Oklahoma Ex Rel. Edmondson v. Tyson Foods, Inc.Oklahoma Ex Rel. Edmondson v. Tyson Foods, Inc.
Lead Opinion
The Cherokee Nation (the Nation) appeals the district court’s denial of its motion to intervene in a dispute between the State of Oklahoma (the State) and Defendants-Appellees (collectively, Tyson). The State had sued Tyson because of Tyson’s disposal of poultry waste in the Illinois River Watershed (IRW). The IRW, in which both the State and the Nation claim interests, covers approximately one million acres straddling the Oklahoma-Arkansas border. Within it are hundreds of large-scale poultry farms. Tyson operates some of these farms and contracts with other farmers to raise poultry until maturity, using methods established by Tyson; Tyson collects the poultry at maturity for processing and marketing. These poultry-growing operations generate hundreds of thousands of tons of poultry waste each year.
Nineteen days before trial the Nation moved to intervene so that it could proceed on three claims against Tyson for in-junctive and monetary relief. The district court denied the motion as untimely. Although the Nation argued that it had moved promptly after learning that the State could not adequately represent the Nation’s interests in the litigation, the district court ruled that the Nation had delayed too long, that Tyson would be severely prejudiced by the lengthy trial delay that would be necessary if the Nation were permitted to intervene, and that the Nation would not be prejudiced by a denial of intervention.
We have jurisdiction under
I. BACKGROUND
A. Early Stages of the Litigation
On June 13, 2005, the State sued Tyson in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma. According to the initial complaint, Tyson and the individual poultry farmers improperly disposed of poultry waste by both storing it and using it as fertilizer on lands within the IRW. Because the waste contains high levels of certain chemicals and microbes that are harmful to the environment and human health, these disposal practices allegedly result in injury to the lands, waters, and biota of the IRW. The complaint further alleged that Tyson is responsible for these disposal practices and thus the resultant injury to the IRW.
The State brought suit as owner of the streams and rivers of the IRW, as holder of all natural resources within the State’s boundaries “in trust on behalf of and for the benefit of the public,” Complaint at 3, State of Oklahoma v. Tyson Foods, Inc., No. 05-cv-0329 JOE-SAJ,
The complaint did not mention the Nation. But the Nation was aware of the litigation from the outset. In March 2005, when alerted to the State’s intention to file suit, Chad Smith, Principal Chief of the Nation, wrote the following in a letter to Oklahoma’s Attorney General:
I’ve had the opportunity to meet with a number of poultry growers in Delaware County, a quarter of whom are Cherokee. They are concerned that the proposed lawsuit would, in effect, put them out of business. I advised them that I would contact your office and offer our assistance and services in any way that might be helpful to facilitate discussions to reconcile the poultry litter problem affecting water quality in Northeastern Oklahoma.
ApltApp., Vol. 4 at 688.
This letter reflected the Nation’s obvious interest in the subject matter of the lawsuit. Much of the IRW is within the boundaries of the Cherokee Nation and, as clearly emerged later in the lawsuit, the Nation claims that various federal laws and treaties have given it ownership and control over lands, waters, and natural resources of the IRW since before Oklahoma statehood. Yet despite these claims regarding the IRW, nothing in the record indicates that before 2009 the Nation ever expressed to the State (much less reached an agreement with the State) that it should share in the State’s recovery of costs or damages in its lawsuit.
The Nation was, however, engaged early on with both the State and Tyson. In late 2005, after the filing of the initial complaint, representatives of the Nation met with representatives of both Tyson and the State. The Nation discussed its interests in the IRW, but asked Tyson “not to pursue a course of action that would put the validity of the Cherokee Nation’s claims” to parts of the IRW before the court. Id. at 647.
B. Motion to Dismiss
Although Tyson’s answer to the original complaint had raised the defense of failure to join a required party, Tyson did not take any formal steps regarding that defense until June 26, 2008, when it served the State with discovery requests seeking documents regarding agreements and communications between the State and the Nation with respect to claims to natural resources within the IRW. On August 11, the State responded with several documents indicating that its claims to IRW resources potentially conflicted with those of the Nation.
Relying in part on the documents received, Tyson filed on October 31, 2008, a motion seeking to dismiss the case for failure to join the Nation. Pointing to the Nation’s historical claims of ownership over resources within the IRW and its concern abоut being subjected to multiple and inconsistent obligations, Tyson asserted that the Nation was a required party to the lawsuit. See
On the day that Tyson filed its
The water rights of the Cherokee Nation came into existence long before the State of Oklahoma or the United States. From the time the Nation exchanged with the federal government all its land in the east with the land in northeastern Oklahoma, water rights have remained intact. However, I have to point out that the Cherokee Nation has not filed this motion to dismiss and it would be a mistake to assume that we support the unconditional dismissal of this lawsuit. The Cherokee Nation, like the state of Oklahoma, has tо protect the water quality interests within our jurisdiction.... We will take time to analyze this filing and act accordingly. In the meantime, the Cherokee Nation hopes to continue working with the state on water rights discussions, so that tribal and state regulatory structures can cooperate in advancing our common interests.
ApltApp., Vol. 4 at 743.
The State responded to the motion on January 8, 2009. The response devoted little attention to possible money claims by the Nation. It said: “[Tyson] ha[s] offered no evidence that an award of damages from [Tyson] to the State would as a
Four months later, on May 19, 2009, while Tyson’s
On July 2, 2009, the district court held oral argument on Tyson’s
The district court then ruled that the Nation was a required party under
Without a legally binding assignment of the Cherokee Nation’s rights and interests in the IRW, a damage award to the State either abridges the right of the Cherokee Nation to pursue its own claim for money damages or, to the extent the Cherokee Nation is not barred by issue or claim preclusion, conversely exposes defendants to the risk of multiple, inconsistent judgments. And ... if the State loses its claim for damages, defendants face a real and substantial risk the Cherokee Nation, unfettered by issue and claim preclusion, would pursue damage claims on its own.
Id. at 564-65. The court also ruled that the State lacked standing “to prosecute monetary damage claims for injury to the [Nation’s] substantial interests in lands, water and other natural resources located in the IRW.” Id. at 567-68. In light of its ruling, the court dismissed as moot several outstanding motions regarding the damages claims. The State unsuccessfully moved for reconsideration. Also, Tyson and the State, joined by the Nation, engaged in settlement discussions. But that effort proved unsuccessful.
C. Motion to Intervene
On September 2, 2009, nineteen days before trial was scheduled to begin, the
Tyson also filed a response on September 10. It contended that the Nation’s motion to intervene was untimely. And with respect to the State’s request for a 120-day continuance, Tyson argued that the request “grossly underestimate[d]” the need for additional time if the Nation were allowed to intervene. ApltApp., Vol. 4 at 667. It asserted that “extensive discovery and briefing will be required to adjudiсate the numerous additional, complex issues of law and fact by virtue of the Cherokee Nation’s separate claims and interests.” Id. It also said that resetting the trial date would cause severe disruption:
[T]he calendars of defense counsel, defense witnesses and perhaps the calendar of the Court are not so malleable that a several month long trial can simply be penciled in a mere four months from now as the State suggests. Defense counsel, defense witnesses and this Court have postponed and delayed other important business and cases in order to accommodate Plaintiffs’ demands for a September 21 trial date with the expectation that such matters can be attended to once this trial concludes in October or November of 2009.
Id. (citation omitted).
On September 15, six days before the scheduled trial date, the district court held a hearing on the Nation’s motion. The Nation’s Attorney General acknowledged that the Nation had “tried very diligently not to become a party to this lawsuit,” had “never wished to have our ownership in the [IRW] an issue in this case,” and had asked Tyson “not to assert our interest in the watershed.” Id., Vol. 5 at 869. But she argued that the motion wаs timely because the Nation had previously thought that it could rely on the State to protect its “interest in addressing the pollution,” id. at 879, and did not discover until the court’s July 22 order that it could not. She also contended that the Nation would suffer prejudice if it were not permitted to join because, among other reasons, it lacked the resources to prosecute the case without the State’s assistance. She conceded that there would be some delay were the Nation’s motion granted, but argued that no more than a two-month delay would be necessary.
The State supported the Nation’s position. It argued that permitting intervention would not enlarge the scope of the original claims and would entail only minimal additional discovery. It further contended that the Nation’s motion was timely because the Nation had reasonably believed until the district court’s July 22 order that the State was adequately protecting its interests.
Tyson countered that because the Nation had sat on its rights until September 2009, its motion was untimely. It also contended that intervention would cause great disruption to the case, because resuscitating previously dismissed claims would require addrеssing new, complicated issues, such as the extent of the Nation’s
The district court denied the Nation’s motion. It said:
This is not a particularly easy issue and there is no perfect resolution to this issue. This case was filed over four years and three months ago, and trial is scheduled to begin less than a week from today. As previously stated, the Nation admits ... “there’s a possibility for delay” ... in the event this Court were to permit intervention. The Nation attaches to its motion a proposed intervenor’s complaint with three causes of action. The filing of an inter-venor’s complaint, including a federal common law nuisance claim would trigger more than a 120 day delay. It would require the reinsertion of three causes of action that were previously dismissed, the consequent resuscitation of numerous motions pertaining to those causes of action, both motions for summary judgment and motions in li-mine. Perhaps more significantly, it would trigger the necessity of a new round of discovery pertaining to at least the statute of limitations issues, a new round of motions for summary judgment and likely a new round of motions in limine, in addition to those 41 that have already been filed.
Such an apрroach would result in delay and expense, which would severely prejudice the parties who have been actively proceeding toward trial these past four-plus years. [Tyson] ha[s] adequately demonstrated that the Cherokee Nation knew of its interest in this case from the outset of the litigation but chose not to intervene for a number of reasons and the Court will not second-guess those reasons.
The Nation will not be prejudiced in the sense that its claims will not be impaired by the denial of its motion to intervene. The Cherokee Nation may bring its claims in a separate lawsuit if it wishes. This Court — would have been pleased to grant the Nation’s motion to intervene if it had been timely. Unfortunately it is not. For these reasons, as well as the other reasons set forth in the defendants^] brief, the motion to intervene ... is denied.
Id. at 927-28.
On September 24, 2009, the State and Tyson proceeded to a bench trial on the State’s equitable claims. Trial took 52 days and the parties are awaiting final judgment.
II. DISCUSSION
On timely motion, the court must permit anyone to intervene who:
claims an interest relating to the property or transaction that is the subject of the action, and is so situated that disposing of the aсtion may as a practical matter impair or impede the movant’s ability to protect its interests, unless existing parties adequately represent that interest.
Thus, a movant may intervene as a matter of right if “(1) the [motion] is timely, (2) the [movant] claims an interest relating to the property or transaction which is the subject of the action, (3) the [movant’s] interest may be impaired or impeded, and (4) the [movant’s] interest is not adequately represented by existing parties.” Elliott Indus. Ltd. P’ship v. BP Am. Prod. Co.,
A. Standard of Review
We review a district court’s ruling on timeliness for an abuse of discretion.
B. The Timeliness of the Nation’s Motion
The timeliness of a motion to intervene is determined “in light of all of the circumstances.” Sanguine, Ltd. v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior,
1. Length of Time Since the Nation Knew of its Interest
‘When the applicant appears to have been aware of the litigation but has delayed unduly seeking to intervene, courts generally have been reluctant to allow intervention.” 7C Charles A. Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice & Procedure § 1916, at 539-40 (3d ed. 2007). In this case it is undisputed that the Nation had been aware of the litigation for more than four years before its eve-of-trial motion to intervene. Indeed, even before suit was filed in June 2005, the Nation’s Principal Chief wrote to the Oklahoma Attorney General about “the proposed lawsuit.” ApltApp., Vol. 4 at 688.
The Nation and the State argue, however, that the timeliness of the Nation’s motion must be measured only from when it had reason to recognize that its interests were not being adequately represented by a party to the litigation. In particular, they contend that the Nation reasonably believed that the State was adequately representing its interests until shоrtly before the motion to intervene. According to them, (1) it was only on October 31, 2008, when Tyson filed its
[5] We agree that a potential party could not be said to have unduly delayed in moving to intervene if its interests had been adequately represented until shortly before the motion to intervene. After all, an earlier motion to intervene'—when the movant’s interests were adequately represented by a party—would have been denied. See San Juan County, Utah v. United States,
There may, of course, be different degrees of clarity of notice that a party cannot or will not represent a potential movant’s interest; and the district court will need to consider that clarity (or lack of it) in weighing the factors for and against intervention. For example, the court could expect the motion to intervene to be filed promptly when delay could significantly prejudice other pаrties, even though the inadequacy of representation is not free from doubt.
It helps the Nation little, however, to measure its delay from when it was on notice that the State might not adequately represent its interests. It had such notice long before its motion. True, in one respect the Nation had every reason to expect the State to protect its interests. In seeking injunctive relief against Tyson, the State was doing all that the Nation might wish to do in that regard. Moreover, in seeking funds from Tyson under CERCLA to remedy the effects of prior pollution (say, money for decontaminating an area), the State may have been doing just what the Nation would have wanted. But the Nation’s interests that are relevant to the question before us are the interests pursued in its proposed complaint in intervention; and, as we shall see, the Nation has made no showing that it ever had reason to rely on the State to pursue many of those interests on its behalf.
The Nation’s proposed complaint stated three causes of action. All relied on essentially the same allegations against Tyson as those in the State’s complaint, except that they alleged the interests of thе Nation, rather than the State, with respect to the alleged pollution. The first count was for CERCLA cost recovery under
The Nation’s second count, for CERC-LA resource damages under
As for the Nation’s third count, a claim of federal common-law nuisance, the in-junctive relief sought is identical to what the State sought on its claims that went to trial. But the compensatory and punitive damages sought by the Nation for past and future injury could not have been recovered for the Nation in the State’s suit. The Nation has not argued any theory under which the State could have adequately represented the Nation’s interest in obtaining monetary relief on this claim.
We can sum up as follows regarding the three types of interests that the Nation sought to pursue in its proposed complaint. First, insofar as the Nation had an interest in injunctive relief against Tyson, it could have reasonably assumed from the outset of the suit that the State would adequately represent the Nation’s interests, and nothing that occurred before the Nation moved to intervene would suggest the contrary. The district court ruled that the State could pursue its injunctive relief and has held a trial on that matter. The Nation had no need to intervene in that trial; and apparently it never sought to modify its motion to intervene to allow it to be a party at that trial.
Second, insofar as the Nation had an interest in recovering past response and assessment costs under CERCLA and both compensatory damages (for past and future injury) and punitive damages under federal common law, the State’s complaint never sought such recovery for the Nation, and nothing in the record suggests that the Nation could have reasonably believed that those interests would be adequately protected by the State in its lawsuit.
Third, insofar as the Nation had an interest in damages for its future response and restoration costs under CERCLA, the State’s complaint did not seek such damages for the Nation. Perhaps the Nation could have believed that the State’s suit would protect this interest of the Nation because success in the State’s suit would eliminate any need for the Nation to incur such future costs; but nothing in thе record directly supports such a belief.
Accordingly, for much, perhaps most, of what the Nation sought in its proposed complaint, nothing had happened in the
Moreover, even if one assumes that the Nation reasonably believed when the State filed its suit that the Nation would be protected by the suit from incurring future costs to remedy the alleged pollution, the Nation can still be charged with a delay of almost a year. The Nation was on notice that its relianсe on the State was questionable when Tyson filed its motion to dismiss in October 2008. Indeed, the Nation was certainly aware of the risk to its interests in early 2009 when it began negotiations with the State to assign it those interests. The Nation has not explained why it could not have moved to intervene at the same time that it was conducting those negotiations; such a motion would have protected it in the event of deadlocked negotiations or, as happened, court rejection of the agreement. If the date for commencement of trial had still been far off, it may have made perfect sense to try negotiating before moving to intervene. But given the imminent date for a lengthy trial, the district court could decide that the Nation (and the State) were taking an unreasonable risk by putting all their eggs in the negotiated-agreement basket. A potential intervenor cannot ignore the prejudice to others that could result from a last-minute intervention.
Likewise, the Nation’s attempts to facilitate settlement of the case in August 2009 (a month before trial) came too late to justify delay in moving to intervene. After all, a party cannot excuse its unreadiness for trial on the ground that it had been trying to settle the dispute. At some point well before trial a party must realize that it needs to plan for the possibility that negotiations will fail.
That said, however, we recognize that delay in itself does not make a request for intervention untimely. “The requirement of timeliness is not a tool of retribution to punish the tardy would-be-intervenor.... ” Utah Ass’n of Counties v. Clinton,
2. Prejudice to Existing Parties
The district court explained the nature of the prejudice that the existing parties could suffer:
This case was filed over four years and three month ago, and trial is schedule to begin less than a week from today. As previously stated, the Nation admits ... “there’s a possibility for delay” ... in the event this Court were to permit intervention.... The filing of an inter-venor’s complaint, including a federal common law nuisance claim would trigger more than a 120 day delay. It would require the reinsertion of three causes of action that were previously dismissed, the consequent resuscitation of numerous motions pertaining to those causes of action, both motions for summary judgment and motions in limine. Perhaps more significantly, it would trigger the necessity of a new round of discovery pertaining to at least the statute of limitations issues, a new round of motions for summary judgment and likely a new round of motions in limine, in addition to those 41 that have already been filed.
Such an approach would result in delay and expense, which would severely prejudice the parties who have been actively proceeding toward trial these past four-plus years.
Aplt.App., Vol. 5 at 927-28.
The Nation concedes that “the original parties ... will suffer some discomfort if intervention is granted.” Aplt. Br. at 20. And it has not disputed the gist of the district court’s observations about what would have needed to be done before trial had the court permitted intervention. In any event, those observations are amply supported by the record. For example, to prepare for the Nation’s proposed common-law nuisance claim, discovery would have been necessary regarding the Nation’s ownership of resources in the IRW; and because the claims could be subject to a statute of limitations, that issue would also need to be investigated. Further, Tyson indicated that it would defend against the Nation’s claim by arguing that the Nation was responsible for the presence of certain pollutants in the IRW, thus raising another issue requiring discovery. The CERCLA damages claims would also require additional discovery because the district court had ruled (in granting Tyson’s motion to dismiss the damages claims under
The State and Nation argue that these matters would not be the consequence of any delay in the Nation’s moving to intervene but simply the result of allowing intervention. They point out, correctly, that the prejudice to other parties must be prejudice caused by the movant’s delay, not by the mere fact of intervention. See Clinton,
The State and the Nation argue that Tyson has exaggerated the burden of delaying the trial, pointing out that Tyson had requested a continuance not long before the Nation moved to intervene. To be sure, Tyson had filed such a motion on June 30; but it requested only an indefinite “brief postponement,” Def.’s Mot. for Modification of May 14, 2009 Scheduling Order & Integrated Br. in Supp. at 3, Tyson Foods, Inc., No. 05-cv-329-GKF (PJC) (N.D. Okla. June 30, 2009). And Tyson’s motion reads less like a request for continuance than a plea for rulings on numerous pending motions (for summary judgment and the exclusion of expert testimony) that would impact trial preparation. The thrust of the motion was that Tyson needed to be able to plan efficiently for trial, the same interest that it raised in opposing the delay that would result from the Nation’s intervention.
The district court could properly decide that the prejudice to Tyson would be significant. See Culbreath v. Dukakis,
3. Prejudice to the Movant
The third factor — prejudice to the mov-ant from denying intervention — also weighed in favor of denial. As the district court said: “The Nation will not be prejudiced in the sense that its claims will not be impaired by the denial of its motion to intervene. The Cherokee Nation may bring its claims in a separate lawsuit if it wishes.” ApltApp., Vol. 5 at 928.
The Nation’s opening brief on appeal argues prejudice, but only tersely. The entire discussion of the specific prejudice in this case consists of the following paragraph:
Practically, the Cherokee Nation may have no adequate alternative if the intervention is denied. If this cases continues the Cherokee Nation, while it may not be legally bound as a party, may find itself unable to prosecute its claims against [Tyson]. Since both the State and the Nation must bring their claims for damages collectively against [Tyson], [1] the Nation’s claims may well be practically barred by res judicata if the State of Oklahoma is unsuccessful in its case for injunctive relief currently pending before the District Court and barred from re-alleging its claims based upon the same facts. [2] In addition, a loss by the State of Oklahoma at the District Court could well lead to appeals regarding multiple issues, including the issue of whether the Cherokee Nation has any rights to the waters of the Illinois River Watershed. By function of the District Court’s denial of the Cherokee Nation’s motion to intervene, the Nation would have no input into how this Court decided those issues, except perhaps as an amicus.
Aplt. Br. at 21.
As we understand the Nation’s first point — its practical-bar argument — it is concerned that if the State loses at the bench trial on equitable relief, the State could be barred by res judicata from pursuing damages claims in a later suit and therefore could not join the Nation in such a suit. In our view this concern was not adequately presented to the district court. Res judicata is not mentioned in the Nation’s opening and reply briefs submitted
The Nation’s other prejudice argument fares no better. Its rights in the IRW cannot be affected by the State’s lawsuit if it is not also a party. And to the extent that it wishes to be heard if those rights somehow become an appellate issue, its participation as an amicus would seem perfectly adequate.
4. Unusual Circumstances
Finally, we consider whether unusual circumstances argue for or against permitting the Nation to intervene. Two such circumstances here might be that the delay caused by intervention would have adverse effects (1) on the public interest in a prompt injunction against pollution by Tyson and (2) on the efficient operation of the district court (with negative impacts on litigants in other cases).
With respect to the first potentially adverse impact, the State decided that any benefit from a prompt injunction would be outweighed by the desirability of jointly trying the injunction and damages claims. Although the district court would not necessarily be bound by the State’s assessment of the public interest, the court had already denied a preliminary injunction and it did not rely on this public interest in denying intervention. We therefore give no weight to this consideration.
As for the adverse impact on the district court and on litigants in other lawsuits, the continuance that would have been necessary to allow the Nation’s intervention could have wreaked havoc on the court’s calendar. Again, however, the court did not rely on this prejudice in denying intervention (although Tyson raised it both below and on appeal). We therefore have confined our analysis to the three factors on which courts customarily focus in determining timeliness of a motion to intervene.
In light of the record before the district court regarding undue delay, prejudice to the parties, and prejudice to the Nation, the court did not abuse its discretion in denying intervention.
III. CONCLUSION
We AFFIRM the denial of the Nation’s motion to intervene.
Notes
. The complaint was later amended on two occasions. The first amended complaint added a count seeking civil penalties and injunc-tive relief under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act,
. The first reference to res judicata by the Nation's Attorney General came in the following comment:
We could bring a new CERCLA lawsuit, Your Honor. The problem, we believe that we would have to join the State of Oklahoma pursuant to your Honor’s finding. They have immunity. We would have to do all of these things that have already been done in this lawsuit and also, Your Honor, depending on what happens here, we might very well face the real issues of res judicata or issue preclusion. Depending upon what happens to the State's case in this lawsuit it could very well affect any later lawsuit.
Apll.App., Vol. 5 at 877. Later, the Attorney General was even more abbreviated:
Prejudice to the applicant we’ve talked about, it's not just money, it's also the time, the issue preclusion, res judicata, bringing in another sovereign, starting all over, the existence of any unusual circumstances.
Id. at 905. The Tyson attorney obviously thought that these comments were suggesting that the Nation itself could be barred. His response was:
Issue preclusion does not run against a nonparty, so that’s just a complete red herring.
Id. at 926.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
I respectfully dissent.
Of course, even if a party is deemed “necessary” under
In this case, the district court held that the Nation is a “necessary party,” however, just over a month later, it denied the Nation’s motion to intervene as untimely. In my view, the Nation did not delay unduly in moving to intervene, nor would the timing of its intervention cause prejudice to the existing parties which outweighs the prejudice that would be caused by its exclusion from this lawsuit. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent from the majority’s opinion which affirms the denial of the Nation’s motion to intervene.
To begin, the majority applies the incorrect standard of review. Although we normally review a district court’s ruling on timeliness for an abuse of discretion, see, e.g., Coal, of Ariz./N.M. Cntys. for Stable Econ. Growth v. Dep’t of Interior,
Next, while I agree with the majority’s newly adopted test for timeliness, I cannot concur in its application of that test. As the majority correctly holds, when assessing the timeliness of a motion to intervene under
The rule is simply not construed so narrowly. Indeed, “[t]he representation whosе adequacy comes into question under [
The majority also holds that even if the Nation could have reasonably believed its interests were adequately represented by the State when the lawsuit was initially filed, it “can still be charged with a delay of almost a year,” from the time Tyson filed its
In resolving Tyson’s
The language of the statute dictates that a co-trustee acting individually or collectively with the other co-trustees may go after the responsible party or parties for the full amount of the damage, less any amount that has already been paid as a result of a settlement to another trustee by a responsible party. If there is a later disagreement between the co-trustees, that disagreement would have to be resolved by successive litigation between the trustees, but it could in no way affect the liability of the responsible party or parties.
Id. Thus, until the district court resolved Tyson’s
Next, I cannot agree with the majority’s assessment of the prejudice that the Nation’s intervention would cause Tyson. “The prejudice prong of the timeliness inquiry measures prejudice caused by the intervenor’s delay — not by the intervention itself.” Clinton,
The majority further notes that because the trial date was less than three weeks away at the time the Nation sought to intervene, its intervention and the trial delay it would cause would significantly disrupt Tyson’s attorneys’ and witnesses’ schedules. To be sure, Tyson would suffer some added cost because of a trial delay only three weeks before trial was set to begin; however, Tyson is at least partly responsible for this belated delay and the
I also cannot sympathize with Tyson’s protestations of the prejudice that would be caused by a trial delay when not long before the Nation sought to intervene, Tyson sought to continue the trial. It is irrеlevant that Tyson’s motion for a continuance may “read[ ] less like a request for a continuance than a plea for rulings on pending motions.” Maj. at 1237. The fact remains that on June 30, 2009, Tyson sought to delay the trial and even argued that “[a] short continuance of the trial date would not prejudice any party.” Defs Mot. for Modification of May 14, 2009 Scheduling Order & Integrated Br. in Supp. at 3, Tyson Foods, Inc., No. 05-ev-329-GKF-PJC (N.D. Okla. June 30, 2009) (emphasis added). In my view, Tyson’s request for a continuance and its claim on June 30 that a trial delay would not prejudice any party greatly undermines its claim only two months later that a trial delay would cause it extreme prejudice.
Finally, in discussing whether any unusual circumstances counsel for or against allowing the Nation to intervene, the majority ignores one obvious unusual circumstance — the significant loss the State will potentially incur if the Nation is excluded from this lawsuit. During the more than three years that Tyson waited to bring its
In sum, the Nation did not delay unduly in seeking to intervene in this lawsuit. Rather, it acted quite prudеntly throughout and only sought to intervene when it could no longer reasonably believe that its interests were adequately represented by the State. Furthermore, because the prej
. Although the majority confusingly states that “we join the other circuits that measure delay from when the movant was on notice that its interests may not be protected by a party already in the case,” Maj. at 1232 (emphasis added), the majority’s application of this standard correctly measures delay from when the Nation could no longer reasonably believe its interests were adequately represented. See Maj. at 1233 ("The Nation could never have reasonably thought that the state was representing the Nation’s interests in recovering its damages.”).
. I express no view on whether the district court properly resolved Tyson's