Olney v. Boston & Maine Railroad

73 N.H. 85 | N.H. | 1904

Parsons, C. J.

The portion of the opinion of the court in this case (71 N. H. 427, 433) which counsel for the plaintiff read to the jury in the course of his argument was a discussion of the question whether, upon the facts then presented, the plaintiff was as matter of law guilty of negligence barring his recovery, because of his failure to reinspect the engine before starting on his trip Monday morning. The case was then before the court upon exception to the order directing a verdict for the defendants. In consideration of the questions of law so presented, all inferences of fact which might be drawn from the evidence were treated, for the purposes of the discussion, as found in the plaintiff’s favor. The court did not attempt to decide what conclusions ought to be drawn from the evidence, and the language of the court, used with reference merely to what inferences might be drawn, has no application upon that question.

It is not necessary to cite authority in this jurisdiction to the proposition that counsel may not in their argument introduce into the case, for the purpose of influencing the jurors, evidentiary matter which cannot be, or has not been, proved. The question before the jury upon this branch of the case was whether Olney was in fact in fault for not re-examining the engine. The question of law, whether there was any evidence upon which the fact might be found in his favor, was not before the jury or before the trial court. There was no occasion to argue it to the jury, because they could not decide it; nor before the court, because the presiding justice had already decided the question discussed by the supreme court in the plaintiff’s favor, by denying the defendants’ motions for a nonsuit and a verdict. The effect of reading the extract must have been to mislead and prejudice the jury in favor of the plaintiff, by inducing them to believe that the supreme court had expressed an opinion favorable to the plaintiff’s contentions. The opinion of the supreme court on this question, as matter of fact, was incompetent upon the issue before the jury if that court had held or expressed any opinion. Their opinion as matter of law was immaterial so far as the jury were concerned. The court had decided, in the opinion referred to, that upon the evidence presented at the former trial the case should have been submitted to the jury. At this trial, upon facts understood to be substantially the same, the superior court, in compliance with the opinion of the supreme court, had submitted the case to the jury. The plaintiff in the second trial had the full benefit, therefore, of the prior decision in his favor. But as the matter was presented in argument, it is extremely probable the jury understood that the opinion of the court related to the question before them. If it was not intended that they should so understand, the object in reading the extract is not readily perceived. But the actual purpose of counsel may not be material. If what was done was deliberately and intentionally undertaken for the purpose of misleading the jury, the result would be no more prejudicial than if it was done in the supposed exercise of a legal right.

The error was not cured by the careful and painstaking methods of the presiding judge in submitting the case to the jury. They were properly, carefully, and explicitly told that it was for them to decide whether the plaintiff exercised ordinary care in starting out •without reinspection Monday morning. But they were not told to disregard the reference to the opinion of the supreme court, and the instruction did not remove from their minds the information which had wrongfully been laid before them, that in this or a similar case the supreme court thought the employee had in fact a right to assume that the repairs had been made. It is to be presumed that in Baldwin v. Railway, 64 N. H. 596, and in Noble v. Portsmouth, 67 N. H. 183, the juries were instructed that' the amount of the damages was to be determined by them; but in each case the verdict was set aside because of the statements of counsel in argument óf the amounts other courts or juries thought ought to be recovered in such cases. While the counsel may properly state his view of the law in making application of the facts as he claims them to be proved, and perhaps in some cases read the law from the books (a question not decided), such procedure is never permissible when the effect of the reading is “ to bring before the jury the facts of the case decided, or the amount of the verdict, or the comments of the judge upon the facts, or to influence the jury in deciding upon the facts in the case upon trial.” Williams v. Railroad, 126 N. Y. 96, 104; Press Pub. Co. v. McDonald, 63 Fed. Rep. 238,—26 L. R. A. 531; Arey v. DeLoriea, 55 Fed. Rep. 328,-5 C. C. A. 116.

The plaintiff does not controvert the correctness of the defendants’ presentation of the minutes of the argument of counsel as written out by the stenographer. From these minutes it is very plain the jury could not have failed to understand that the case considered by the court was the case then on trial. Olney’s name appears twice in the extract, and the facts disputed at the trial as to whether there was any defect, any notice from Olney to the foreman, and any promise by him to repair, were stated as though settled in the plaintiff’s favor. Not only must the jury have thought the case was the same, but they may have inferred that the facts now in dispute were found by the court in the plaintiff’s' favor, or had been so conceded or determined in some former trial. That such information might have some tendency to influence their -conclusion as to which view of the facts in dispute was correct is as plain as the legal error in placing such considerations before them is clear. Elwell v. Roper, 72 N. H. 254, 257.

The plaintiff’s counsel, after arguing and submitting the case without objection upon the record as it was presented, now ask for leave to secure an amendment changing the record. Justice does not require this course for several reasons. If the transcript was erroneous, the time for correction was at the hearing before the trial court when the transfer was made up. The case does not contain a statement of what was said. As it is obvious the exception could not be intelligently considered without knowledge of what was read, the reference to the stenographer’s minutes must have been intended to apply to tlris exception and is an adoption of them as they were then written out, as a correct record. The application is, in effect, a request for this court to direct the superior court to give the plaintiff a new trial upon the question. If this court has any such power, the case does not call for its exercise. Where the complaint is that the court has misunderstood the record, or that some essential fact has been omitted, opportunity for amendment is granted as of course; but that is not this case. The record states that counsel read from a typewritten manuscript prepared by himself. If confusion exists as to the stenographer’s notes, the best evidence of what was said would be this manuscript; but tbe paper has not been offered, nor is it now claimed that the transcript furnished the court differs from the statement so prepared and read. The claim in the plaintiff’s brief is that the transcript differs from the original notes, which it is also claimed are incomplete and fragmentary. The failure to offer the best evidence, or to account for its absence, is a sufficient reason why further trial of the question should not be bad.

But even if the opportunity for amendment, were granted, it would not avail, for the remarks which it is conceded were read, as shown by the imperfect notes, were equally prejudicial with, if not more misleading than, the whole extract. While attentive reading of the whole shows that the court were considering the question of law, the bald statement that the court had held that the employee under the circumstances “had the fight to assume” that the promised repairs would be made, does not suggest the real question before tbe court and plainly purports to inform the jury of tbe court’s opinion on tbe question before them. Tbe error was-not cured by the request of counsel to tbe jury to consider what be bad read merely as bis view of tbe law, because as a statement, of law applicable to tbe question before tbe jury it was erroneous- and was in terms adopted by tbe court. Although in other parts of tbe charge tbe jury were told, as has been remarked, that the question was for them, they were also told in tbe charge that if Sargent promised Olney be would repair tbe defect, “ Olney bad a right to rely upon tbe promise.” The error into which counsel and court appear to have fallen may perhaps be due to tbe failure in tbe opinion to refer at frequent intervals to tbe precise questionwhicb was under discussion. Tbe particular sentence which appears to have been misunderstood, — “ as tbe employee bad given notice of tbe defect to tbe proper officer, whose duty it was to make tbe repairs, and tbe impression bad been conveyed to him that these would be made, be bad tbe right to assume that they had been made,” — was a quotation from tbe supreme court of tbe United States. In tbe connection in which it was used, with reference to tbe question under discussion, it was understood to mean that under such circumstances tbe employee was not, as matter of law, in fault for relying upon tbe promise. That it was not intended that tbe opinion should be understood to lay down tbe proposition that, as matter of law, tbe notice and promise to repair constituted due care, seems clear from tbe further statement that “ whether due care, which tbe plaintiff was required to exercise for bis own safety, demanded that be should examine tbe engine in tbe morning to ascertain whether tbe promised repairs bad been made, is a question of fact. Upon this question tbe promise to make the repair before tbe next trip is evidence. Whether tbe obligation to exercise care was or was not satisfied by entire reliance upon tbe foreman’s promise, would depend upon all tbe facts in evidence, and is for the jury.” Tbe same idea is again expressed in tbe next paragraph, in discussion of two cases cited by tbe defendants, and tbe discussion concludes: “ In this case tbe evidence of previous failure of tbe foreman to make repab* as promised tends to prove that a prudent man would not have relied upon tbe promise in this instance.” Upon tbe whole discussion, it now seems that tbe sentence quoted by counsel as bis view of tbe law, and adopted by tbe court, cannot reasonably be understood as intended as a statement of law for tbe guidance of tbe jury. But if it be assumed that tbe difficulty arose from lack of definiteness and clearness in tbe opinion of tbe court, tbe interpretation put upon tbe language by tbe use made of it is an erroneous statement of tbe law, and being made subject to exception and approved by the court, vitiates the verdict. Harrington v. Wadsworth, 63 N. H. 400; State v. Foley, 45 N. H. 466. An erroneous view of the law having been given the jury, it is immaterial whether the responsibility for such error is rightly chargeable to counsel, the presiding judge, or the supreme court. In either ease the trial was unfair and the verdict must be set aside.

A question of law once decided is not reconsidered in the same case, except upon a motion for rehearing. Bell v. Lamprey, 58 N. H. 124; Carter v. Jackson, 58 N. H. 156; Plaisted v. Holmes, 58 N. H. 619; Amoskeag Mfg. Co. v. Head, 59 N. H. 332, 337; Weare v. Deering, 60 N. H. 56; Adams Academy v. Adams, 65 N. H. 225, 227; Cox v. Leviston, 66 N. H. 167, 168. A relaxation of this rule because of the public importance of the case, in the absence of a trial or any change in the situation (Hedding v. Gallagher, 72 N. H. 377), was not intended as an abandonment of the principle. Since the decision in Olney v. Railroad, 71 N.H. 427, a trial has been had in accordance with the principles there considered to be the law of the case. It is now too late in this case to reinvestigate the questions then decided. Careful comparison of the facts, as presented in behalf of the plaintiff, fail to disclose any new matter fatal to the maintenance of the action under the rules before laid down. The questions decided may be close, and the reasoning adopted may not be entirely satisfactory to the court or to the counsel; but no sufficient reason for their further consideration appears. The plaintiff’s case, considered by itself, is stronger rather than weaker as now presented. Whether there is any explanation of the conflict between that case and that which the testimony of the defendants’ witnesses and their other proof tends to establish, except the falsity of the witnesses upon one side or the other, was for the jury, whose province it was also to judge who told the truth. This court cannot decide the case. If the plaintiff and his witnesses told the truth, and the inferences which might be drawn from their testimony ought to be drawn, it has-been decided the plaintiff was entitled to a verdict. No sufficient reason for a reversal of this conclusion appears.

The exceptions to the refusal to order a nonsuit and verdict for the defendants are overruled. The exception to the course pursued by counsel in argument is sustained. Other exceptions have not been considered.

Verdict set aside: new trial granted.

Walker, J., did not sit: the others concurred.