5 S.W.2d 521 | Tex. Crim. App. | 1927
Lead Opinion
Conviction for rape, punishment five years in the penitentiary.
Bills of exception Nos. 4, 5 and 6 present complaint of the refusal, respectively, to permit Raymond Gillaspy and John Bailey to testify for the defense, and to instruct the jury or permit them to be told that the defense had offered said parties as witnesses. The state's objection to the testimony of Gillaspy and Bailey was that they were indicted for complicity in the same offense here charged against this appellant. The objection was sustained upon the theory that Art. 711 of our Code of Criminal Procedure forbids the introduction as witnesses for each other of persons charged as principals, accomplices or accessories, whether in the same or different indictments, to the same offense. The decisions of this court have interpreted said statute as meaning that the offered witness, to be incompetent, must be indicted as a principal, an accomplice or accessory *488
to the identical criminal offense charged against the accused on trial. Day v. State, 27 Tex.Crim. App. 144; Griffin v. State, 43 Tex.Crim. Rep.; Thomas v. State,
We have stated only a part of the facts to make plain the proposition that we have had no difficulty under them in concluding that both Gillaspy and Bailey were incompetent as witnesses for the defense in this case, and that the state has, upon apparently good grounds, indicted both of them, and might, upon this testimony, seek a conviction of both, for complicity in the alleged rape here charged against this appellant, and that therefore under said statute neither of the bills of exception under consideration shows any error. As said in Jones v. State, 85 Tex.Crim. Rep., the disqualifying fact is that the witness is charged with the commission of the same offense as is the person on trial, and that it is the fact of such charge which under the statute renders such witness incompetent for the defense. We find nothing in any of the other cases cited by appellant, viz.: Secker v. State, 28 Tex.Crim. App. 479; Williams v. State,
Complaint is made of the refusal of a special charge on the issue of consent. The trial judge in his main charge gave substantially the same instruction as follows:
"In order to warrant a conviction in this case it must appear from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the said Gladys Spivey used every reasonable exertion and means of resistance within her power under the circumstances shown by *490 the evidence, to prevent such act of carnal knowledge, if any; and if you have a reasonable doubt as to whether the said Gladys Spivey did use every such reasonable exertion and means of resistance within her power, under the circumstances, you will give the defendant the benefit of such doubt, and acquit him."
This disposes of the complaints appearing on behalf of the appellant.
Finding no error in the record, the judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.
Addendum
In the indictment filed January 27, 1926, it was charged that Jack O'Neal, on the 10th day of January, 1926, in Harris County, ravished Gladys Spivey. On the trial, the appellant tendered as a witness in his behalf Raymond Gillaspy. To the competency of Gillaspy as a witness in behalf of the appellant, the state interposed an objection on the ground that Gillaspy was charged by indictment with the same offense, and in support thereof introduced an indictment by the grand jury of Harris County charging that in that county on the 10th day of January,1926, Raymond Gillaspy ravished the said Glays Spivey. After a preliminary investigation the court sustained the state's objection. The major part of the statement of the evidence given on the trial is embraced in the bill of exceptions and in the bill reference is made to the statement of facts.
From the testimony of Gladys Spivey, the following synopsis is taken: On the 10th of January she spent the afternoon at the home of Virginia Rasberry, a girl friend, and there that night between seven and eight o'clock saw Jack O'Neal, Raymond Gillaspy and John Bailey. She had no previous acquaintance with O'Neal and Gillaspy, but had known Bailey a few days. She was invited by them to attend a show and requested that she be taken to her home in order that she might obtain her mother's permission. Accordingly, Gladys Spivey and Virginia Rasberry entered an automobile possessed by the three young men mentioned. The witness, after obtaining permission from her mother to go to the show, re-entered the car, which had been in waiting for her. O'Neal had some musical instruments. Gillaspy stated that he wanted to take O'Neal to Wolf's dance hall and leave him there. Instead of going to Wolf's dance hall, or to the show, the car was driven out into the country and there stopped. Immediately after the car was stopped, Raymond Gillaspy seized Gladys and kissed her. She *491 resented and resisted the assault. Gillaspy persisted and endeavored to take her into his lap. O'Neal, at the time, had gotten out of the car and was out of sight. He returned and Gillaspy attacked Virginia Rasberry. O'Neal expressed a wish to talk to Gladys, who had gotten out of the car. The witness told O'Neal that she was a good girl and he said that she had better be careful, that Gillaspy had a gun. She told O'Neal that she had never done anything; that both she and her friend were straight. He said that "he was going to do something to somebody." She at the time heard the screams of Virginia and said she was going to her even if she got killed. O'Neal told her that she would not, and took hold of her and she screamed. At the time they were some little distance from the car. During the assault by O'Neal, who was endeavoring to force her, Bailey came and said: "Why don't you leave the little girl alone." O'Neal said: "You had better get away from here, I will knock your head off." The witness released herself and took hold of Bailey. O'Neal seized her and she held to Bailey. She was half-way dragged back to the car. She entered the front seat and O'Neal followed her. He took her and forced her across the door. She protested and fought. He took her out of the car. She was fighting him all the time. Gillaspy and Virginia were on the back seat of the car, and Bailey was standing by it. Neither made any effort to aid or defend against the assault by O'Neal. While she was fighting and kicking, she was struck by O'Neal and dragged some distance from the car, and against her utmost efforts was ravished by O'Neal, after which he said that he was going to make Gillaspy let Virginia alone as she was but sixteen years of age. She heard O'Neal say: "Don't you shoot; don't you shoot." He seemed to be in good humor. He and Gillaspy hit each other once or twice, but they were laughing. Gladys got on the back seat and begged that Gillaspy cease his attack upon Virginia. He persisted, however, and finally pulled Virginia out of the car, and she pulled O'Neal out with her. Bailey at the time was taking Gladys out of the car. She was screaming and begging O'Neal for assistance. Virginia came back to the car and begged Gillaspy "out of it." Then the three boys returned to the car and claimed that they desired to get tools from it because of a flat tire. She declined and was pulled out by Bailey and Gillaspy, one catching her arms and the other catching her feet. As she was dragged from the car, she caught against a tree. Gillaspy placed a gun in her side and threatened to shoot her if she did not let go of the tree. She *492 told him to shoot. At that time O'Neal was at the car with Virginia. She was at a distance from the car so that they could not be seen. She was begging that they desist, and even prayed. Bailey pried her hands loose, and with the aid of Gillaspy threw her upon the ground and had intercourse with her. Gillaspy then indicated a like intention and the witness told him she would die and continued to beg that he desist. Gillaspy finally desisted. She was taken to her home, where she reported the assault to her father.
Virginia Rasberry was sixteen years of age. From her testimony it appears that after the car was stopped, Gillaspy grabbed and kissed Gladys; that she protested and Gillaspy then attacked the witness. O'Neal took Gladys out of the car, and the witness heard her scream a number of times. Gillaspy got out of the car and Bailey remained in it. The witness fainted and she had to be helped back in the car. When Gladys returned to the car the three boys went out. They seemed to be arguing and fighting. O'Neal came back and said he was trying to help the girls. The boys claimed that they needed a pump, and when Gladys refused to get out of the car she was pulled out by Bailey and Gillaspy. She fought, but they forced her. They threatened to shoot and she told them to do so. O'Neal at the time was on the back seat of the car with Virginia, and in her language, he wanted her to go ahead, but she declined. She could not quote his words as she was too excited; that he held her hands. Bailey returned and showed blood on his trousers. Gladys was holding to a tree and could not walk. O'Neal picked her up and put her in the car. Gillaspy returned and pulled the witness out and tried to attack her, and got on top of her and tried to pull up her bloomers and she continued to fight him. O'Neal did nothing to prevent him or aid the witness. They were right by the car. Bailey was standing by and said nothing. Gillaspy got the witness down on her back and took out his privates but finally let her alone. She was too weak to do anything.
According to H. A. Spivey, father of Gladys, when she returned, she was hysterical and on the verge of fainting. He called a doctor. Upon going to his front door he saw a large touring car standing in front of the house.
Mrs. Spivey, mother of Gladys, testified that she was awakened during the night by her daughter, who was very excited and nervous; that her clothes were bloody.
A doctor described the condition of Gladys. He said that both her underclothing and top clothing were torn; that there was *493 blood upon her privates, on her thigh, around her privates, and upon her legs. It was scattered over her person in various places. She was in a very nervous and hysterical state of mind, as though she had been subjected to some intense, profound shock; her skin was cold, her pulse was rapid, and her color was pale. She had the appearance of quite a lot of exhaustion as though she had been subjected to some strain that would exhaust her. Her vagina was bruised; the tissues were swollen. The hymen was torn and hanging in shreds. There was a discoloration inside of the vagina. The examination was made soon after midnight of the night of the occurrence.
Appellant introduced several witnesses who testified to his good reputation as a law-abiding man. He testified in his own behalf that he was twenty years of age, and described the happenings on the night of the alleged offense. He denied any assault and said that he was with the party on the night in question; that he went at the invitation of one of his boy companions in a car which belonged to the father of Gillaspy. He took his musical instrument along for the entertainment of the party. He denied any inception of the assault or conspiracy, and said that after the car was stopped he invited the prosecutrix to take a walk; that they walked out from the car and he engaged in sexual intercourse with her consent; that they remained at the place about three hours. He denied that Bailey and Gillaspy took the prosecutrix, Gladys Spivey, away from the car or that they made any attempt to assault Virginia Rasberry. He also denied that they failed to take Virginia home at her request and let her get out in the neighborhood of her home.
A conspiracy may be proved by circumstances, and it is generally necessary to do so. See Wharton's Crim. Ev., Vol. 2, Sec. 888; Underhill's Crim. Ev., Sec. 491; Hays v. State,
"Any person who advises or agrees to the commission of an offense and who is present when the same is committed is a principal whether he aid or not in the illegal act."
Likewise, they were principals if they acted together under the conditions named in Art. 66, P. C., 1925, which reads as follows:
"When an offense is actually committed by one or more persons, but others are present, and knowing the unlawful intent, aid by acts or encourage by words or gestures, those actually *494 engaged in the commission of the unlawful act, or who, not being actually present, keep watch so as to prevent the interruption of those engaged in committing the offense, such persons so aiding, encouraging or keeping watch are principal offenders."
The fact that Raymond Gillaspy did not in his person have carnal knowledge of Gladys Spivey, is not determinative of his guilt of the offense of rape. If, under the facts and circumstances, he was a principal offender within the meaning of either or both of the statutes mentioned, his culpability and that of O'Neal were upon the same footing. The fact that in the indictment charging that Gillaspy ravished Gladys Spivey no mention is made therein of O'Neal or of the elements of principal offenders would not prevent the state in the prosecution of Gillaspy from proving, as a basis for the conviction, that the carnal knowledge was that of O'Neal. Under such an indictment, Ruth Campbell, a woman, was convicted of rape upon proof that she aided Luther Hutcherson, a man, in the perpetration of the offense. See Campbell v. State,
"A principal offender may be charged directly with the commission of the offense, although it may not have actually been committed by him."
See also Cruit v. State, 41 Texas Rep. 477; Williams v. State, 42 Texas Rep. 393; Bell v. State, 1 Tex.Crim. App. 598.
Art. 82, P. C., 1925, reads thus:
"Persons charged as principals, accomplices or accessories, whether in the same or different indictments, cannot be introduced as witnesses for one another, but they may claim a severance, and if one or more be acquitted they may testify in behalf of the others."
Art. 711, C. C. P., 1925, is the same in substance as the one last quoted, and Art. 712, C. C. P., reads as follows:
"The court may, upon suggestion made, or of its own option, interrogate the person who is offered as a witness, to ascertain whether he is competent to testify, or the competency or incompetency of the witness may be shown by evidence."
As indicated above, and as shown by the bill of exceptions, the judge, upon investigation of the evidence, satisfied himself that Raymond Gillaspy, who was tendered as a witness in behalf of the appellant, was under indictment for the same offense with which the appellant was charged. It is urged in a very forceful *495 motion for rehearing that in holding the witness disqualified the learned trial judge was wrong. Appellant insists that Gillaspy was not charged with the same act with the appellant, in consequence of which the statutes mentioned did not operate to exclude the testimony of Gillaspy. Several cases are cited which, on the original hearing, were examined and held distinguishable. Secker's case, 28 Tex.Crim. App. 479, was a conviction of Secker for abusive language, namely, "You dirty bitch." Mrs. Secker was charged with a like offense committed on the same day, her language being: "You dirty old slut." The court held her evidence improperly excluded, saying:
"The offense charged against the parties were not the same. The words charged against the parties were not identical, and there is nothing identifying the transaction as the same save the name of the injured party and the date of the alleged offenses."
The case of Williams v. State,
Upon the state's evidence, the jury would have been authorized to decide that Gladys Spivey was raped twice; first, by forced carnal knowledge with Jack O'Neal; and second, by forced carnal knowledge with John Bailey; that in each of the rapes, Jack O'Neal, John Bailey and Raymond Gillaspy were principal offenders. Under the indictment charging Jack O'Neal with the rape of Gladys Spivey, the state was privileged to rely upon the evidence showing carnal knowledge by Jack O'Neal or the carnal knowledge by John Bailey. Likewise, in the indictment against Raymond Gillaspy, under the averments. contained therein, as set out, the prosecution could have relied upon the carnal knowledge of Gladys Spivey by either Jack O'Neal or John Bailey. In the trial of the case, as manifested by the charge to the jury, there was an election to rely for the conviction of Jack O'Neal upon the act in which he had carnal knowledge of Gladys Spivey. From what has been said it follows that the indictment against Raymond Gillaspy was such as to charge him as a principal offender in the rape of Gladys Spivey by Jack O'Neal, from which it follows that Gillaspy was not a competent witness for Jack O'Neal in the trial of his case. It may be said, and perhaps it is correct to say, that the state having elected to try Jack O'Neal for his personal carnal knowledge of prosecutrix, and having insisted upon its objection to the competency of Raymond Gillaspy as a witness for O'Neal, it would be precluded from prosecuting Gillaspy under the indictment against him introduced in evidence, as a principal in the rape of Gladys Spivey by John Bailey, but that such prosecution, if any, should be upon another indictment. The learned trial judge, after full investigation of the facts as authorized by Art. 712, C. C. P., supra, decided that Gillaspy was disqualified to testify for the appellant, and the opinion is expressed that in so concluding no abuse of discretion was exhibited.
The motion for rehearing is overruled.
Overruled. *497
