368 Mass. 824 | Mass. | 1975
On July 29, 1975, the Justices submitted the following answers to questions propounded to them by the House of Representatives.
To the Honorable the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts:
The Justices of the Supreme Judicial Court respectfully submit these answers to the questions set forth in an order adopted by the House on May 21, 1975, and transmitted to us on May 28, 1975. The order recites that there is pending before the General Court House Bill No. 656, entitled “An Act regulating the sale, lease, rental and registration of certain motor vehicles in the commonwealth, ” and that grave doubt exists as to its constitutionality if enacted into law. A copy of the bill was transmitted to us with the order.
Section 2 of the bill makes § 1 applicable “to motor vehicles manufactured for the model year nineteen hundred and seventy-nine and for subsequent model years.”
The questions are:
“1. Would the enactment of House, No. 656 which prohibits the sale, lease, rental or registration of a motor vehicle capable of exceeding a speed of ninety-five miles per hour, unless such vehicle is equipped with a device limiting the speed to ninety-five miles per hour, be unreasonable and arbitrary and an improper exercise of the regulatory powers of the commonwealth and therefore violate the due process and equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution?
“2. Would the enactment of said bill which would restrict the sale, lease and rental of certain motor vehicles in this commonwealth be an impairment of interstate commerce and therefore be a violation of the commerce clause of the Federal Constitution?”
In response to our invitation to interested persons to file briefs, a brief was filed on behalf of the Massachusetts State Automobile Dealers Association, Inc.
1. The Fourteenth Amendment.
a. Due process. On its face the object of the bill is to promote public safety by limiting vehicular speed. This is a
On the other hand, if the effect on the public safety is slight, the cost may be excessive in relation to the benefit. It is argued that compliance by manufacturers will involve substantial costs in research, development, plant and tools, ultimately paid for in the price of the product paid by the great majority of owners who never approach a speed of ninety-five miles an hour. Compliance by means of a “device” such as a speed governor, it is said, will make the vehicle more complex and repair "and maintenance more difficult, and such devices can be defeated by the owner. It is also suggested that compliance will have detrimental effects on the environment through vehicle emissions and on gasoline consumption.
These contentions involve factual assumptions which are not a proper subject for judicial notice. “To succeed” in such contentions, parties “must establish with some precision the facts upon which their contentions depend” and that the statutory requirements “produce the consequences said to be invalid.” O’Brien v. State Tax Commn. 339 Mass. 56, 67 (1959). The consideration of the costs and benefits of proposed legislation is peculiarly a matter for the Legislature. We cannot say that the bill is unreasonable or arbitrary on its face or that the means selected have no real or substantial relation to the object sought to be attained. “It is not our function to consider the expediency of an enactment or the wisdom of its provisions.” Commonwealth v. Henry’s Drywall Co. Inc. 366 Mass. 539, 544 (1974), and cases cited.
b. Equal protection. In the area of public safety, as in the area of economic regulation, “the equal protection clause does not justify review of the wisdom, need or appropriateness of legislation any more than does the due process clause.” Mobil Oil Corp. v. Attorney Gen. 361 Mass. 401, 417 (1972). Commonwealth v. Henry’s Drywall Co. Inc. 366 Mass. 539, 545 (1974). We think the reasons are obvious enough for limiting application of the bill to motor vehicles manufactured for the 1979 and later model years. The limitation to vehicles offered, sold, leased or registered in the Commonwealth may have been thought essential to avoid burdening interstate commerce. Cf. Opinion of the Justices, 251 Mass. 569, 602-603 (1925); Cyr v. Farias, 367 Mass. 720, 724-725 (1975). We see no denial of equal protection of the laws.
We answer question 1, “No.”
2. Burden on interstate commerce. The bill in no way discriminates against interstate commerce. “Few subjects of state regulation are so peculiarly of local concern as is the use of state highways.” South Carolina State Hy. Dept. v. Barnwell Bros. Inc. 303 U. S. 177, 187 (1938). State legislation in the field of safety is particularly appropriate. See Southern Pac. Co. v. Arizona ex rel. Sullivan, 325 U. S. 761,
We answer question 2, “No.”
G. Joseph Tauro
Paul C. Reardon
Francis J. Quirico
Robert Braucher
Edward F. Hennessey
Benjamin Kaplan
Herbert P. Wilkins