290 Mass. 377 | Mass. | 1935
This case comes before us on appeals by all parties from a decree of a probate court which allowed with modifications the four accounts of trustees under the will of William C. Winslow for the benefit of his daughter, Mary Whitney Winslow. The latter, being incompetent, was represented by a guardian ad litem, who objected to the accounts. The testator left the residue of his'estate in trust for the primary benefit of his wife and daughter. The wife predeceased him. By an agreement of compromise approved by the court, it was provided that the "whole of the net income of the residue of the estate, real and personal, . . . shall be paid to said Mary Whitney Winslow during her life, and no trustee or trustees under said will shall have power to withhold net income from said Mary Whitney Winslow.”
1. The trustees purchased at a premium bonds as an investment for a part of the trust fund. They had thus paid for the investment a greater sum than would be repaid at the maturity of the bond. They then ascertained the actual net income from the bonds, based upon the premium, the rate of interest and the date of maturity, and paid the net income thus ascertained to the life tenant and retained the difference between the net income thus ascertained and interest in fact received as an accumulating fund which at the maturity of the bond would leave the original capital of the trust unimpaired or intact. Stated in another form of words, they deducted from each interest or coupon payment on the bonds equal instalments sufficient in amount in the aggregate to bring the purchase price of the bonds to par at maturity, paying only the balance of each such payment to the life tenant. Thus the accounting value of the capital of the trust would be restored. This is termed amortization of the amount paid as premium on the bonds purchased. Such amortization has been held to be a proper method of accounting for trustees in this Commonwealth. New England Trust Co. v. Eaton, 140 Mass. 532. That decision was rendered after ample discussion. It covers every aspect of the question. There is no indication in the prevailing opinion of a purpose to overrule Hemenway v. Hemenway, 134 Mass. 446. It was recognized that the decision in the Hemenway case rested upon the peculiar circumstances of the case; its only inconsistency with New England Trust Co. v. Eaton may well rest on the principle that the slight premium paid on a bond investment, constituting a very small proportion of a large estate, was too insignificant to be considered. The decision in New England Trust Co. v. Eaton is direct and unequivocal. There is no
2. The trustees made investments in bonds purchased at a premium having a call price and date. In accounting, they applied the principle of amortization to that call price and date whenever amortization to maturity would not reduce the book or accounting value of the bond to the call price by the call date. In our opinion it cannot rightly be held that this was an improper method. The trustees were required by the terms of the trust to pay the whole of the net income to the life tenant. The coupon of a premium bond does not represent the true net yield of that bond. In weighing the relative desirability of investment
3. The trustees invested a part of the trust fund in a preferred stock callable on ninety days’ notice at any dividend date at a figure less than the purchase price; they then withheld a part of the dividends received on this stock as an amortization fund to insure the retention of the principal of this investment. In the exercise of their best judgment the trustees, believing the stock would be called, established an amortization rate to reduce the accounting value to the call price at the end of five years. There was no fixed call date. A trustee is given a wide discretion in making investments. Kimball v. Whitney, 233 Mass. 321, 331-332, and cases collected. This discretion in general should not be circumscribed by hard and fast rules as to the management of such investments. If the accounting • of a trustee is uniform and in accordance with sound practice and reasonable judgment, it commonly ought not to be upset. But we think that the factors respecting this callable stock were too indefinite to justify the application of amortization. There was no fixed term for it to run and no definite call date. The time, if ever, when it might be
4. It is contended in behalf of the life tenant that, if there is to be amortization of premium bonds, there should also be accumulated and credited to income some part of the discount resulting from the purchase of bonds below par. The facts in the case at bar present this question clearly. In July, 1925, the trustees bought five per cent bonds of the United Electric Securities Company having a par value of $2,000 and maturing in January, 1955, for $1,920. These bonds were called for payment in January, 1928, and the trustees received therefor $2,060. They credited principal with a gain of $140. They also purchased four and one half per cent certificates of indebtedness of the United States having a par value of $13,000 for $12,973.13; these matured and were paid at par, realizing $26.87 more than the cost, which also was credited to principal. This question is a novel one in this Commonwealth. It is a matter about which provision might be made in the trust instrument. There is no such provision in the will of the present testator. There is much force in the argument that as matter of pure logic, if there is to be amortization of premium bonds for the benefit of the corpus of the fund, there ought also to be accumulation out of discount for the benefit of the life tenant. That theory is strongly put in an annotation in 48 A. L. R. 689-710. There are, however, practical considerations which we think lead to the conclusion that such accumulation ought not to be made. There is in truth no fund out of which such accumulation from discount may be made. It is in the main the duty of the trustee to keep the corpus of the trust fund invested. The discount is not in fact realized until the bond
No decision, so far as we are aware, supports this contention of the life tenant. There are several authorities rejecting it after consideration. Estate of Gartenlaub, 198 Cal. 204. In re Account of Houston’s Trustees, 19 Del. Ch. 207. Wood v. Davis, 168 Ga. 504. Townsend v. United States Trust Co. 3 Redf. Surr. (N. Y.) 220, approved in Matter of Final Accounting of Gerry, 103 N. Y. 445, 450-451.
The normal view is that gains in value of investments belong to capital and are to be credited to the principal of the trust fund rather than to income. The gain represented by discount realized by payment on call or maturity of a bond naturally falls within this rule. The application of this principle is simple. It avoids many difficulties as to accounting and as to payments of increment of expected but unrealized income to the life tenant. It is in accord with all the decisions of courts by which the subject has been considered. There is a possible appearance of inconsistency in allowing amortization of premium bonds to maintain capital and in denying allowance of discount on bonds for the benefit of the life tenant. We think that in this respect the decree was right. The practical advantages likely to flow from a simple rule, easy of comprehension and application, apparently based on experience and avoiding the possibility of impairment of the principal fund, overbalance the benefits of logical consistency.
5. There was no error in the exclusion of evidence as to the accounting practices of the testator and one of the trustees in the case at bar in another estate. It involved
The result is that the decree of the Probate Court was wrong in paragraph III thereof in declaring that amortization to the call date of premiums paid by the trustees on the purchase of premium bonds was improper. The other paragraphs of that decree were free from error. The decree is reversed to the end that it may be corrected to conform to this opinion. Costs as between solicitor and client to be paid out of the estate are to be in the discretion of the Probate Court.
Ordered accordingly.