Rocco Oppedisano seeks review of a published order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) determining that his conviction for the unlawful possession of ammunition under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) qualifies as an aggravated felony under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(48)(E)(ii). Because the BIA’s decision is a permissible construction of the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) entitled to Chevron deference from this Court, we deny the petition for review.
BACKGROUND
Rocco Oppedisano is a native and citizen of Italy who has lived in the United States as a lawful permanent resident since 1973. Over the past decades, he has amassed an extensive criminal record, including a felony conviction for attempted reckless endangerment in the first degree. On January 6, 2012, he was convicted in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York of the unlawful possession of ammunition by a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).
Before the Immigration Judge (“IJ”) and the BIA, Oppedisano argued that his conviction for the unlawful possession of ammunition does not constitute an offense “relating to firearms.” In a published, precedential decision, the BIA disagreed, holding that § 1101(a)(43)(E)(ii)’s “relating to” parenthetical was purely descriptive, merely alerting the reader to the nature of the enumerated offenses, rather than restrictive, classifying only a subset of the crimes defined in § 922(g)(1) as aggravated felonies. Consequently, the BIA concluded that possession of ammunition in violation of § 922(g)(1) was an aggravated felony that rendered Oppedisano removable under the INA.
Although we generally review the BIA’s legal conclusions de novo, we grant Chevron deference to the agency’s constructions of the INA. Mei Juan Zheng v. Holder,
The INA does not define the phrase “relating to” as it is used in 8 U.S.C. § 1101 (a)(43)(E)(ii), and the legislative history does not elucidate Congress’s intent regarding, the term. We must therefore consider whether the BIA’s interpretation is a reasonable or permissible construction of the statutory language. Contrary to Oppedisano’s claims, we find that the BIA’s opinion provides numerous persuasive reasons for interpreting the “relating to firearms offenses” parenthetical as purely descriptive.
First, as the BIA observed, the “common sense” function of the “relating to” parenthetical in context of § 1101(a)(43)(E)(ii)’s extensive list of qualifying offenses is to alert readers to the nature of the otherwise anonymous section numbers. Absent such descriptive hints, deducing whether any criminal offense falls under § 1101(a)(43)’s “litany of numbers” would “be a long and arduous process.” United States v. Monjaras-Castaneda,
Based on the same reasoning, several Circuits have interpreted similar language in a neighboring provision of § 1101(a)(43) — 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(N), “relating to alien smuggling”—as an “aid to identification only.” Monjaras-Castaneda,
Dismissing such decisions, Oppedisano insists that the “relating to firearms offenses” parenthetical in § 1101(a)(43)(E)(ii) must be analyzed independently as a distinct statutory provision. Yet the specific context of § 1101(a)(43)(E) provides all the more reason for a descriptive interpretation. The list of aggravated felonies in § 1101(a)(43)(E)(ii) is immediately followed by a provision listing as an aggravated felony any “offense described in ... section 5861 of Title 26 (relating to firearms offenses).” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(E)(iii). Unlike the crimes covered by 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), which include transactions involving both “firearms” and “ammunition,” the numerous criminal offenses covered by 26 U.S.C. § 5861 all deal exclusively with “firearms.” See, e.g., 26 U.S.C. § 5861(a) (“to engage in business as a manufacturer or importer of, or dealer in, firearms”); id. § 5861(b) (“to receive or possess a firearm”). Thus, the “relating to firearms offenses” parenthetical in § 1101(a)(43)(E)(iii) can only function as a descriptive aid. Applying a restrictive reading in § 1101 (a)(43)(E)(ii) would accordingly require us to attribute different meanings to the term “relating to” within two consecutive provisions of § 1101(a)(43)(E). Courts do “not lightly infer that Congress intended the [same] term to have wholly different meanings in neighboring subsections.” Sedima, S.P.R.L. v. Imrex Co.,
Furthermore, as the BIA again noted, subsequent provisions in § 1101(a)(43)’s list of aggravated felonies demonstrate that Congress typically relies on explicitly restrictive parentheticals to limit the scope of enumerated crimes in § 1101(a)(43). For example, § 1101 (a)(43)(F) lists as an aggravated felony “a crime of violence (as defined in section 16 of title 18, but not including a purely political offense).” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F) (emphasis added). Similarly, § 1101(a)(43)(J) extends the definition to “an offense described in section 1084 [of Title 18] {if it is a second or subsequent offense).” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(J) (emphasis added). Because these other provisions take “a perfectly clear approach to articulate a limiting rather than descriptive parenthetical,” they counsel against reading any implicit limitations into § 1101(a)(43)(E)(ii)’s ambiguous language. Galindo-Gallegos,
While Oppedisano raises several additional arguments to support his preferred construction of § 1101(a)(43)(E)(ii), none of them renders the BIA’s interpretation unreasonable. First, Oppedisano argues that the BIA’s construction conflicts with our opinion in Evangelista v. Ashcroft,
Second, Oppedisano points to § 1101(a)(43)(E)(i) as alleged proof that Congress relies on “relating to” parenthet-icals to limit an “aggravated felony” to only some categories of crimes listed in § 1101(a)(43). This subsection extends the definition of an aggravated felony to any offense described in “section 842(h) or (i) ... or section 844(d), (e), (f), (g), (h), or (i) of [Title 18] (relating to explosive materials offenses).” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(E)(i). Because 18 U.S.C. § 844 covers offenses involving both “explosive materials” and “fire,” see, e.g., 18 U.S.C. § 844(i) (penalizing the destruction of property “by means of fire or an explosive”), Oppedisano assumes that the parenthetical functions to exclude criminal conduct involving fire alone. Yet he points to no cases or legal authorities that draw this distinction. His argument therefore simply begs as to § 1101(a)(43)(E)(i) the very question posed in this case with respect to § 1101(a)(43)(E)(ii).
Third, Oppedisano notes that Congress does not mention ammunition in its references to “firearms” offenses in other sections of the INA. These sections include 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(C), which extends the definition of an aggravated felony to the “illicit trafficking in firearms or destructive devices,” and 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(C), which renders deportable an alien guilty of a crime involving “any weapon, part or accessory which is a firearm or destructive device.”
We are not convinced that Congress intended the “firearms” offenses in these sections to be coextensive with § 1101(a)(43)(E)(ii). Indeed, the fact that the INA’s definition of an “aggravated felony” includes both § 1101(a)(43)(C) and § 1101(a)(43)(E)(ii) suggests that these subsections cover different swaths of criminal activity. Similarly, § 1227(a)(2) lists the commission of a crime described in § 1227(a)(2)(C) and the commission of an “aggravated felony” as two separate grounds for deportation. See 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii). That Congress broadly designated certain offenses involving “firearms” as aggravated felonies or de-portable offenses under § 1101(a)(43)(C) and § 1227(a)(2)(C) does not conflict with its choice to select additional, specifically
Finally, Oppedisano claims that the rule of lenity binds us to interpret § 1101(a)(43)(E)(ii) narrowly in his favor. Recognizing that deportation often makes for a harsh punishment, the rule of lenity demands that courts resolve “lingering ambiguities in deportation statutes ... in favor of the alien.” Ruiz-Almanzar v. Ridge,
In sum, the BIA’s descriptive reading of § 1101(a)(43)(E)(ii) is eminently reasonable, harmonizing with the broader structure of the § 1101(a)(43) and extensive judieial precedent. Without needing to decide how we would resolve the issue de novo, we conclude that the BIA’s ruling is a permissible construction entitled to Chevron deference from this Court.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is DENIED.
Notes
. 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) provides that it is "unlawful for any person ... who has been convicted in any court of, a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year ... to ship or transport in interstate or foreign commerce, or possess in or affecting commerce, any firearm or ammunition; or to receive any firearm or ammunition which has been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce.”
. In fact, this Court has recently held that a New York state conviction for attempted arson under a statute encompassing damage caused by "starting a fire or causing an explosion,” see N.Y. Penal Law § 150.10(1), constitutes an aggravated felony under § 1101(a)(43)(E)(i) as an "offense described in” 18 U.S.C. § 844(i). Torres v. Holder,
. Both of these sections define "firearm” with reference to 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(3), which provides that the "term ‘firearm’ means (A) any weapon (including a starter gun) which will or is designed to or may readily be converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive; (B) the frame or receiver of any such weapon; (C) any firearm muffler or firearm silencer;_ or (D) any destructive device. Such term does not include an antique firearm.” Id.