of the protocol less than a month ago. Thus, even assuming that Orbe could have raised his challenge to the method of execution at trial, but see People v. Bradford, 929 P.2d 544, 578 (Cal. 1999) (holding
In the case of Nelson v. Campbell,
Given that “[t]he awesome severity of a sentence of death makes it qualitatively different from all other sanctions,” Satterwhite v. Texas,
This order shall be certified to the said circuit court.
A Copy,
Teste:
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Patricia H. Krueger, Clerk