4 A.2d 646 | Conn. | 1939
The plaintiff was injured in falling over a hose reel while walking from a garage owned by the defendants to her home next door. Errors are assigned in the finding and in the charge.
The finding, with such corrections as can be made therein, discloses that the plaintiff offered evidence and claimed to have proved the following facts: The defendants own a frame house on Iraniston Avenue in Bridgeport and Alice Rector, one of them, occupies it. In November, 1935, they leased one stall in a two car garage located southwesterly of their house to Meyer Olderman, husband of the plaintiff, and he paid rent therefor up to the time when the plaintiff was injured. The Oldermans with their child lived in the next house to the north. During the entire term of the rental of the garage, it was the custom of the plaintiff and her husband to use, as a means of getting from the garage to their house, a pathway *179 which led from the garage to and along a concrete walk at the rear and northerly side of the defendants' building until they came opposite their side door. They then crossed a narrow grass plot to their own house. The two houses were quite close together. The defendants knew of this custom and made no objection. The ground extending for about twenty-six feet east of the garage is covered with crushed stone and an eight foot driveway bounded by two eighteen inch concrete strips extends from this area to the street. Except for the areas described the yard was given over to lawn.
On the day of the accident, September 9, 1936, the defendant Alice Rector had placed a hose reel on the walk at the rear of her premises so that it covered the entire walk. The presence of the hose reel upon the walk was an obstruction inherently dangerous to persons using the walk. The evening of September 9th was dark and the ground in the rear of the defendants' house was not illuminated. At about 11 p.m. on that evening the plaintiff and her husband came home and drove their car into the garage. While the husband was closing the garage doors the plaintiff started for her home, taking the customary route previously described. When she started along the walk, she fell over the hose reel and was injured. No steps were taken by Mrs. Rector to warn the plaintiff of the presence of the hose reel although she had ample opportunity to do so. There was also ample time for her to have removed the reel to a place where it would not cause danger.
The claims of proof of the defendants differed from those of the plaintiff only in that the driveway was described as "a convenient and proper entrance for persons passing on foot from the street to the garage and the plaintiff and her husband had no express or *180 implied permission to use any other way . . ." The defendants also claimed that the hose reel was given to the plaintiff's son to play with and was last seen in his possession.
The principal assignments of error pressed by the plaintiff are that the charge omitted all reference to nuisance and that it was defective with reference to the duty owed to a licensee and an invitee. In his memorandum of decision on the motion to set aside the verdict, the trial judge recognized the first criticism but stated that nuisance was not in the case. He also omitted any reference to this claim in the finding. On this record, therefore, the finding is barren of any claim on the part of the plaintiff that the defendants were guilty of maintaining a nuisance. "The finding in a jury case is designed to present the claims of the parties as to the facts proved, for the purpose of testing the correctness of the charge and the rulings of the court. It serves much the same purpose as a statement of the claims of the party upon the trial in a finding in a court case. It would be manifestly unfair to permit the insertion in a finding in a jury case of claims not actually made at the trial and then attack the charge upon the basis of those claims, which were not brought to the attention of the court before the charge was given." Fitzgerald v. Savin,
The criticisms of the charge on the rules relating to invitee and licensee are numerous and detailed. There were no requests to charge and the question is not whether every possible situation was covered but whether the charge, read as a whole, was correct in law and adequate as a guide to the jury. Bullard v. de Cordova,
If the plaintiff was an invitee, the defendants owed her the duty of exercising reasonable care to keep the property in reasonably safe condition. If she was a licensee, the defendants owed her the duty, when her presence became known, to use ordinary care to avoid injuring her by a positive act of negligence. Ward v. Avery,
The most serious criticism of the charge is based on the absence of any instructions to cover the situation which would exist if a new hazard to the plaintiff was *182
found to have been created by the voluntary act of the defendants. Whether the plaintiff was an invitee or a licensee, there is no claim but that she was rightfully on the defendants' premises. A landowner is under no duty to refrain from using his premises in any way he sees fit because he has permitted another to go upon them as his licensee, even though thereby conditions are created which cause danger of injury to the licensee. If, however, a landowner knows that a licensee is accustomed to pass over a particular portion of his land and he there creates a condition which he might reasonably anticipate would cause danger to the licensee and creates it under such circumstances that the latter would not, by reasonable use of his own senses, discover it, the landowner owes the licensee the duty to take reasonable means to safeguard him against the extra hazard by removing the cause of danger or giving reasonable warning of its presence. Rooney v. Woolworth,
There is error and a new trial is ordered.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.